This chapter begins with a discussion of the “replication crisis,” where studies are sometimes published without resources so that other researchers can replicate studies. Studies that have been retracted due to p-hacking, HARKing, or plainly falsifying data are presented. The importance of publishing data and detailing methods is discussed to improve readers’ confidence in studies and science. Students are guided through the major sections of a study proposal (introduction / literature review, planned methods, planned analysis, and discussion) and what steps are needed for each section. The American Psychological Association (APA) style is reviewed for formatting the proposal including the title page, paragraphs, citations, references, running headers, section headers, and statistical notation. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is discussed along with common ethical considerations that are needed for a research study.

Once you have a research question, hypotheses and predictions, study design, detailed methods and data analysis plan, you have all you need to write a research proposal. Writing a proposal clarifies your thoughts and ensures that they are feasible. You can share a proposal with other people to get feedback on your plans and use it to underpin funding applications. Whatever you propose to study, you are likely to need funding for equipment, supplies, transport, and other expenses. You may also need to cover tuition fees and living expenses. When you apply for funding you enter a competition. Most applications are unsuccessful. Some of the factors affecting success are out of your hands, such as the success rate, and luck. Some, however, are not, and excellent proposals share characteristics. In this chapter, I explain how you can improve your chances of obtaining funding by applying to appropriate organisations, tailoring your proposal carefully, following guidelines, and seeking feedback while preparing your application. I provide general points on writing and details of each section of a proposal. Finally, I address how to deal with the outcome of the funding decision. I focus on relatively small grants appropriate for PhD students and post-doctoral scholars. Much of the advice also applies to PhD project proposals.