To provide an up-to-date review of existing and current literature in the field of radiological and nuclear disasters to support the needs of research applications for health care and public health preparedness and response.

A systematic literature search using 4 databases to identify articles which included a multitude of topics relevant to preparedness for nuclear and radiological disasters. One hundred articles that met inclusion criteria were summarized into 7 themes addressing medical and health care preparedness for nuclear and radiological events.

The review generated evidence supporting and defining various measures health care and government entities can take to improve nuclear and radiological disaster readiness and responsiveness in health systems. Strengthening preventive measures and policies, prehospital and hospital mechanisms, training and education, regional collaboration, communication, and infrastructure support were the main gaps identified.

An overarching concern regarding the inadequacies of the modern health care system’s radiological disaster preparedness was a clear-cut conclusion from the literature. The major challenges and proposed solutions for public safety to the growing threat of radiologic disasters were identified.