This chapter argues that Darwin’s philosophical theory of emotion has been forgotten due to paradigm shifts in biology, psychology, and philosophy. These shifts have caused researchers to neglect associationist theories of emotions, including Darwin’s contributions to this school of thought. Having explained why Darwin’s philosophy was forgotten, I conclude by explaining why it should be remembered, given its relevance for contemporary emotions research.

Janum Sethi investigates Kant’s application of hylomorphism to the theory of self-consciousness, as evident in the distinction he draws between transcendental and empirical apperception. According to Sethi, the standard reading of this distinction overlooks that it is drawn in terms of a distinction between transcendental and empirical unity of apperception, which can be traced to the distinct natures of the two faculties that produce these unities: whereas the former is brought about according to the rational laws of the understanding, the latter is a result of the psychological laws of the imagination. In light of this, Sethi argues that the two types of apperception amount to a subject’s awareness of two cognitively essential aspects of herself: namely, her spontaneity and her receptivity – that is, of her capacity to receive the material for cognition through the senses and of her capacity to impart a certain form to this material through the use of the understanding.

In this chapter, we look at a number of disciplines that study human behavior, noting that the nature–nurture issue plays a central role in all of them, albeit leading to divergent views and controversies. I select some key disciplines, making no effort to be complete. My main goal is to show that every study of human behavior inevitably asks what the roles are of innate factors and of a variety of environmental factors, and how they interact. In all cases, we find defenders of more nativist/rationalist and more empiricist approaches. I will reiterate that this debate is not only relevant to academics: Views on the roles of nature and nurture have a direct impact on many aspects of daily human life. All people will sooner or later have to take a stance on issues that concern their own lives or the lives of others, including their children, parents, or friends. It is important to see how views that different people hold with respect to, for example, education and equality, are ultimately dependent on how they think (often subconsciously), or what biases they have, about human nature and human diversity.

This chapter explores studies in psychology and related disciplines on human–animal relationships. It examines anthropomorphism, the tendency to attribute human-like traits to animals, and its opposite, anthropodenial – the refusal to acknowledge similarities between humans and animals. It also discusses the meat paradox: the psychological conflict between valuing animal welfare and consuming meat.

This chapter offers a brief review of the central arguments of the book, summed up in a theme of decentering the moral hero in my account of moral heroism. Refocusing our admiration and commemoration more neatly around achievements rather than achievers, positioning exemplarity in moral education as pedagogically promising when the figure of the hero isn’t the centerpiece of moral excellence, and opting for moral heroism as an achievement consisting in sacrificing rather than a state of character are all, among other things, ways of nudging the figure of the hero toward the periphery in my account of moral heroism. I embrace this elevation of action appraisal over person appraisal when it comes to moral heroism. This is not to say that the figure of the hero drops out entirely or fails to be of interest, however. I conclude by noting some possible directions of future work.

This chapter makes the case that Bloomsbury acted, crucially, as both the receptacle and the conduit for emerging ideas of psychoanalysis in Britain in the 1910s and beyond, with Bloomsbury functioning as a major vehicle for assimilating, disseminating, publishing, and translating emerging psychoanalytic ideas about feeling, emotion, and the unconscious to and for early twentieth-century British literature and culture. Bloomsbury figures read, reviewed, and translated Freud, trained as psychoanalysts, and held psychoanalytical gatherings, while Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press was the first to publish Freud’s work in English. Psychoanalytic texts would become central to the Hogarth Press’ lists, with the Press publishing texts including Freud’s Collected Papers and The International Psycho-Analytical Library, and books or lectures by early interpreters and practitioners of psychoanalysis and psychology, including Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi, Melanie Klein, René Laforgue, Charles Mauron, and Anna Freud. Further, this chapter argues that in a parallel and equally stunning act of “translation” from continental European thought into British culture, Bloomsbury also brought Post-Impressionist art to the English-speaking world during roughly the same period, with Roger Fry using language inflected by emerging psychoanalysis about “emotion” and “feeling” to describe both the production and the readerly reception of Post-Impressionist works of art.

This chapter first describes how we measure data, and how its creation has skyrocketed in recent years. We then define Big Data and psychology for the purposes of the book, and motivate why their intersection is important to study. The chapter ends with a guide to how to use the book, and brief summaries of the upcoming chapters.

This chapter introduces key themes of the "new psychology" of intergroup relations within systems, highlighting interconnection, intersectionality, temporal cycles, tipping points, and imagination. It challenges the limitations of ‘traditional’ psychology in addressing social change and emphasises the potential of these new approaches. The chapter begins by exploring systems thinking, recognizing that groups are internally divided and externally connected by intersecting identities, so changes within one element affect broader social structures. Intersectionality, critical theories and positioning theory are discussed to understand complex group interactions and power dynamics. The chapter also connects people and groups across time, emphasising the influence of historical context and the importance of future imagination in shaping present actions. It highlights the non-linear nature of social change, marked by tipping points. Finally, the chapter considers humans as part of larger biological and environmental systems, underscoring the interaction between social and physical environments, including the impact of climate change on group identities and norms.