Motivated behaviors vary widely across individuals and are controlled by a range of environmental and intrinsic factors. However, due to a lack of objective measures, the role of intrinsic v. extrinsic control of motivation in psychiatric disorders remains poorly understood.

We developed a novel multi-factorial behavioral task that separates the distinct contributions of intrinsic v. extrinsic control, and determines their influence on motivation and outcome sensitivity in a range of contextual environments. We deployed this task in two independent cohorts (final in-person N = 181 and final online N = 258), including individuals with and without depression and anxiety disorders.

There was a significant interaction between group (controls, depression, anxiety) and control-condition (extrinsic, intrinsic) on motivation where participants with depression showed lower extrinsic motivation and participants with anxiety showed higher extrinsic motivation compared to controls, while intrinsic motivation was broadly similar across the groups. There was also a significant group-by-valence (rewards, losses) interaction, where participants with major depressive disorder showed lower motivation to avoid losses, but participants with anxiety showed higher motivation to avoid losses. Finally, there was a double-dissociation with anhedonic symptoms whereby anticipatory anhedonia was associated with reduced extrinsic motivation, whereas consummatory anhedonia was associated with lower sensitivity to outcomes that modulated intrinsic behavior. These findings were robustly replicated in the second independent cohort.

Together this work demonstrates the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic control on altering motivation and outcome sensitivity, and shows how depression, anhedonia, and anxiety may influence these biases.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) as the onset of symptoms within three months after resolution of an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, wherein symptoms persist for at least two months and cannot be explained by another medical/psychiatric condition. Persons living with PCC report debilitating symptoms including, but not limited to, depressive symptoms and motivational deficits. The aim of this post-hoc analysis was to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and motivation in adults with PCC.

We conducted a post-hoc analysis of an 8-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating adults (18 years or older) in Canada with WHO-defined PCC and cognitive symptoms. This post-hoc analysis is comprised of baseline data that evaluates the association between depressive symptom severity measured by the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR-16) and motivational systems measured by the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire (BIS/BAS).

There was a statistically significant association between depressive symptoms and BIS (β = -0.041 95% CI [-0.066, -0.016], p<0.05), BAS reward responsiveness (β = 0.043 95% CI [0.012, 0.074], p<0.05), sex (β = -0.137 95% CI [-0.266, -0.008], p<0.05), and confirmed COVID-19 infection (β = 0.196 95% CI [0.061, 0.332], p<0.05).

Depressive symptoms were associated with motivational deficits in persons living with PCC. Optimizing treatment for depressive symptoms may potentially improve aspects of motivational impairment amongst persons with PCC. All patients presenting with MDD and a history of COVID-19 infection should be assessed for the presence of PCC.

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is beneficial for health, and reducing sedentary behavior (SB) is recommended in international guidelines. People with mental illnesses are at higher risk of preventable diseases than the general population, partly attributable to lower MVPA and higher SB. Self-determination theory provides a framework for understanding how motivation regulates behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of different forms of motivation for physical activity (amotivation, controlled, autonomous) to MVPA and SB in people with mental illnesses.

Cross-sectional self-reported and accelerometer-derived MVPA and SB in people with a range of mental illnesses across four countries were pooled for analysis (Australia, Belgium, England, Uganda). Motivation for physical activity was measured using the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ). Regression analyses were used to investigate the association of MVPA and SB with amotivation, controlled, autonomous motivations, controlling for mental health and demographic variables.

Autonomous motivation was associated with 31% higher self-reported MVPA, and amotivation and controlled motivation were associated with 18% and 11% lower self-reported MVPA, respectively (n = 654). In contrast, controlled motivation was positively associated with SB (n = 189). Having physical comorbidities or an alcohol use disorder was associated with lower MVPA (n = 318). Sub-analyses with accelerometer-derived MVPA and SB (n = 139 and n = 145) did not reveal any associations with motivational forms.

Findings with an international sample support the universal relevance of motivation in promoting health-related behavior. Strategies for facilitating autonomous motivation should be utilized by health professionals seeking to support people with mental illnesses to become physically active.

This study was conducted to determine the relationships between nurses’ competency, motivation, and stress levels in disaster management, as well as to shed light on the establishment of effective disaster management programs.

In our research we used a correlational, descriptive, cross-sectional design. The sample of the study was composed of 498 nurses working in Turkey. The “Descriptive and Professional Characteristics and Disaster Experiences of Nurses” form, the “Competencies for Disaster Nursing Management Questionnaire,” the “Perceived Stress Scale,” and the “Nurses Job Motivation Scale” were used in data collection.

Nurses’ disaster management competency and motivation levels were found to be adequate, and their stress levels were found to be moderate. A weak positive correlation was found between disaster management competency and motivation, but a weak negative correlation was found between stress levels. Age, education level, experience level, training in disaster nursing, and knowledge of duties and responsibilities in disasters were associated with significant differences in terms of disaster competency and its dimensions, motivation, and stress levels.

The study found that nurses’ disaster experiences impacted their competency, feeling of preparedness, and stress and motivation levels, and motivation was found to be a predictor of increasing competency.

To evaluate four dimensions of fatigue, including subjective fatigue severity, concentration problems, reduced motivation, and activity in patients with single-sided deafness.

Following audiological assessment, the Checklist Individual Strength scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were performed on 41 adults with single-sided deafness and 41 sex-matched adults with normal bilateral hearing in the study group and control group, respectively. Subjective fatigue severity, concentration, motivation, activity level and cognitive performance were analysed between and within groups.

Individuals with single-sided deafness exhibited reduced concentration and motivation; however, their activity level was average. Subjective fatigue symptoms were more prevalent in individuals with single-sided deafness than in control participants. The concentration problem was related to decreased cognitive performance.

This study revealed negative somatic consequences of single-sided deafness. Self-perceived fatigue is likely underestimated in this population due to the limited studies reported in the literature. Further studies should focus on counselling, follow up and hearing rehabilitation concerning ameliorating fatigue.

Effort-based decision-making has been proposed as a potential mechanism contributing to transdiagnostic motivational deficits in psychotic disorder and bipolar disorder. However, very limited information is available about deficits in effort-cost-decision-making in the early stages of psychotic disorder and no study has investigated effort allocation deficits before the onset of bipolar disorder. Our aim was to investigate effort-based-decision-making in ultra-high-risk for psychosis (UHR-P) and bipolar disorder (UHR-BD).

Effort-cost decision-making performance was evaluated in UHR-P (n = 72) and UHR-BD (n = 68) and healthy controls (n = 38). Effort-Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) was used.

Compared to controls, both UHR-P and UHR-BD groups were associated with a reduced possibility to choose the harder task when the reward magnitudes and/or the likelihood of receiving the reward were high. In both groups, effort allocation abnormalities were associated with poor social functioning.

The current findings suggest that difficulties in effort-cost computation are transdiagnostic markers of illness liability in psychotic and bipolar disorders. In early intervention services, effort-based decision-making abnormalities should be considered as a target for interventions to manage motivational deficits in individuals at high risk for psychosis and BD.

Limited research is available on how motivations to adopt plant-based diets and nutrition literacy influence diet quality. This study assessed diet quality, diet motives and nutrition literacy in vegans, vegetarians and semi-vegetarians and investigated predictors of dietary quality.

Cross-sectional study, participants completed an online survey about diet-related motives and nutrition literacy. Dietary intake was assessed with the Diet History Questionnaire III, and diet quality was calculated with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. A one-way ANCOVA was used to compare diet quality, nutrition literacy and diet motives among diets. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to identify significant predictors of diet quality.

Online survey, participants were recruited through paid targeted social media (Facebook/Instagram) advertising.

Adults following a plant-based diet, including 117 (52·5 %) vegans, 51 (22·9 %) vegetarians and 55 (24·6 %) semi-vegetarians.

Vegans had higher HEI-2015 scores (80·8 (sd 6·5), P < 0·001) compared to vegetarians (75·1 (sd 9·1)) and semi-vegetarians (76·8 (sd 7·5)). Most participants (74 %) had good nutrition literacy scores. Total nutrition literacy did not differ between groups, but vegans had higher vegetarian nutrition literacy than vegetarians and semi-vegetarians (P < 0·001). Ecological welfare, health and sensory appeal were highly important to all participants. Motives accounted for 12·8 % of the variance in diet quality scores. HEI-2015 scores were positively associated with motives of health and natural content, but negatively associated with weight control motivation (all P < 0·05).

Individuals following plant-based dietary patterns have high diet quality and nutrition literacy. Messages valuing intrinsic over extrinsic factors may facilitate healthier dietary adherence in this population.