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This chapter explores the interactions that took place in the western Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age between different communities that are usually grouped together under the homogenising and external labels of indigenous, Phoenician and Greek. It argues that the degrees of interaction and the local logic of actions are keys to a nuanced understanding of these situations. The chapter focuses on the practical decisions and actions of all the parties involved, both foreign and indigenous. Finally, it highlights relevant local practices of daily life such as knowledge transfer of pottery production techniques, social heterogeneity, Phoenician settlements, regimes of value in domains ranging from metal exchange to wine trade, changing patterns of food consumption and the creation of new foodways and even the display of forms of violence, taking into account the social, cultural and economic transformations of all the actors involved.
By the time of the Persian Wars, when the great sea battles, Lade in 494 BC, Salamis and Mycale in 480 and 479, brought sea power into the political reckoning of Greeks and Persians, the Greeks had worked out a far-ranging trade by sea. The Aegean region had become an important market centre. Pottery and metal-working establishments served the local market and offered their goods for sale to traders collecting a cargo for export. The goods carried for trade were conditioned by the nature of the markets that they had to serve in Aegean cities, Greek colonies and foreign lands. Until the latter part of the seventh century Greek trade was relatively simple in organization and on a small scale. The trade in metals was enlarged by iron from the region of Sinope in the Black Sea and by new sources of precious metals. Regular Greek trade with Egypt began relatively late, in the last quarter of the seventh century.
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