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Oldest-old (age 80+) spousal care-givers of people with dementia experience unique challenges and concerns that they attribute to age and/or ageing, including difficulties providing care because of physical, cognitive or sensory decline; having fewer friends who can provide practical support; and having less energy for non-care-giving activities (e.g. leisure activities, self-care). Previous research on how older care-givers manage is not specific to oldest-old care-givers and may underrepresent their unique experiences managing age and ageing-related challenges. A limited understanding can compromise our ability to tailor services to ageing care-givers. The purpose of this research was to illuminate how oldest-old spousal care-givers of people with dementia manage ageing-related care-giving challenges and the barriers and facilitators to strategy use. The selective optimisation with compensation theory and the transactional theory of stress and coping informed our conceptualisation of management strategies. We used a narrative gerontology approach, with two or three semi-structured interviews with 11 care-givers aged 80–89 (25 interviews in total). Narrative data were analysed thematically. We identified four main themes that encompassed the strategies shared by care-givers: adjusting goals to lessen care-giving demands and to mitigate stress, using alternative means to reach goals and to mitigate stress, enhancing capacities to care and mitigate stress through engagement in non-care-giving activities, and choosing positive attitudes and perspectives to lessen emotional distress. We identified a myriad of facilitators and barriers to strategy utilisation in each theme. The study provides unique insight into care-givers' management strategies, especially in relation to relocation of self and spouse and participation in non-care-giving activities, as well as insight into age-related facilitators and barriers. This research can ultimately help inform the tailoring of age-sensitive health and social care services to meet the needs of this group of care-givers as they age.
This study aimed to analyze the different factors that intervene in the task of caring for relatives of people with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. A first objective focused on assessing the relation between burden and anticipatory grief, considering the possibility of social support and the risk of psychopathology. A second objective aimed to examine whether caregiver burden modulates the relationships between anticipatory grief and psychopathology. A cross-sectional design was employed.
Methods
The sample consists of 129 participants who care for a family member with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. A protocol based on a battery of tests has been applied and a mediation analysis was carried out.
Results
The results show a positive relationship between burden and anticipatory grief. Social support could have an indirect relationship with anticipatory grief, based on its effect on the level of psychopathology and caregiver burden. Finally, a modulation model reflects that the relationship between anticipatory grief and psychopathology is strong, the latter having a greater effect as a result variable than as a risk variable. However, it seems that the relationship between grief and psychopathology is better explained directly than not through the modulating effect of the caregiver burden.
Significance of results
The results obtained encourage us to think that an approach focused on intervening in the anticipatory grief may be an opportunity to reduce or buffer other caregiving outcomes, especially those related to the perception of caregiver burden and psychopathology.
To assess the factors associated with desire for hastened death and depression in early-stage dementia as well as the association between them. Also, to explore the mediator and moderator role of age in the relationship between depression and desire for hasten death.
Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study including 100 patients diagnosed with early-stage dementia from a rehabilitation center between December 2018 and July 2019. Measurement tools used were the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Greek Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Greek Schedule of Attitudes toward Hastened Death, and the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 item. Patients diagnosed with dementia as a result of Stroke history were excluded.
Results
Factors of multifactorial analysis significantly associated with desire for hastened death were as follows: age (p = 0.009), marital status (p = 0.001), and depression (p < 0.001). The factor significantly associated with depression was age (p = 0.001). Also, a mediation/moderation analysis has shown that depression and age are significant predictors of desire for hasten death.
Significance of results
The desire for hastened death and depression in people diagnosed with early-stage dementia includes many components. Younger patients, men, higher educated patients, single, childless, and those with higher depression scores had higher desire for hastened death, while men and older patients had higher scores of desire for depression. Our study provides important information about the desire for hastened death and depression in early-stage dementia, their risk factors, and their association.
A large proportion of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients have coexisting subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD), a condition referred to as mixed dementia (MixD). Brain imaging features of MixD presumably include those of cerebrovascular disease and AD pathology, but are difficult to characterize due to their heterogeneity.
Objective:
To perform an exploratory analysis of conventional and non-conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in MixD and to compare them to those observed in AD and SVaD.
Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional, region-of-interest-based analysis of 1) hyperintense white-matter signal abnormalities (WMSA) on T2-FLAIR and hypointense WMSA on T1-weighted MRI; 2) diffusion tensor imaging; 3) quantitative susceptibility mapping; and 4) effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) in N = 17 participants (AD:5, SVaD:5, MixD:7). General linear model was used to explore group differences in these brain imaging measures.
Results:
Model findings suggested imaging characteristics specific to our MixD group, including 1) higher burden of WMSAs on T1-weighted MRI (versus both AD and SVaD); 2) frontal lobar preponderance of WMSAs on both T2-FLAIR and T1-weighted MRI; 3) higher fractional anisotropy values within normal-appear white-matter tissues (versus SVaD, but not AD); and 4) lower R2* values within the T2-FLAIR WMSA areas (versus both AD and SVaD).
Conclusion:
These findings suggest a preliminary picture of the location and type of brain imaging characteristics associated with MixD. Future imaging studies may employ region-specific hypotheses to distinguish MixD more rigorously from AD or SVaD.
The clinical value of EEG in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) trials is increasingly recognized, offering a practical, patient-friendly assessment of neurophysiological response to novel treatment. Its non-invasive, task-independent, and relatively straightforward mode of operation make it a suitable candidate for longitudinal trials in patients with cognitive impairment. The visual analysis in EEG has led to the well-described process of diffuse oscillatory slowing in AD. It is complemented by advanced quantitative analysis methods, giving a more accurate and diverse overview along the AD disease course, such as loss of functional connectivity and functional network structure. Many of these neurophysiological changes are linked to AD pathology and cognitive decline, and recent trials have implicated the practical feasibility and potency of EEG-based markers. In this chapter, we discuss what EEG analysis techniques are most useful for AD research, the hallmark EEG changes in AD, and insights from recent trials assessing the effect of new compounds on EEG activity. We offer a practical view on the most essential elements for obtaining consistent data quality in multi-center trials.
We compared entorhinal cortex atrophy (ERICA) score vs. medial temporal atrophy (MTA) score’s ability to predict conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that ERICA would show higher specificity. Data from 61 aMCI patients were analyzed. Positive ERICA was associated with AD conversion with a sensitivity of 56% (95% CI: 30–80%) and a specificity of 78% (63–89%) vs. 69% (41–89%) SE and 60% (44–74%) SP for the MTA. Results suggest that ERICA is superior to MTA in predicting conversion from aMCI to AD in a small sample of participants.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common major neurocognitive disorder of ageing. Although largely ignored until about a decade ago, accumulating evidence suggests that deteriorating brain energy metabolism plays a key role in the development and/or progression of AD-associated cognitive decline. Brain glucose hypometabolism is a well-established biomarker in AD but was mostly assumed to be a consequence of neuronal dysfunction and death. However, its presence in cognitively asymptomatic populations at higher risk of AD strongly suggests that it is actually a pre-symptomatic component in the development of AD. The question then arises as to whether progressive AD-related cognitive decline could be prevented or slowed down by correcting or bypassing this progressive ‘brain energy gap’. In this review, we provide an overview of research on brain glucose and ketone metabolism in AD and its prodromal condition – mild cognitive impairment (MCI) – to provide a clearer basis for proposing keto-therapeutics as a strategy for brain energy rescue in AD. We also discuss studies using ketogenic interventions and their impact on plasma ketone levels, brain energetics and cognitive performance in MCI and AD. Given that exercise has several overlapping metabolic effects with ketones, we propose that in combination these two approaches might be synergistic for brain health during ageing. As cause-and-effect relationships between the different hallmarks of AD are emerging, further research efforts should focus on optimising the efficacy, acceptability and accessibility of keto-therapeutics in AD and populations at risk of AD.
Catatonia has been reported with almost all types of dementia but it remains under-diagnosed.
Objectives
Describe the characteristics of catatonia in patients with dementia and the efficiency of early management.
Methods
We review a case of a young patient admitted in our psychiatric department for catatonia and after efficient treatment, assessment revealed a dementia.
Results
A 49-year-old male treated with classic antipsychotic drug for an acute psychotic episode at age of 35 years. Three years later, the patient was admitted for behavioral disorders with delirium and confusion. The patient was treated with high-doses of antipsychotic drugs with vasodilator treatment. Currently, ten years later, he was hospitalized in a stuporous state with food refusal, sustained posture and worsening of his overall situation. At the mental assessment, the patient was motionless, mute and rigid with frozen facial expression and gaze stare. Negativity and opposition were obvious against any solicitation. Moreover, the physical examination has shown a worsening of the overall state of health, weight loss and walking difficulties. After symptomatic treatment of catatonia with benzodiazepine, the assessment revealed an aphaso-apraxo-agnotic syndrome with memory dysfunctions such as amnesia with false recognition and executive dysfunction as well as limitations in intellectual abilities. A brain scan revealed cortical and subcortical atrophy predominant in the bilateral fronto-temporo-parietal region associated with ventricular system expansion. The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease was made. Following atypical antipsychotic treatment combined with benzodiazepine, there was release of inhibition.
Conclusions
Catatonia is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome with an excellent prognosis if recognized and treated without delay.
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms such as agitation depression and apathy. It has been proposed that the pathophysiology of apathy, that is defined as quantitative reduction in goal-directed activity compared with previous functioning, in AD is associated with degeneration of prefrontal cortex and dysfunction of dopamine and norepinephrine neurons in the brain. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and its action increase the availability of these neurotransmitters in the extracellular space of striatum and prefrontal cortex. Over the past decade there has been an effort to study the benefit of the use of MPH for treatment of apathy in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia.
Objectives
Study the benefit of methylphenidate in the treatment of apathy in AD.
Methods
Basic literature review collecting data from PubMed (2010-2020) using the words “Methylphenidate”, “Apathy”, “Alzheimer”, “Dementia”.
Results
Clinical trials using 10 to 20mg of MPH per day, for 6 weeks, demonstrated a mitigation in apathy symptoms in one third of patients, with good tolerability. Another clinical trial using the same dosage, for 12 weeks, led to improvement in cognition, functional status, depression and caregiver burden.
Conclusions
New clinical trials with larger groups of patients over a longer period are needed to consolidate the existing results. Although there are still many questions concerning the usefulness of methylphenidate in this population that need to be answered, methylphenidate might be an option to deal with one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptoms, apathy, in some AD patients.
Des études cliniques et de neuroimagerie récentes permettent de penser que la musique peut être un média privilégié dans la prise en charge de patients, en particulier dans les maladies neurologiques. La musique modifie le cerveau. Comment l’expliquer ? Quelles en sont les possibles applications cliniques ? La perception des sons participe à la construction du langage préverbal et verbal, dans une dimension dyadique d’interaction. Si les perceptions sont modifiées dans l’autisme, les processus d’accordage affectif et de communication peuvent être soutenus et améliorés en musicothérapie. Celle-ci constitue donc un soin pertinent pour les enfants présentant un TSA, spécifiquement dans des dimensions vocales et rythmiques, qui vont agir sur les altérations de la communication et sur les interactions sociales des patients.
De même, des méthodes de musicothérapie telles que la Communication sonore non verbale d’Edith Lecourt (La musicothérapie analytique de groupe, 2007) ou les techniques de l’improvisation clinique de Kenneth E. Bruscia (Improvisational Models of Music Therapy, 1987) permettent d’apporter une réponse thérapeutique ou un accompagnement approprié des processus de vieillissement, dans leurs aspects tant psychique, identitaire que sociologique. Notamment dans le cas de troubles cognitifs liés à l’âge : les patients souffrant de maladies neurodégénératives de type Alzheimer pourront ainsi bénéficier efficacement des apports neuropsychologiques de la musique et de la musicothérapie.
Vieillir est une expérience unique. Elle s’intègre dans le développement des individus et apporte des changements profonds, propres à chacun. Dans cet exposé, nous commencerons par présenter les processus de vieillissement normal dans ses aspects physiques, psychiques, identitaires et sociologiques pour ensuite aborder le vieillissement pathologique.
Nous présenterons alors les atteintes cognitives, communicationnelles et comportementales dans les troubles neurodégénératifs chez la personne âgée.
Dans la littérature, nous remarquons que l’efficacité de la musicothérapie et des thérapies non verbales auprès des personnes souffrant de pathologies neurodégénératives été montrée selon différentes dimensions [1–3]. Nous présenterons l’étude clinique élaborée par l’équipe de recherche en musicothérapie de Nantes évaluant l’efficacité de la musicothérapie auprès de personnes souffrant de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Cette étude débutera au cours de l’année 2014 et nous discuterons sa méthodologie ainsi que les résultats envisagés. Nous illustrerons nos propos à partir de vignettes cliniques et nous mettrons en évidence l’intérêt de la médiation musicale dans l’accompagnement thérapeutique des personnes âgées.
Several authors have pointed out that in the next few decades dementia will affect a considerably increasing number of the elderly. To our knowledge there exist no calculations of the number of demented persons for the whole European region. We made calculations on the number of dementia cases for the period 2000–2050 based on the population projections of the United Nations. For this purpose, we used the results of several meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. The number of prevalent dementia cases in the year 2000 was 7.1 million. Within the next 50 years, this number will rise to about 16.2 million dementia sufferers. The number of new dementia cases per year will increase from about 1.9 million in the year 2000 to about 4.1 million in the year 2050. Contrarily, the working-age population will considerably decrease during the next 50 years. In the year 2000, 7.1 million dementia cases faced 493 million persons in working-age. This equals a ratio of 69.4 persons in working-age per one demented person. Until the year 2050, this ratio will decrease to only 21.1. Thus, the financial and emotional burden placed by dementia on the working-age population will markedly rise.
Avec le vieillissement de la population, la maladie d’Alzheimer et les pathologies associées représentent un défi majeur de santé publique. Parallèlement, les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication prennent une part de plus en plus importante dans notre vie quotidienne et peuvent être un support tant pour l’évaluation que pour une aide directe des usagers. Les serious games sont des applications informatiques, dont l’intention est de combiner, avec cohérence, à la fois des aspects sérieux (Serious) comme l’enseignement, l’apprentissage, la communication, la rééducation, avec des ressorts ludiques issus du jeu vidéo (Game). Dans le cadre du projet AZ@GAME [2] lauréat AAP e-santé no 1 des Investissements d’Avenir, des jeux sont en cours de développement avec pour objectif de stimuler les capacités cognitives et physiques du patient. Un des problèmes rencontrés concerne l’engagement des sujets à comprendre puis à pratiquer ces jeux. En effet, engagement et motivation diminuent quand le patient rencontre des problèmes d’utilisation. Nous présentons ici un système d’assistance automatisé basé sur la technologie Kinect. Trois groupes de patients (Plaintes mnésique : n = 10 ; âge moyen, 76,6 ; MCI : n = 10 âge moyen, 77,9 ; et maladie d’Alzheimer : n = 10 ; âge moyen, 79,9) ont participés à une séance d’entraînement utilisant un jeu pour stimuler l’attention concentration. Le jeu était proposé avec ou sans l’aide du système. Les résultats indiquent que tous les groupes ont eu de meilleures performances (score et temps de jeu) avec l’aide du système. Ce résultat est tout particulièrement important dans le groupe de patients Alzheimer (score > de 31 % et temps de réalisation < de 10 % avec le système). Compte tenu de ces résultats la prochaine étape aura pour objectif de proposer un système encore plus motivant à une population plus importante de patients.
Avec le vieillissement de la population, la maladie d’Alzheimer et les pathologies neurodégénératives représentent un défi majeur de santé publique. Dans la maladie d’Alzheimer, le stade démentiel est diagnostiqué quand la symptomatologie cognitive et psycho-comportementale interfère avec le fonctionnement social et entraîne une désadaptation du sujet dans les activités de vie quotidienne. Parallèlement, les nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (nTIC) prennent une part de plus en plus importante dans notre vie quotidienne et peuvent être un support tant pour l’évaluation que pour une aide directe des usagers. Cette communication a pour objectif de présenter les recommandations venant d’experts ingénieurs et professionnels de santé concernant l’utilisation des nTIC :
– pour l’évaluation en pratique quotidienne et dans le cadre des essais thérapeutiques ;
– pour la stimulation des patients.
Dans ce cadre, sera présenté le site MEMO dédié à l’entraînement des patients.
La prise en charge non-pharmacologique de la maladie d’Alzheimer et des maladies apparentées (MA) représente un enjeu de santé majeur chez les personnes âgées . L’environnement Enrichi (EE), combinaison de stimulations cognitive, physique et d’engagement social en contexte émotionnel positif, apparaît comme une méthode efficace pour lutter contre la progression d’une MA . La principale difficulté est de proposer aux patients un EE adapté et motivant. Les serious games peuvent aider dans ce sens . Xtorp est un Serious exerGame (à activité physique, SeG) d’action/aventure développé pour KinectTM. Le joueur pilote un sous-marin (Fig. 1). Il doit devenir Amiral 5 étoiles en collectant de l’expérience au cours de batailles et missions. Dix patients (MA stade léger) et 8 témoins ont suivi un programme d’entrainement avec le jeu durant 1 mois, réparties en 12 séances. Les performances au jeu, les émotions perçues (PANAS) et l’intensité d’effort physique induite par le jeu ont été étudiées. Tous les participants ont terminé au moins une fois Xtorp. Les patients ont une capacité de jeu inférieure aux témoins (temps total de jeu et vitesse de progression patents : 420 minutes et 185 points d’expérience/minute, témoins : 489 minutes et 287 points d’expérience/minute). Les patients et les témoins n’ont quasiment ressenti que des émotions positives, légèrement plus fortes pour les témoins (PANAS positifs patients : 27/50, témoins, 36/50 ; PANAS négatifs patients : 12/50, témoins 11/50). Enfin, le jeu a été stimulant physiquement mais à un moindre degré chez les patients (fréquence cardiaque de réserve moyenne et pic par séance patients : 33 % et 53 %, témoins : 44 % et 62 %). En conclusion Xtorp est un EE utilisable, motivant qui permet de réaliser une activité physique potentiellement modérée chez des patients présentant des troubles cognitifs.
To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of published versus sample-based norms to detect early dementia in the Uniform Data Set (UDS).
Methods:
The UDS was administered to 526 nondemented participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Baseline scores were standardized using published norms and healthy control data from ADNI corrected for age, education, and sex. Subjects obtaining two scores < −1 SD (determined separately using published and sample norms) were labeled “at risk for dementia.” Both methods were compared on sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive value (PPV/NPV) for dementia at follow-up.
Results:
Risk scores derived from published data had 86.1% sensitivity, 62.0% specificity, 68.6% accuracy, 46.1% PPV, and 92.2% NPV. Those from sample norms were more sensitive (91.0%), less specific (52.9%), and less accurate (63.3%), with worse PPV (42.1%) and similar NPV (94.0%). Sample norms were better at identifying incident dementia cases with relatively lower education than those with higher education. Discrepancies between both methods were more common in women.
Conclusions:
Sample norms are marginally more sensitive than published norms for predicting dementia, while published norms are slightly more accurate. Accuracy of risk estimates for women and those with lower education may be increased using locally generated norms.
As cognitive impairment increases with age, sulcal atrophy (SA) and the enlargement of the ventricles also increase. Considering the measurements on the previously proposed visual scales, a new scale is proposed in this study that allows us to evaluate the atrophy, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), basal ganglia infarct (BGI), and infratentorial infarct (ITI) together. Our aim of this study is to propose a practical and standardized MRI for the clinicians to be used in daily practice.
Methods
A total of 97 patients older than 60 years and diagnosed with depression or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are included. Cranial MRI, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), detailed neuropsychometric tests, and depression scales are applied to all patients. The SA, ventricular atrophy (VA), medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), periventricular WMH (PWMH), subcortical WMH (SCWMH), BGI, and ITI are scored according to the scale. The total score is also recorded.
Results
The average age of the patients was 74.53, and the mean MMSE score was 22.7 in the degenerative group and 27.8 in the non-degenerative group. Among the patients, 50 were diagnosed with AD. All parameters significantly increased with age. In the degenerative group, SA, VA, MTA, PWMH, SCWMH, and total scores were found to be significantly higher. Sensitivities of VA, PWMH, SCWMH, and total scores, as well as both sensitivity and specificities of MTA score, were observed to be high. When they were combined, sensitivities and specificities were found to be high.
Conclusion
The scale is observed to be predictive in discriminating degenerative and non-degenerative processes. This discrimination is important, particularly in depressive patients complaining of forgetfulness.
Background: Therapeutic lies are frequently used communication strategies, often employed when the person with dementia does not share the same reality as the carer (James and Jackman, 2017; Tuckett 2004; Blum, 1994). Their use is complex and controversial, and a number of protocols have been produced to guide their usage (Mental Health Foundation, 2016). Aims: The study examined clinicians’ perspective on using therapeutic lies in their daily practice and their roles in encouraging the proper use of such a communication strategy. Method: This project sampled the views of clinicians, mainly psychologists, before and after attending a workshop on communication in dementia care; they were asked whether psychologists should have a role in teaching others to lie more effectively. Results: It was found that following a comprehensive discussion on the use of lies, the clinicians recognized they lied more than they had originally thought, and were also significantly more supportive of having a role in teaching others to lie effectively. Conclusions: Clinicians, mainly psychologists, increased their support in the use of therapeutic lying. They considered others would benefit from the psychologists giving supervision in how to lie effectively.
Validating support of social participation for people with cognitive impairment (CI) plays a predominant role in maintaining identity, autonomy, sense of belonging and social bonding. Yet what restricts this participation—intervention methods, cognitive impairment, or other individuals in the participant’s environment? This study documents stakeholders’, volunteers’ and users’ perceptions of people with CI in community recreation centres (CRC). Six focus groups (n = 44) in Montreal, Quebec City and Drummondville highlighted some issues concerning this subject. Although sympathetic to a society where people with multiple weaknesses coexist, participants are not convinced of the need to include those whose memory and judgment are failing. The integration of people with CI includes relational and organizational challenges and questions our relationship to cognitive aging and performance values in an inclusive environment.