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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2025

Edited by
Axel Berger  and
Manjiao Chi
Axel Berger
Affiliation:
German Institute of Development and Sustainability
Manjiao Chi
Affiliation:
University of International Business and Economics
Type
Chapter
Information
The Making of an International Investment Facilitation Framework
Legal, Political and Economic Perspectives
 , pp. 389 - 398
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

administrative procedures, 94–96, 104–105, 204, 231–235, 255
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP), See Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), 22
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), 90–93
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), 86–90
Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, 2
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 95–96, 99, 188–192, 273
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), 3–4, 93, 185–188, 277–278
Agreements on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments (ACFIs) (Brazil)
historical context, 294–297
institutional governance structure, 110–111, 307–320
interaction with private sector, 67
promotion of financial agents, 65–66
ratification procedure, 300–301
risk mitigation provisions, 304–306
thematic agenda, 306–307
treaty practice, 169–172, 298–300
visa proceedings, 61–62
Angola, 6–7, 298
anti-corruption measures, 27–28, 42–43, 205–208
Anti-Dumping Agreement, 104
APEC Investment Facilitation Action Plan, 23–24
application processes, 25–26, 28–30, 38–40
Araújo, Ernesto, 172
Argentina, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143, 302–303, 328
Armington model (ARM), 129, 143–145
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 153, 245
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 23–24,
Australia
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
FTA with China, 356–357
IFI scores, 23, 126–127
support for IFD discussions, 154
tobacco plain packaging, 87–89, 99, 116–118
Austria, 40, 126–127, 207, 330
authorization procedures, 102, 220–223, 232–235
Balistreri, E. J., 126, 129, 140, 142, 333
Battat, Joseph, 198
Belgium, 126–127, 207
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 158, 160, 352–353
Benin, 126–127
bilateral investment treaties, See international investment agreements
bilateral representative firms (BRF) model, 129–131, 143–145, 144
Böhringer, C., 129
Bolivia, 154, 186
Bolsonaro, Jair, 172
Brazil
Agreements on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments (ACFIs)
historical context, 294–297
institutional governance structure, 110–111, 307–320
interaction with private sector, 7
promotion of financial agents, 65–66
ratification procedure, 300–301
risk mitigation provisions, 304–306
thematic agenda, 306–307
treaty practice, 169–172, 298–300
visa proceedings, 62
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
IFI scores, 23, 126–127, 319–320
non-ratification of BITs, 168–169, 291, 295–296
opposition to Doha Declaration, 6
opposition to TRIMS, 277
promotion of facilitation agenda, 152, 168–173, 301–303
draft IFD proposal, 6, 165, 172, 302–303
bribery, See anti-corruption
BRICS, Outlines for Investment Facilitation, 301, 361
Brown, K., 159
Brunei, 21, 42
bureaucratic impediments, 94–96, 104–105
Burkino Faso, 243–244
business persons, movement of, 61–62, 74
Calvo Doctrine, 169
Cambodia, 126–127, 182, 243
Canada
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
export of AIDS medicines, 191
IFI scores, 24, 126–127
international investment agreements, 113, 131, 281–285, 358
involvement in IFD negotiations, 6, 328
telecommunications market, 268
capacity building, 225–226, 236, See also technical assistance
Cavalcante, P., 171
Central African Republic, 19, 21, 31, 33, 38
Chad, 21, 35
Chandy, S. T., 164
Chatterjee, E., 163
Cheng, L. K., 159
child labour, 42, 42–43
Chile, 186, 298–299
China
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
forced technology transfer, 272–273
foreign investment complaint mechanism (FICM), 109
geopolitical tensions, 268–270, 272–273, 336–337, 341–342
IFI scores, 126–127, 348–353
international investment agreements, 161–162, 281, 356–359, 361
investment facilitation approach, 357–363
investment screening by and against, 268–270, 336–337
opposition to Doha Declaration, 6
participation in facilitation agenda, 6, 154–163, 327, 354–355
role in world economy, 334
special economic zones, 242–244, 253, 353
Chinese Taipei, 33, 42, 328
closed-door investment regimes, 268
Coleman, J., 155
Colombia, 298–299
Committee on Investment Facilitation, 77
competitive neutrality, 360–361
Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union (CETA), 113, 131, 282, 339, 345
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 131–132, 281, 283–284
Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, 125–131, 126–127
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 205
cooperation, See cross-border cooperation
Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments Agreements, See Agreements on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments
corporate social responsibility (CSR), 172, 305–306
corruption, See anti-corruption
Cotonou Agreement, 331, 344
COVID-19 pandemic, 255–257, 285, 335–336, 341, 347
cross-border cooperation, 25–30, 40–42, See also focal points; investment promotion agencies
Cuba, 167, 186
Cyprus, 126–127, 186
Czech Republic, 113, 126–127
data localization requirements, 270–271
Denmark, 40, 126–127
digital economy firms, 262–273
digital information portals, 255, 257
discrimination, 264–265
dispute prevention, 35–38, 109–110, 306–309
dispute settlement
ACFIs, 307–309
free trade agreements, 282
IFD dispute settlement clause, 114–115, 118
investor-state arbitration (ISA), 111–114
parallel jurisdiction, 115–119
WTO dispute settlement mechanism (DSM), 1, 114–115, 155, 186–190
Djibouti, 21, 40
Doha Declaration, 5–6, 190
Doha Development Round, 5, 166–168, 190–191, 208, 210–211, 326–327
domestic investment facilitation frameworks
incidences of and variations among countries, 18–25, 197–199, 247–248
policy areas
application process, 25–26, 28–30, 38–40
cooperation, 25–30, 40–42
electronic governance, 25–30, 33–35
focal point and review, 25–30, 35–38
regulatory transparency and predictability, 25–33
responsible business conduct and anti-corruption, 25–30, 42–43
domestic regulatory coherence, 204
domestic supplier databases, 73
Easter Text, 49
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 67, 71
electronic administration and governance, 25–30, 33–35, 255, 257
Electronic Database of Investment Treaties (EDIT), 328
environmental impacts, 244
Ethiopia, 299
European Investment Bank (EIB), 65–66
European Union (EU)
competence over FDI policy, 338–340
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 132, 137, 139, 143
forced technology transfer challenge, 273
international investment agreements, 113, 281–282, 328–331, 344, 361
investment screening procedures, 269–270
involvement in IFD negotiations, 6
response to Chinese investment, 336–337
role in world economy, 334–336
screening mechanism for inbound FDI, 323
statement on subsidies notifications, 92
support of facilitation agenda, 322–324, 328–347
export processing zones (EPZs), See special economic zones
fair and equitable treatment (FET) clauses, 112–114, 118
Feenstra, R. C., 144
Finance Reference Paper, 2
Finland, 33, 126–127, 207
focal points, 25–30, 35–38, 109–110, See also ombudspersons
forced data localization, 270–271
forced technology transfer, 272–273
foreign direct investment (FDI)
concept of, 176–177
links with trade in goods, 185–188
links with trade in services, 182–185
links with trade-related intellectual property rights, 188–192
low levels of finance flows, 15–16
promotion through domestic legislation, 197–199
promotion through IIAs, 193–197
relationship with RtD, 179–182
relationship with sustainable development, 177–179, 181–182
relative roles of host and home countries, 200–203
foreign investment complaint mechanisms (FICM), 108–109
France, 126–127, 243, 330
free trade agreement (FTA) investment provisions, 131, 265, 280–285, 356–357, See also international investment agreements
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 148, 151
free trade zones, See special economic zones
Friends of Investment Facilitation for Development (FIFD), 6, 150, 154, 302
Fukui, T., 126
G20 (Group of Twenty), 245, 274–275, 355–356, 361
Gabor, E., 152
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 2, 93–95, 99–100, 103–105
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 3, 84–85, 99–100, 103–104, 183, 217–227, 263, 278
geopolitical tensions, 268–270, 272–273, 336–337, 341–342
Germany, 24, 126–127, 207–208, 243
global technology sector, 262–273
Government Procurement Agreement, 2
greenfield investment, 15–16
Guinea, 126–127
Guyana, 23, 38, 298–299
Guzman, A., 150–151
Haiti, 23, 243
Honduras, 126–127, 186
Hong Kong SAR, 116, 118, 126–127
Hopewell, K., 166
Human Rights Council, 180–181
human rights principles, 42–43, 76
Hungary, 126–127, 343
impact assessments, 73, 332, 373–374
India
data localization requirements, 270
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
IFI scores, 23, 33, 126–127
international investment agreements, 281, 299–300, 307
objection to facilitation agenda, 154, 163–168, 238, 327
opposition to TRIMS, 277
position on Doha Development Agenda, 6, 166–168
special economic zones, 242
withdrawal from RCEP, 167
indigenous rights, 76
indirect expropriation (IE) clauses, 112–114, 118
Indonesia, 154, 271–272, 281
industry-specialized zones, See special economic zones
Information Technology Agreement, 2
institutional arrangements, 71, 77
insurance programmes, 66–67
intellectual property rights, 95–96, 99, 266, 272–273
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 111, 169
international investment agreements (IIAs), See also Agreements on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments
dispute prevention clauses, 110–111
dispute settlement provisions, 111–118
investment facilitation provisions
capacity building, 64–65
entry and sojourn of personnel, 61–62
facilitating investment permits, 60–61, 78
improving investment climate, 77–79
in free trade agreements, 131, 265, 280–285, 356–357
institutional arrangements, 71, 77
insurance programs, 66–67
investment financing, 65–66, 79
investor aftercare and dispute resolution, 68–69
nature and extent of inclusion, 79–80
pre-establishment investor services, 67–68
relations with private sector, 69–70
simplifying administrative procedures, 59–60, 75
transparency of investment measures, 113
most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses, 117
promotion of FDI, 193–197
umbrella clauses, 116–117
International Trade Organization (ITO), 280
Intra-MERCOSUR Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Protocol, 6, 171–172, 299, 301–302
investment climate, 57–59, 77–79
investment facilitation
investment promotion distinguished, 246–247
nexus with special economic zones, 248–255, 258–259
trade facilitation distinguished, 4–5, 247
use and meaning of term, 123–124, 151–152, 239–246
Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) Agreement
contribution to sustainable development, 203–208
distinct features, 3–7
exclusion of intellectual property rights, 96
general scope of Agreement, 4–5, 98–101, 229–231, 286–287
importance of local investment regimes, 16–17
negotiations
background and progress to date, 5–8, 83–84, 149–155, 278–280, 302–303, 324–328, 354–355
nature of negotiations, 210–214, 228, 287
objective, 214–216, 228–229, 286
prospects of success, 174, 209
opposition and skepticism towards, 84, 105–106, 154–155, 163–168
parallel jurisdiction over disputes, 114–119
potential economic impacts, 123–147
preamble, 165
proposed provisions
capacity building, 76–77
cross-border cooperation, 76
dispute settlement clause, 114–115, 118
exclusion of market access issues, 165
focal points, 109–110
home state obligations, 204–205
institutional arrangements, 71–72
movement of business persons, 61–62
novel provisions, 79–80
responsible business conduct and anti-corruption, 205
simplifying administrative procedures, 94–96, 104–105, 204, 231–235
special and differential treatment (SDT), 235–236
technical assistance, 236, 287
transparency of investment measures, 86–96, 101–104, 204
provisions not included, 101
Investment Facilitation Index (IFI), 18–45, 124, 126–127, 250, 332–333
investment facilitators, 109–110
investment financing, 65–66, 79
investment permits, 60–61, 78
investment promotion, 193–203, 246–247
investment promotion agencies (IPAs), 247, 257–258
investment protection, 101, 151–152, 161–162, 170–171
investment screening, 263–264, 268–270, 323, 336–337
investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), 111–119, 151, 169, 322–323
Israel, 23, 33, 281
Italy, 126–127, 330
Jafari, Y., 141–142
Japan
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 132, 137, 139, 143
IFI scores, 21, 126–127
international investment agreements, 55
involvement in IFD negotiations, 6, 328
special economic zones, 243
statement on subsidies notifications, 92
Jensen, J., 142
Joint Ministerial Statements on Investment Facilitation for Development, 7–8
Joint Statement Initiatives (JSIs), 1–3, 210–214, See also Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) Agreement; services domestic regulation
Juncker, Jean-Claude, 270
Kazakhstan, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
Korea, Republic of
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
Foreign Exchange Ombudsman, 308, 311–312
FTA with China, 356–357
IFI scores, 19, 31, 35, 38
involvement in IFD negotiations, 154, 328
Krugman model, 130–131
Kurtz, J, 148–174
Kyrgyz Republic, 24, 126–127
labour conditions, 244
labour markets, 267
Lakatos, C., 126
Lanz, B., 126
Lao PDR (Laos), 23, 126–127, 182, 243
Levine, M., 162
Liberia, 19–21
local content requirements, 271–272
Luxembourg, 33, 126–127
Ma, Z., 159
Madagascar, 381, 383
Maggetti, M., 171
Malawi, 294, 298
Malaysia, 126–127
market access, 165
market openness, 262–264
Markusen, J., 140–141
Mauritius, 33, 186, 356–357
medicines, access to, 190–191
Melitz model, 130–131
MERCOSUR, 6, 171–172, 299, 301–302
Meunier, S., 339
Mexico
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
IFI scores, 23, 33, 40, 126–127
international investment agreements, 131, 281–285, 298–299
support for IFD discussions, 154
Moraes, H. C., 171
Morocco, 23, 299
most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses, 117, 164, 227
Mozambique, 294, 298
Myanmar, 40, 243
national laws, See domestic investment facilitation frameworks
national security considerations, 264, 268, 336–337
Nedumpara, J. J., 164
Netherlands, 21, 113, 126–127, 330
New Zealand, 23, 126–127
Nigeria, 250
non-discrimination, 264–265, 305
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 280–282
Oleksevuk, Z., 142
ombudspersons, 301, 306–318, See also focal points
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Convention on Combating Bribery, 206–208
Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, 360–361
Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development, 15
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 205
Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), 148, 151, 325–326
policy advocacy, 35, 59
Policy Framework for Investment, 274–276
promotion and facilitation distinction, 52–54
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS) (formerly ACP), 331, 344
Pakistan, 23, 126–127
Pan-African Investment Codes, 385
Paraguay, 126–127, 301–302
Peru, 299
Pharma Agreement, 2
Philippines, 242, 250
plurilateral negotiations, tradition of, 1–3
Poland, 126–127, 186, 343
portfolio investment, 176–177
predictability of investment measures, See transparency
professional qualifications, 221
Putnam, R., 155
Reference Paper on Telecommunications Services, 2
Regional Cooperation and Economic Partnership (RCEP), 112, 161–162, 167
regional development zones, See special economic zones
regulatory governance, importance of, 265–266
regulatory transparency, See transparency
responsible business conduct (RBC), 25–30, 42–43, 205
right to development (RtD), 179–182, 361–362
right to regulate, 223, 305
risk mitigation (ACFIs), 304–306
Russian Federation, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143, 154
Rutherford, T. F., 126, 129, 140–141
Rwanda, 21, 191
Sauvant, K. P., 154
services domestic regulation (SDR)
facilitation objective, 214–216
initiative and negotiations, 3, 210–214, 219–220
outlook for Reference Paper, 226–227
regulatory principles and requirements, 217–224
special and differential treatment, 224–226
Sierra Leone, 40
Singapore, 266
Singapore Issues, 325
Singh, K., 164–165
single electronic windows (SEWs), 33–35, 37, 152, 160, 165, 172
Slovenia, 126–127, 186, 330
South Africa
adoption of investment facilitation principles, 371
Corruption, 206
equitable representation rules, 372
foreign submissions on domestic measures, 374–375
investment in development, 379–380
rejection of IFD, 154, 238, 327
consequences of staying outside, 383–384
special economic zones, 243
South Korea, See Korea, Republic of
special and differential treatment (SDT), 155, 224–226, 235–236, 354
special economic zones (SEZs)
future prospects, 255–259
geographical spread, 242
historical development, 241–242
international and regional cooperation, 243–244
meaning of term, 239
nexus with investment facilitation, 248–255, 258–259
percentage of national policy measures, 249
set up by China, 242–244, 253, 353
successes and failures, 244
Sri Lanka, 23, 33
subsidies, 90–93, 337
Suriname, 298–299
sustainable development, 177–179, 181–182, 361–363
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 15, 178–179, 181–182
Switzerland, 126–127, 186
Tanzania, 42, 113, 359
Tarr, D. G., 126, 140–142
technical assistance, 41, 225–226, 236, 287
technology investment, 262–273
Thailand, 33, 243
thematic agendas (ACFIs), 306–307
Togo, 126–127
trade facilitation, 4–5, 247
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), 4–5, 103–105, 153, 171, 326–327, 332
transparency
ACFI provisions, 304–305
domestic investment facilitation frameworks, 25–33
IFD Agreement provisions, 86–96, 101–104, 204
provisions in IIAs, 113
services domestic regulation (SDR), 222
WTO rules on trade and intellectual property rights, 86–96
TRIMS (Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures), 3–4, 93, 185–188, 277–278
TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), 95–96, 99, 188–192, 273
Trump, Donald, 269, 272–273, 322, 337–338
Turkey, 154, 242, 328
Uganda, 21, 154, 186
umbrella clauses, 116–117
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 23, 299
United Kingdom (UK), 6, 19, 40
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), 208
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
business facilitation program, 255
definitions and terminology, 239–245
Global Action Menu for Investment Facilitation, 254
Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development, 178, 181–182, 203, 208–209, 274, 276–277
investment policy review program, 198–199
monitoring of investment promotion regimes, 200–203
on policy certainty, 386
United Nations Convention against Corruption, 43, 206
United Nations General Assembly, 178–180, 206
United States (US/USA)
ambitions during Uruguay Round, 277
blocking of new Appellate Body judges, 1
bribery of foreign public officials cases, 207–208
disengagement from multilateral governance, 322, 328, 337–338
economic impact of IFD Agreement, 126–127, 132, 137, 139, 143
forced technology transfer investigation, 272–273
IFI scores, 19–21, 31, 33, 126–127
international investment agreements, 112, 131, 280–285, 361
investment screening procedures, 269
role in world economy, 334
special economic zones, 242–243
statement on subsidies notifications, 92
United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), 131, 281–285
Uruguay, 126–127, 301–302
Viet Nam, 243, 255
World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies (WAIPA), 278
World Bank, 197–198
Yang, G., 160
Yonezawa, H., 126, 140
Zambia, 186
Zhan, James, 246
Zhang Xiangchen, 161
Zimbabwe, 243

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  • Index
  • Edited by Axel Berger, German Institute of Development and Sustainability, Manjiao Chi, University of International Business and Economics
  • Book: The Making of an International Investment Facilitation Framework
  • Online publication: 13 March 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009444095.020
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  • Index
  • Edited by Axel Berger, German Institute of Development and Sustainability, Manjiao Chi, University of International Business and Economics
  • Book: The Making of an International Investment Facilitation Framework
  • Online publication: 13 March 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009444095.020
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Edited by Axel Berger, German Institute of Development and Sustainability, Manjiao Chi, University of International Business and Economics
  • Book: The Making of an International Investment Facilitation Framework
  • Online publication: 13 March 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009444095.020
Available formats
×