Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-nbs69 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-12-03T06:58:49.437Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 October 2025

Edited by
Hanna Eklund
Hanna Eklund
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Colonialism and the EU Legal Order , pp. 373 - 388
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Académie des sciences coloniales, 95
Act of Algeciras (1906), 254, 259
Act on Greenland’s Self-Governance (2009), 302–303
Adebisi, Folúkẹ́, 360, 361, 370
adjudication, 244, 248, 255. See also arbitration; courts; dispute settlement; mixed courts; specific courts
Africa. See also African Union (AU); Eurafrica; West Africa; specific African countries
development of, 44, 140
economy, 147
Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF for Africa), 217, 219–222
European migration to, 86–90
freedom of movement of African workers, 356
French colonial officials adapting to African culture, 233, 241
‘late colonialism’, 5–7
relation with EEC, 114–115
resources and raw materials, 114, 140, 146, 158, 169, 183
sub-Saharan Africa, 86, 136, 212, 232, 237–240
trade, 169
liberalization, 152–155
Africa Regional Protocol, 160
African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states, 159–160, 203, 209, 211
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), 155, 160
African Union (AU)
Constitutive Act, 156
federalism, 32
market integration project, 135, 157
relation with EU, 157–163
social regionalism, 134, 153–163
Afeworki, Isaias, 246
aid workers (‘coopérants’), 87
Alfredsson, Gudmundur, 299
Algeria
Chinese energy deals, 65, 79
departmentalization, 270
economy, 66–67, 271
and France. See France, and Algeria
freedom of movement, 86, 95, 115, 187, 197, 271
independence, 20, 67, 271
and Italy, 67
nationality, dual, 284
relation with EU
about, 23–24, 267–269, 284–285
Association Agreement (EU–Algeria), 276–278
challenging EU borders, 270–272
cooperation, 270, 272–273
EEC membership, 62–65, 139, 267, 269–273
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), 278
excluded from ECSC, 269
integration, 269–270, 273, 285
politics, 277
in Rome, Treaty of, 10
tariffs, 67–69, 72, 269, 276
trade, 73, 78, 276
Union for the Mediterranean, 281
social benefits, 96, 103
solar panels, 65, 79
War of Independence (1954–1962), 11, 63, 137, 267
wine industry, 20, 63, 66, 72–75, 77
workers’ rights, 37
Algiers Declaration (1991), 275
Allardt, Helmuth, 241
American Bar Association (ABA), 371
Amin, Samir, 113
Andersen, Poul, 297
Anghie, Antony, 12, 262
anti-colonialism, 262
anti-racism, 121
apartheid, 99
appropriation, 146, 158
arbitration, 338. See also courts; dispute settlement; mixed courts; specific courts
Arctic region. See also Denmark; Faroe Islands; Finland; Sweden
about, 286–287
EU policy, 287–290, 311, 313
EU’s claim to, 289–290, 312
Eurarctic, 23, 286, 288–289
importance, 15, 289
Arusha agreement (1993), 46
Associated African and Malagasy States (AAMS), 232–233
Association Agreements, 43, 46, 53, 102–104, 276–278. See also Yaoundé Convention (1963)
Association Européenne de Coopération (AEC), 244
association regime. See also Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs)
about, 8–12, 14–16, 367
and Bresciani, 45, 49, 53
as colonial continuity, 17
and European Development Fund (EDF), 232–233, 240
asylum law, 179, 188–189, 200
Avicenne Report (2007), 280
Bach, Daniel, 156
Baghwati, Jagdish, 114
Bamba, Abou, 87
Bandung conference (1955), 11
Bank of Central African States (BEAC), 169
Barcelona Process (1995), 275–276, 278, 281
Barroso, José Manuel, 142
Bartels, L., 47
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement (1998)
about, 316, 320–322
constitutional entanglement, 339
dimensions
East–West, 340
North–South, 325, 327, 340
on EU’s role, 323–326
rights, protection of, 332
Belgium
and Congo, 88, 106–107, 113
freedom of movement, 88, 185
Rome, Treaty of, negotiations, 44
social security, 106–107
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 71, 78
Benton, Lauren, 25, 33, 35
Berlin West Africa Conference (1884–1885), 5, 11, 183
Bhambra, G. K., 138, 182
bilateral agreements, 102, 104, 111
Franco-Moroccan (1963), 116, 119, 123, 126
black people, 367–370
Bleich, Erik, 117
Boeyink, C., 180
borders
Algeria challenging European borders, 270–272
and Brexit, 271, 324–330, 333, 338, 342
EU’s flexible approach to, 23
Borrell, Josep, 142, 158
Bot, Yves, 59
Bouakouir, Salah, 95
Bourdieu, Pierre, 356
Bozzone, 106–107
Bresciani
about, 20, 23, 43–44, 47–48, 52–57
Advocate General on, 49, 356
Court’s judgment, 50–53
on direct effect, 43–44, 47, 49–55, 60–61, 356
and non-reciprocal nature of Yaoundé Convention, 46
privileged nature of relations, 23, 50–51, 53
repercussions, 60–61
Bretton Woods Institutions, 202. See also International Monetary Fund (IMF); World Bank
Brexit
about, 19, 35
and Algeria, 63, 271
and borders, 271, 324–330, 333, 338, 342
challenges for Northern Ireland, 326–330
and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 328–330, 335–336
customs, 324–326, 331, 333
direct effect, 334
and EU law, 314–316, 335
OCTs, effect on, 309
and the Troubles, 315
Withdrawal Act 2018, 334
Withdrawal Agreement (2020), 328–331, 334, 336, 340
British Nationality Act (1948), 90, 104, 149
Brown, Megan, 62, 72, 90, 95, 115, 269, 345
Brown, William, 209
bureaucracy, 22, 104, 235–237, 243
Cabou, Daniel, 172
Calais, René, 246
Calhoun, Craig, 353
Camus, Albert, 69
capitalism, racial, 64, 133–135, 143
Carbone, Maurizio, 226
Caribbean people, 367
Cassin, René, 257, 262
Castel, Robert, 128
Castillejo, Clare, 222
Catalano, Nicola, 22, 250, 258, 260–261, 351
Catholics, 318–320
Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), 169
Césaire, Aimé, 3, 29–30
CFA franc (currency)
about, 31, 34, 147, 164–165, 238
colonial history, 165–169
convertibility, guaranteed, 34, 167–168
devaluation, 166–167
France’s influence, 165–170, 173, 238
minting of, 169
parity, 166–169
charge of equivalent effect to a customs duty (CEE), 47, 49–50
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFREU), 21, 116, 120–121, 150, 334
Charter of the United Nations, 12
Chatterjee, Partha, 16, 26, 30, 33
Cherubini, F., 15
child allowances, 92, 96, 103, 105–106
childbirth, 364
China, 65, 79
chronotopes, 137
citizenship
about, 36–38
economically active citizens, 150
in France/French colonies, 117, 122, 130, 149, 234, 240
and mobility, 186, 192
of people born in Northern Ireland, 322
and race, 37, 99
in Rome, Treaty of, 9, 36
social, within the EU, 148, 150–152
in UK/Commonwealth, 90, 98–99, 104, 149
civilization, 183, 209, 353
Cogneau, Denis, 238
Cohen, Antonin, 112
Colliard, Claude-Albert, 355
colonial continuity
about, 16–22
and lawyers, 350–352, 356
in legal institutions and professions, 18, 21, 263, 348–349, 355
as process of transfer, 349–350
through forms of knowledge, 353
colonial drain, 147
colonial-era mixed courts. See mixed courts
colonialism. See also colonial continuities; decolonization; development; independence; postcolonialism
about, 1–4
anti-colonialism, 262
definition, 4–8
in European Development Fund (EDF), 9
extraction, colonial, 148
inflicting damage on colonizers, 3
and integration, 136, 138–142, 147, 346, 363
lack of representation, 75
‘late colonialism’, 5–7
and law, EU, 17, 345
neocolonialism, 135, 141, 146, 289
posture, colonial, 24
and race, 3, 7, 26
resistance to, 17
shaping AU–EU relations, 157
Colonialism and the EU Legal Order (2022 conference), 38, 359, 361
colonies. See association/regime; Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs); specific colonies
colonization. See also development
boomerang effect of, 29–30
of Greeland, 7, 15, 292, 312
of Ireland, 7, 13, 317–320
Commission v. Germany, 52
Commission v. United Kingdom, 74, 335–336
Common Agricultural Policy, 71
Common European Asylum System, 190–191, 193
common external tariffs (CETs), 45, 161
Common Market. See European Community (EC)
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 195
Common Travel Area (CTA), 325, 333, 338
Common Wine Policy, 68, 73
Commonwealth, 98–99, 103–104, 106, 140, 149
communism, 69
Community Code on Visas (Visa Code), 219, 222–225
Community law, 43, 48–49, 51–52
Compagnie du Nord, 131
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between the EU and Canada (CETA), 58–59
CONCORD (NGO), 218
conditionality
about, 202–204
and development, 202–210, 213–214, 220–222, 226
in EEC-Algerian Cooperation Agreement, 273
human rights-based, 210–213, 278
methodological understanding of, 203, 210
migration-based, 203, 214–222, 226
‘more-for-more’ principle, 216–218
policy, 202, 209
political, 202–204, 209–214, 278, 283
positive vs. negative, 210, 215–216, 218–219, 222–226
and trade, 212
Congo
and Belgium, 88, 106–107, 113
crisis, Congolese (1960–1965), 113
freedom of movement, 187
independence, 106
migration to, 87–88
social security, 106–107
consent, principle of, 322
convergence, 170, 174–175
Cooper, Frederick, 31
Cortina, Pedro, 260
Costa v. ENEL, 257, 261
Côte d’Ivoire, 11, 161
Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA), 159, 211
Council of Europe (CoE), 255
Council of the European Union
on association with OCTs (2021), 310
Citizens’ Rights Directive 2004/38, 151
Council Directive 2000/78/EC (2000), 120
Council Implementing Decision (2022), 192–194, 199
Decision on the Overseas Association, including Greenland (2021), 13–14
on exchange rates relating to CFA franc (2021), 167
migration-based conditionality, 215–216, 218
Qualification Directive (2011), 189, 200
Race Equality Directive (2000), 21, 116, 120–121, 127, 199
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). See also European Court of Justice (ECJ)
and Brexit, 328–330, 335–336
cases
Bresciani. See Bresciani
and colonial continuity, 355
as constitutional court, 257–258
(in)direct access to, 363
influence of mixed courts, 22, 249, 257–258
on migration, 20, 182
on nationalist discrimination, 127
on solidarity, 151
supranationalism, 247–250, 257
on wine regulation, 74
courts. See mixed courts; specific courts
Covid-19 pandemic, 272
Crawford, Gordon, 212
Crimea, 193
critical race theory, 368
Cromwellian war (1649–1653), 318
customary law, 341
customs
and Brexit, 324–326, 331, 333
charge of equivalent effect to a customs duty (CEE), 47, 49
checks, 324–326, 331
duties, 282, 310
Czechoslovakia, 108
Dahomey (later Benin), 11
Dakar (Senegal), 87
Danish-Norwegian Union, 294
data sharing, 335
DeBono, D., 180
Deakin, S., 148
Declaration of Human and Civic Rights (1789), 234
decolonization. See also independence
and association regime, 11–12
education, decolonizing of, 28, 360–361, 365, 367, 369–372
and EU integration, 134–135, 139
Greenlandic context, 297, 301–303, 312
and migration, 90
omissions, attention for, 366–367
practice, 366–370
principles, 364–366
purpose, 361–364
term use, 359–360
Defferre, Gaston, 88, 90, 269
Defferre laws, 240
Delafosse, Maurice, 235–236
Delavignette, Robert, 231
democracy, 365–366, 370. See also vote, right to
Denmark
accession to EC, 304–306
colonization of Greenland, 7, 15, 292, 312
Constitution (1849), 295
Constitution (1953), 298–300, 303
and EU’s arctic policy, 290
Department for Health and Social Security, British (DHSS), 103
dependence, 114
development. See also European Development Fund (EDF); funding
about, 28
of Africa, 44, 140
and Bresciani, 51, 53–54
conditionality, 202–210, 213–214, 220–222, 226
and European migration to Africa, 88
of Global South, 113
and migration security, 197
migration–development nexus, 181, 214, 362
of OCTs, 14
and racism, 203–209
rights-based approach to, 203
in Rome, Treaty of, 46, 54, 232
and sovereignty, 33
sustainable, 14
underdevelopment, 113, 239, 241
Díaz Merry, Manuel, 254
Diori, Amany, 172
direct effect
about, 21
in Bresciani, 43–44, 47, 49–55, 60–61, 356
and Brexit, 334
in Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between the EU and Canada (CETA), 58
in Haegeman, 53
in International Fruit Company, 52
in Kupferberg, 56–58
in Polydor, 56
and reciprocity, 49–52, 55, 59–60
Directorate General 8 (DG8), 232, 241, 245–246
discrimination
about, 26, 30
against Greenlanders, 298–300
indirect, 127, 144
against Irish Catholics, 320
move without being discriminated against, right to, 37
nationality-based, 127
non-discrimination principle, 21, 52, 84, 95
racial
auxiliary workers, 116, 123, 125, 128, 132
French nationality clause, 117–120, 122–126, 128, 130–133
displacement, 178, 188–189, 191, 194, 318
dispute settlement, 58, 60, 338. See also arbitration; courts; mixed courts; specific courts
district officers (commandants de cercle), 235
diversity, 369, 371
Dublin III Regulation, 198
eco (currency)
about, 164–165, 176
convergence, 174–175
exchange rates, 170, 175
General Assembly on the Eco (Les États Généraux de l’Eco), 173, 176
governance, future system of, 174–175
implementation, 175–176
and monetary digitalization, 175
objectives, 173–174
options for implementing, 169–172
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 114, 161, 165, 171
economic freedom of foreigners, 251, 253, 256, 259–260
economic partnership agreements (EPAs), 160
education
decolonizing of, 28, 360–361, 365, 367, 369–372
racism in, 367–371
Egede, Hans, 292
Egede, Múte Bourup, 288
Egypt
Mixed Courts of Egypt, 22, 251, 255–257
Suez Crisis (1956), 113, 138, 140
El-Enany, Nadine, 90
Elias, Norbert, 132
Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF for Africa), 217, 219–222
epidemics, 66
equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI), 369, 371
equality of treatment, 84, 91–92, 102, 108, 119–125, 332
Erik the Red, 292
Eritrea, 246
essential elements clauses, 210–212
Ethiopia, 187, 224
ethnicity, 9, 26, 127. See also citizenship; nationality; race and racism
Eurafrica
and Common Market, 83, 88–89
and Eurarctic, 288–289
freedom of movement, 87–90
and integration, European, 140–141, 206, 268
and law, European, 348
raw materials, 114
Eurarctic, 23, 286
Euratom Treaty (1957), 307
euro (currency), 34, 167–170
Euro-lawyers. See lawyers
Euro-Mediterranean Agreement (1996), 116, 120
European Agenda on Migration (2015), 192, 194, 196, 216
European Central Bank (ECB), 168
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 252. See also European Economic Community (EEC); European Union (EU)
European Commission (EC)
and Bresciani, 46, 48
Directorate General 8 (DG8), 232, 241, 245–246
migration-based conditionality, 219, 223
rule-bending by, 233
European Community (EC)
and Algeria, 10, 65
and Denmark, 304–306
Eurafrican, 83, 88–89
and freedom of movement, 93
and Greenland, 304–307, 312
and integration, 140
trade imbalances, 70
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 122, 247, 332, 340
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 182, 247–250, 255–256, 340, 354–355, 368
European Court of Justice (ECJ). See also Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Bozzone, 106–107
Commission v. Germany, 52
Commission v. United Kingdom, 74, 335–336
Costa v. ENEL, 257, 261
Fossi, 108
Haegeman, 43, 48, 52–54, 60
Hauer, 74
International Fruit Company cases, 48, 51–52, 60
Kupferberg, 55–59
Pinna, 105
Polydor, 55–56
Portugal v. Council, 58
Van Gend & Loos, 257, 356
Weingut A, 74
Wightman, 314
Wine and Beer, 74
European Development Fund (EDF)
about, 231–233, 239–241
bureaucracy, 22, 235–237, 243
cahiers des charges, 242, 244
contrôleurs-délégués, 232–233, 243–244, 246
France’s monopoly over, 241–245
German complaints against, 243–245
tenders, 9, 232, 242–245
European Economic Community (EEC). See also European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC); European Union (EU); Rome, Treaty of (1957)
Algeria’s membership of, 62–65, 139, 267, 269–273
colonialism during founding of, 8, 136, 138–139, 182–187, 345–349, 362–363, 366
financing, 232
neocolonialism, 141, 146
relation with Africa, 114–115
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 53
European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instruments (ENPI), 280
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), 278–280
European Parliament (EP), 221, 224
European Payments Union (EPU), 172
European Resettlement scheme (2015), 194
European Union (EU). See also Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFREU); Eurafrica; Eurarctic; European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC); European Economic Community (EEC); integration; law, EU; Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
accession to, 54, 203, 270, 279, 312
federalism, 32
foreign policy, 275–278, 285, 342
global influence, 281–282
membership status, changes in, 7
partnership framework, 274–285
as peace project, 62–63, 112, 315, 324
political dialogue with former/current colonies, 15
reappearance of law and politics similar to those in colonial era, 17, 25–27
relation with African Union (AU), 157–163
relation with Algeria. See Algeria, relation with EU
social regionalism, 134–135, 145–146, 153–155
Euro-whiteness, 83
EU–Turkey Statement (2016), 196, 217
‘Everything But Arms’ (EBA) initiative, 212
Évian Accords (1962), 62, 67, 73
exchange reserves, 34, 167, 170, 173
extroversion, 114–115
Faroe Islands, 290, 294–295, 297, 305
federalism, 31–32, 252, 354
Ferrandi, Jacques, 232–233, 237, 241, 243
Finland, 289–290, 294
5+5 Group, 275
Fonds d’Investissement Economique et Social (FIDES), 237–238, 240
foreign exchange reserves, 34, 167, 170, 173
Fossi, 108
franc zone, 165–169. See also CFA franc (currency)
France
African migration to, 86, 126
and Algeria
about, 267, 271
economy, 90
paternalism, 274
social benefits, 103
War of Independence (1954–1962), 63, 96
wine industry, 66–67, 72–74
citizenship, 117, 122, 130, 149, 234, 240
colonial officials, 233–237
colonial school, 233, 235–237, 241
colonialism, 263, 347
colonies, 91, 139, 354
Union Française, 238–239, 268, 347, 355
Communauté, 112
Constitution (1946), 121, 240, 268, 347
constitutional structure duplicated in EEC, 121, 205
discrimination
about, 21, 117–118, 120–121
between EU nationals and non-EU nationals, 127
colonial legal system, 234, 243–244
nationality clause, 117, 118–120, 122–126, 128, 130–132, 133
and franc zone/CFA franc currency, 165–170, 173, 238
freedom of movement, 90–91, 115, 185
and Libya, 279
and Mediterranean region, 280–281
Ministry of Overseas France, 237–238
racial discourse and racism, 117, 206, 368
Rome, Treaty of, negotiations, 44, 89, 239–240, 267, 269, 354
social security, 96–98, 105, 131
Treasury Department, 166–167, 169, 173, 175
Fraser, Nancy, 153
Frederiksen, Mette, 288
free trade agreements (FTAs), 54–60
freedom of movement. See also borders; migration; visas
of capital, between franc zone and eurozone, 167
dual standard, 85, 88–90, 100, 104–106
EEC Regulation on the Freedom of Movement of Workers (1961), 86, 94–95
within the EU, 197
Eurafrican, 87–90
as fundamental right, 188
national contexts
Algeria, 86, 95, 115, 187, 197, 271
Belgium, 88, 185
Congo, 187
France, 91
Ireland, 333
Turkey, 102–103
UK, 100, 187
and race, 98–100
Schengen visa regime, 185–187, 191–192, 200
and security, 195–197
‘sedentary bias’, 178, 182, 186–190, 196–197, 199
‘special relations’, 94, 110
unequal mobility, 179, 183–188, 191–192
of workers
African, 356
‘European preference’ in, 93
restricted to Member States, 184
in Rome, Treaty of, 82, 89, 110, 115, 184
freedom, economic, of foreigners, 251, 253, 256, 259–260
French Guiana, 10
French West Africa, 87
Frisch, D., 45
Frontex, 195, 363
Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), 368, 371
funding. See also European Development Fund (EDF)
Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF for Africa), 217, 219–222
Fonds d’Investissement Economique et Social (FIDES), 237–238, 240
Madad Fund, 219
Gabon, 87, 92, 245
Ghaleigh, Navraj Singh, 112
Gallieni, Joseph, 235
Gambia, 224
Ganshof van der Meersch, W. J., 352
Garavini, Giuliano, 146
Gaudet, Michel, 257, 262, 351
Geboye Desta, Melaku, 161
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 48, 51–52
Article I, 159
Article XXIV, 55
General Assembly on the Eco (Les États Généraux de l’Eco), 173, 176
Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP), 160, 212, 227
‘GSP+’ scheme, 212
Germany, 46, 107–110, 243–245, 366
Ghana, 136, 161
Gibraltar, 103
Giubboni, Stefano, 151
Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM), 215
Global Gateway investment plan, 288
global North, 115, 158, 370
Global South
appropriation of natural resources, 146, 158
asymmetrical relationship with Global North, 115
decolonial research on, 370
development, 113
migration from, 189, 193–195, 200
mobility, and security concerns, 195–197
and racial capitalism, 146–148
and social regionalism, 153
term use, 189
globalization, 153
Gotanda, Neil, 117
Greenland
colonial history
about, 291
initial colonization (1721–1782), 291–293
parasitic colonialism (1782–1830s) and classic colonialism (1830s–1908), 293–295
intensive colonialism (1908–1953), 295–296
hidden colonialism (1953–1979), 296–300, 305
early decolonization (1979–2009), 301–302
matured decolonization (2009–), 302–303
Constitution, proposal for, 312
Danish colonization of, 7, 15, 292, 312
decolonization of, 297, 301–303, 312
EC membership, 304–307, 312
fishing rights, 358
Greenlandic Constitutional Commission, 291, 293–294, 297–298, 301, 303
home rule/governance, 301–303, 305, 310, 312
independence, 303, 312
indigenous population, 291–294
OCT status, 306, 308–311, 313
relation with EU, 23, 286–288, 290
spiral case, 298
trade, 294, 311
Grilli, Enzo, 205
Guadeloupe, 10
Haegeman, 43, 48, 52–54, 60
Hale, Brenda, 368
Hansen, Peo, 62, 139–140, 184, 206, 288
harm, economic, 75–77
Hathaway, J. C., 188
Hauer, 74
Heinrich, J., 303
Hettne, B., 152
Hickel, J., 158
human rights, 140, 210–213, 278. See also Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFREU); European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR); European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
humanitarian visas, 194
Iceland, 294, 296
Imbert, Aurélie, 355
immigrant workers
SNCF workers seen as, 119, 123–125, 127, 129, 132
in UK, 149, 367
imperialism, 360
independence. See also decolonization; sovereignty
and CFA franc currency, 166
and European Development Fund (EDF), 242
lack of provisions for, in Treaty of Rome, 9–11
national contexts
Algeria, 20, 67, 271
Congo, 106
Ghana, 136
Greenland, 303, 312
Ireland, 319
New Caledonia, 15
indirect rule, 235, 241
inequality, 3, 26
inflation, 166, 168, 174
integration
about, 134–135
Algerian context, 269–270, 273, 285
colonial legal institutions’ contributions to, 262–263
and colonialism, 136, 138–142, 147, 346, 363
and decolonization, 134–135, 139
economic, 174, 176, 314
embedded liberalism, 145, 147–148, 162
Monnet method, 315, 326
and racial capitalism, 134
regional, in Africa, 154–163
temporal/spatial dimensions of, 135–136
trade relationships, 43, 51, 53, 56–58, 61
international agreements, 52, 210–213
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969), 121
International Fruit Company cases, 48, 51–52, 60
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 158, 202
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 197
international organizations, 249. See also specific international organizations, e.g. United Nations (UN)
international refugee law, 188, 193, 199
international trade law, 77
internationalism, 364
Inuits, 291, 294
Iran, 92
Ireland. See also Northern Ireland
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement (1998), 321
borders, and Brexit, 271, 324–330, 333, 338, 342
Brexit’s impact on, 19
creation of, 319
Cromwellian war (1649–1653), 318
economy, 318, 323
EU membership, 323–326, 338
Gaelic population, 318–319
independence, 319
nationalist community, 315, 320–322, 325–326
religion, 318
UK, relation with, 323–326
UK’s colonization of, 7, 13, 317–320
Ireland-Northern Ireland Protocol
about, 328, 330–332
governance, 334–338
legal entanglement, 316, 338–340
on movement of goods, 333–334
parts
Article 2, 332, 334
Article 3, 333
Article 12, 336
Article 13, 337
Article 16, 337
Annex 1, 333
Annex 2, 333
Stormont Brake, 331, 337
Windsor Framework, 331, 337
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), 319
Isma‘ı̄l, Khedive of Egypt, 252
Italy, 67, 69–74, 72
Ivory Coast, 11, 87, 161
Jalloh, Oury, 369
Jameson, Fredric, 141
Jantz, Kurt, 108, 110
Jensen, E. L., 304
Joerges, Christian, 112
Johnson, Boris, 330–331
Jonsson, Stefan, 62, 140, 206, 288
Jupé, Allain, 274
Kacarska, Simonida, 212
Kahn Freund, Otto, 81, 92, 99
Kalmar Union, 292
Kenya, 86
Klabbers, J., 61
Knox, Rob, 143
Kothari, Uma, 204, 207
Krisch, N., 338
Kupferberg, 55–59
labour law, 152
Labouret, Henri, 234
language, 13, 18
law, EU
application and interpretation, 19–21
asylum law, 179, 188–189, 200
and Brexit, 314–316, 335
colonial continuity in, 18, 21, 263, 348–349, 355
and colonialism, 17, 345
decolonizating of, 371
economic sociology of, 143–145
ecosystem of, 314, 335
implementation and enforcement of, 335–338
and international refugee law, 188, 193, 199
legal pluralism, 34–36, 338–342
postcolonial view on, 345, 357–358
racism in, 368–369
sui generis nature of, 347
lawyers, 248, 254–258, 350–352, 356
Le Cour Grandmaison, Olivier, 234
‘Least Developed Countries’ (LDCs), 209, 212
legal geography, 136
Lein, Brecht, 203, 210
Lemaignen, Robert, 241
Leyen, Ursula von der, 158, 288
liberalism, 145, 147–148, 162, 209
Libya, 278–279
Lidegaard, M., 299
Lisbon Treaty, 13
Lister, Marjorie, 205
Lomé Convention (1975), 45, 52–54, 57, 159, 211, 214
Luxembourg, 366
Lyautey, Hubert, 235
Maastricht Treaty (1992), 13, 36, 203, 274
MacCormick, Neil, 32
Macron, Emmanuel, 164
Madad Fund (Regional Trust Fund in Response to the Syrian Crisis), 219
Madrid Convention (1880), 259
Mainwaring, Cׄ., 180
Manby, Bronwen, 37
Marker, Emily, 206
Marshall Plan, 69
Martin, Guy, 114, 206
Martinique, 10
Martino, Gaetano, 69
Mauritania, 11
Mauss, Marcel, 169
May, Theresa, 328–331
Mediterranean region
EU commissioner for the Mediterranean, 24
Euro-Mediterranean Agreement (1996), 116, 120
Mediterranean Project for Contemporary Partnership, 280
partnership with EU, 274–276, 278–285
Union for the Mediterranean, 280–282
Mediterranean Sea, 180, 197, 215
Meghji, Ali, 371
Mégret, F., 188
Mendez, M., 48
Merry, Sally Engle, 4, 17, 34–35
Michel, Louis, 246
Michelson, Charles, 254
Middle East
conflicts in, 276
refugee crisis (2015/2016), 178, 191–198, 216
migration
about, 27–28, 81–85
Africa, European migration to, 86–90
bureaucracy, 104
conditionality, migration-based, 203, 214–222, 226
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on, 20, 182
and decolonization, 90
European Agenda on Migration (2015), 192, 194, 196, 216
‘European preference’ in, 93
from Global South, 189, 193–195, 200
from Mediterranean region, 283
migration–development nexus, 181, 214, 362
New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020), 198, 200, 219, 223–225, 362
New Partnership Framework (NPF), 217
partnerships with ‘third countries’, 196–197, 200, 203, 215–219, 222, 362
postcolonial perspective on, 179, 181–183, 199
and race, 179–181, 183, 186, 190, 192–196, 198–200, 207
readmission, 28, 215–216, 222–226
regular vs. irregular, 179, 190–197, 200–201, 217
and security, 195–197, 214–215
Temporary Protection Directive (TPD), 178, 189–194, 197, 200–201
Miller, J., 31, 367
Mitterrand, François, 166, 274
Mixed Court of Tangier
about, 252–255
activism, 253, 261
cases
Nordlund, 258–261
Radio-Tanger, 254, 257–260
and Catalano, 260–261, 351
as constitutional court, 253, 261
and Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 22, 257
mixed courts, 22, 250–251, 255–258. See also Mixed Court of Tangier; Mixed Courts of Egypt; Ottoman Mixed Commercial Courts
Mixed Courts of Egypt, 22, 251, 255–257
Mkandawire, Thandika, 113
mobility. See freedom of movement
Modinos, Polys, 256, 262, 351
monetary sovereignty, 29, 31, 34, 169–170
Montreux Convention (1937), 251
Moroccan SNCF workers
about, 115–117
discrimination against, 127, 132, 150
immigrant status, 119, 123–125, 127, 129, 132
nationality clause, 117–120, 122–126, 128, 130–133
social security, 117, 120, 123–130
Möschel, Mathias, 117
most-favoured nation clauses, 55, 212, 259
multilateral agreements, 57
naira (currency), 171–172
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 140
National Museum of History and Art (MNHA, Luxembourg), 367
nationality, 36–38. See also citizenship
native peoples
backward/uncivilized, perceived as, 183, 234
distinction from citizens from Member States, 184, 239
Inuits, 291, 294
neocolonialism, 135, 141, 146, 289
neo-liberalism, 76, 154–155
the Netherlands, 46
New Caledonia, 15
New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020), 198, 200, 219, 223–225, 362
New Partnership Framework (NPF), 217
Nicola, F. G., 31, 367
Niger, 11
Nigeria, 170
Nkrumah, Kwame, 6, 14, 83, 114, 141, 162
non-discrimination principle, 21, 52, 84, 95
non-reciprocity, 43, 46, 50–53
Nordlund, Aksel, 258–259
Northern Ireland
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement (1998), 320–322
borders, and Brexit, 324–330, 333, 338, 342
Brexit’s challenges, 326–330
citizenship of people born in, 322
consent, principle of, 322
creation of, 319
entanglement, legal/constitutional, 339–340
governance, 320
legal pluralism, 338–342
postcolonialism, 317, 338, 341
the Troubles, 315, 320
Norway, 292, 294, 296
Nouwen, Sarah, 24
obligations, 51–52, 55–59, 259–260
Office de Sécurité Sociale de l’Outre-Mer (OSSOM), 107
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), 159
Organisation of African Unity (OAU), 113, 154, 156
Ortoli, François-Xavier, 142
Ottoman Mixed Commercial Courts, 251
Ouattara, Alassane, 164
Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs)
and Bresciani, 49
Brexit’s effect on, 309
colonialism inherent in EEC, 139
development of, 44, 46
distinction from Member States, 239
Greenlandic context, 306, 308–311, 313
independence, 138
‘OCT law’, 15
workers from (Article 135 EEC), 82, 89, 110, 115, 184
pan-Africanism, 32, 114, 155–157
pandemics, 272
Paris, Treaty of (1951), 269, 307, 347
Paris Court of Appeal, 120–122, 126
Patterson, A., 98
Peace Treaty of Kiel (1814), 294
pensions, 84
Permanent Court of International Justice, 296
persecution, 188
Petersen, Finn, 299
phylloxera epidemic, 66
Pilotti, Massimo, 257, 351
Pinna, 105
Poland, 108, 193
Polanyi, K., 145, 153–154
police violence, 368
Polydor, 55–56
Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, 148
Portugal v. Council, 58
postcolonialism
and conditionality, 219
and EU law, 345, 357–358
legal categories defining former colonies, 354
migration, postcolonial perspective on, 179, 181–183, 199
and Northern Ireland, 317, 338, 341
‘Post-Cotonou’ Agreement (2023). See Samoa Agreement (2023)
power asymmetries
Algerian wine industry, 64
and development, 213–214
EEC-Africa partnerships, 114–117, 206
EU–ACP cooperation, 209
migration-based conditionality, 203, 214
and racism, 208
Prebisch, Raúl, 114
precedents, 350
primacy, principle of, 22
private law, 75–77
protectionism, 131, 153–154, 282
Protestants, 318–319
protests, 15
race and racism. See also discrimination; ethnicity
about, 27–29, 32
Africans seen as uncivilized, 183
anti-racism, 121
auxiliary workers, 116, 123, 125, 128, 132
capitalism, racial, 64, 133–135, 143
and citizenship, 37, 99
and colonialism, 3, 7, 26
defining, 124, 208
and development policy, 203–209
in education, 367–371
as hierarchy of humans, 208
and migration/asylum, 179–181, 183, 186, 190, 192–196, 198–200, 207
structuralist, 143–145
in Treaty of Rome, 9
Race Equality Directive (2000), 21, 116, 120–121, 127, 199
Radio-Tanger, 254, 257–260
railway worker status, 118, 122, 126–132
reciprocity
and direct effect, 49–52, 55, 59–60
enforcement, 55, 58–59
and free trade agreements, 55
non-reciprocity, 43, 46, 50–53
substantive, 55, 59
redress, 64, 77
referenda, 299–309, 312
Refugee Convention (1951), 188–189, 200
1967 Protocol, 188, 200
refugees
‘bogus’, 189, 193–195, 200
definition, 188, 200
international refugee law, 188, 193, 199
‘crises’
about, 27, 177
discrepancy between the two crises, 178, 190–200
‘mass influx’ of displaced persons, 189, 191, 193–194
Middle Eastern/African refugees (2015/2016), 178, 191–198, 216
Ukrainian (2022/2023), 178, 190–193, 197–199
‘sedentary bias’, 178, 182
subsidiary/temporary protection status, 189
regional economic communities (RECs), 156, 160
Regional Trust Fund in Response to the Syrian Crisis (‘Madad Fund’), 219
regionalism. See social regionalism
Republic of Ireland. See Ireland
Republic of Mali, 11
research, decolonizing of, 28, 360–361, 365, 367, 369–372
Réunion, 10
Reuter, Paul, 252
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), 86
Robinson, Cedric, 143
Rodney, Walter, 147
Roes, T., 54
Romas, 198
Rome, Treaty of (1957). See also association regime; European Economic Community (EEC); Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs)
Algeria mentioned in, 63
on association with overseas countries and territories, 8–11
on citizenship, 9, 36
colonial powers, crafted by, 8, 136, 138–139, 182–187, 345–349, 362–363, 366
dual standard on migration, 95, 110
exclusion of colonized at negotiations, 8
French negotiations, 44, 89, 239–240, 267, 269, 354
Implementing Convention, 240
on independence, 9–12
parts
Article 2 EEC, 50
Article 3 EEC, 50
Article 13(2) EEC, 47, 49–51
Article 48 EEC, 110, 184
Article 51 EEC, 82
Article 61 EEC, 50
Article 92(3) EEC, 70
Article 131 EEC, 46, 54, 232
Article 132 EEC, 45, 233
Article 133 EEC, 8, 10, 137
Article 135 EEC, 82, 89, 110, 115, 184
Article 136 EEC, 45–46, 49, 356
Article 227 EEC, 10, 13, 44, 67, 115, 137, 269, 272
Article 236 EEC, 307
Article 238 EEC, 45, 273
Part IV, 8, 10, 44, 50, 82, 100, 136, 232, 239
Preamble, 44, 157
Annex IV, 10–11, 138
unity, emphasis on, 157
Ross, Alf, 297
Rossi, Rino, 257
Rozès, S., 55, 59
Ruggie, John, 145
Russia, 193
Russo-Ukrainian war (2014–), 178
Rutazibwa, Olivia Umurerwa, 207
Saada, Emmanuelle, 37
Sahraoui, N., 180
Salén, Torsten, 255
Samoa Agreement (2023), 159–160, 219
Article 74, 225–226
Annex I, 225
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 279–280
Sayad, Abdelmalek, 118, 127
Schengen visa regime, 185–187, 191–192, 200
Schuman, Robert, 63, 353
Schuman Declaration (1950), 44, 213
Schwundeck, Christy, 369
Sebhatu, Rahel Weldeab, 207
Second World War (1939–1945), 2, 11
security
checks, in Northern Ireland, 324
and EU–Algeria partnership, 275, 283
and migration, 195–197, 214–215
self-determination, 12, 297, 302–303. See also sovereignty
Senegal, 11
Senghor, Léopold, 240, 354
service contracts, 116
Sidi Ferruch incident (1926), 197
Simpson, A. W. Brian, 248
Singer, Hans, 114
Skordas, A., 194
Smuts, Jan, 262
social benefits, 84, 96, 103
social regionalism, 134, 145–146, 153
social security
about, 20
child allowances, 92, 96, 103, 105–106
and citizenship, social, 148, 150–152
global scale, 100–101
legal regime shaped by officials, 84
of Moroccan SNCF workers, 117, 120, 123–130
national contexts
Belgium, 106–107
Congo, 106–107
France, 96–98, 105, 131
Germany, 107–110
UK, 92, 98–99, 103, 106, 148
pensions, 84
postcolonialism, 91–94
in Rome, Treaty of, 82–83
Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF). See also Moroccan SNCF workers
financial argument, 125–127
hiring of foreign workers, 130–132
historical context, 123–125
nationality clause, 117–120, 122–126, 128, 130–133
railway worker status, 118, 122, 126–132
solar panels, 65
solidarity, 150
South, Global. See Global South
sovereignty. See also self-determination
about, 32–34
Danish, 296
EU as post-sovereign entity, 324, 326
Greenlandic, 303, 312
of the king, in UK parliament, 339
Northern Irish, 322
and social regionalism, 156
West African, 169, 173
Spijkerboer, T. P., 182
spolia, 263
stakeholders, 74
Stoler, Ann, 18, 26, 33
Stormont Brake, 331, 337
strikes, 129
structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), 158, 202, 278
Struycken, Arnold, 255, 351
sub-Saharan Africa, 86, 136, 212, 232, 237–240
Suez Crisis (1956), 113, 138, 140
Sultan, Nazmul, 4, 7
Supiot, Alain, 152–153
supranationalism, 156, 247, 255–256, 263
supremacy clause, 252, 259
Sweden, 289–290, 294
Tamanaha, B., 340
Tangier Zone Statute, 252–254, 259–261. See also Mixed Court of Tangier
Article 7, 259
Article 30, 254
Committee of Control, 252, 254, 261
tariffs, 45, 67–69, 72, 161, 269, 276
Temporary Protection Directive (TPD), 178, 189–194, 197, 200–201
tenders, 9, 232, 242–245
terrorism, 274, 276, 283, 320, 325, 327
Thomas, Chantal, 147
Torpey, John, 208
Trabucchi, A., 46, 49, 51, 356
trade
colonialism, shaped by, 342
and conditionality, 212
inequality, 70, 157–159
international trade law, 77
liberalization, 152–155
national/regional contexts
Africa, 152–155, 157–159, 168
Algeria, 73, 78, 276
Greenland, 294, 311
Union Française, 238
with OCTs, 9
trade agreements, 43, 54–60
Trans-Gabon railway project, 245
travel documents, 187, 223
treaties. See also specific treaties, e.g. Rome, Treaty of (1957)
claims, treaty-based, 249, 251, 260
colonial continuities in, 353
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Article 7, 334
Article 8, 334
Article 9, 334
Article 10, 334
Article 19, 369
Article 30, 310, 334
Article 45, 127
Article 50, 328
Article 110, 334
Article 198, 10, 12, 310
Article 200, 310
Article 204, 310
Article 267, 336
Article 349, 13
Part IV, 13
Preamble, 44, 47
Annex II, 13, 309
Turkey, 102–103, 270
Tyszler, E., 180
Ukraine, 178, 190–193, 197–199
underdevelopment, 113, 239, 241
Union for the Mediterranean, 280–282
United Kingdom. See also Brexit; Northern Ireland
United Kingdom (UK)
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement (1998), 321–322
citizenship, 90, 98–99, 104, 149
Commonwealth, 98–99, 103–104, 106, 140, 149
EEC accession, 81
EU membership, 323–324, 338
freedom of movement, 100, 187
Ireland, colonization of, 7, 13, 317–320
Ireland, relation with, 323–326
migrant workers in, 149, 367
social security, 92, 98–99, 103, 106, 148
Supreme Court, 336
United Nations (UN), 12, 212, 249, 262, 300
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 154–155, 161
United States (US)
Constitution, 31
federalism, 31
Supreme Court, 254, 260
universality, 148
Upper Volta (later Burkina Faso), 11
Valletta Summit on Migration (2015), 196, 217, 220
Valverde, Mariana, 137
Van Gend & Loos, 257, 356
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT, 1969), 210
vin de coupage (blending wine), 66, 68, 73
violence, police, 368
visas
Community Code on Visas (Visa Code), 219, 222–225
humanitarian visas, 194
Schengen visa regime, 185–187, 191–192, 200
vote, right to, 15, 36, 240, 295, 299, 312
wars
Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), 11, 63, 137, 267
Cromwellian war (1649–1653), 318
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), 319
Russo-Ukrainian war (2014–), 178
World War II (1939–1945), 2, 11
Weingut A, 74
Weiss, F., 301
welfare states, 37, 85, 146, 148. See also social security
West Africa. See also Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Berlin West Africa Conference (1884–1885), 5, 11, 183
Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), 169
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 114, 161, 165, 171
monetary sovereignty, 29, 31, 34, 169–170
sovereignty, 169, 173
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), 114, 167, 169, 171
West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), 170–171
whaling and whalers, 292, 294–295
White, Owen, 72
White, Sarah, 207
Wightman, 314
Wigny, Pierre, 88
Wilkinson, F., 148
Wilson, Kalpana, 207
Windrush scandal (2018), 367
Windsor Framework, 331, 337
wine
Algerian wine industry, 20, 63, 66, 72–75, 77
Common Wine Policy, 68, 73
Italian wine industry, 72
vin de coupage (blending wine), 66, 68, 73
Wine and Beer, 74
Withdrawal Act 2018, 334
Withdrawal Agreement (2020), 328–331, 334, 336, 340
Wolf, Louis de, 254
women, 133, 298, 364
workers. See also Moroccan SNCF workers
age, 124–126
auxiliary, 116, 123, 125, 128, 132
freedom of movement of
in Rome, Treaty of, 82, 89, 110, 115, 184
migrant, in UK, 149, 367
railway worker status, 118, 122, 126–132
social security, 120, 123–125, 127–130
World Bank, 158, 202
World Trade Organization (WTO), 58, 60, 158–159, 212, 283
World War II (1939–1945), 2, 11
xenophobia, 130–132
Yaoundé Convention (1963)
about, 12, 20, 45
bilateralism, 57
Bresciani, 43, 51–54
EU-centricity, 61
mentioned, 232
non-reciprocity, 46, 51, 53
parts
Article 2(1), 47–49, 51
Article 61, 50
precedent, 61
Yaoundé II (1970–1975), 45, 49, 244

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.0 A

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The HTML of this book conforms to version 2.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring core accessibility principles are addressed and meets the basic (A) level of WCAG compliance, addressing essential accessibility barriers.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Index
  • Edited by Hanna Eklund, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: Colonialism and the EU Legal Order
  • Online publication: 14 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009508490.021
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Index
  • Edited by Hanna Eklund, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: Colonialism and the EU Legal Order
  • Online publication: 14 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009508490.021
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • Edited by Hanna Eklund, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: Colonialism and the EU Legal Order
  • Online publication: 14 October 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009508490.021
Available formats
×