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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 July 2025
1 David John Taylor, Orwell: The New Life (New York, 2023).
2 Taylor, Orwell, 464.
3 Laura Beers, Orwell’s Ghosts: Wisdom and Warnings for the Twenty-First Century (New York, 2024).
4 Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life (New York: Sutherland House, 2019), 234, 247.
5 Taylor, Orwell, 497.
6 Anshel Pfeffer, “Was Orwell an anti-Semite?,” Haaretz, August 3, 2012, at https://www.haaretz.com/2012–08–03/ty-article/was-orwell-an-anti-semite/0000017f-f611-d460-afff-ff77ff660000?v=1704239860856 (accessed on September 25, 2024).
7 Anna Funder, Wifedom: Mrs. Orwell’s Invisible Life (New York, 2023).
8 Sandra Newman, “Orwellian Nightmares: What I Learned about Today’s Rage Culture from Rewriting 1984,” The Guardian, October 7, 2023, at https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/oct/07/orwellian-nightmares-george-orwell-rage-culture-rewriting-1984 (accessed September 25, 2024).
9 Taylor, Orwell, 402.
10 For a thorough discussion of the treatment of Orwell inside the Soviet Union, see also Arlen Blium, “‘Puteshevstvie’ Oruella v stranu Bol′shevikov: K 100-letiiu Dzhordzha Oruella—Dokumental′naia khronika,” Neznanie-sila, 2003, at https://www.orwell.ru/a_life/blum/russian/r_papsb (accessed on September 25, 2024).
11 Zlatyslav Dubniak, “1984 After February 24th: A Philosophical Rereading of Orwell’s Novel,” Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal 10 (2023): 50–67.
12 Leonid Bershidsky, “I just translated 1984. I’m gasping for air,” The Moscow Times, November 26, 2019, at https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/11/26/i-just-translated-1984-into-russian-im-gasping-for-aira68319 (accessed on September 25, 2024).
13 Funder, Wifedom.
14 I am indebted to Lilia Kaganovsky for this point.
15 Wiesiek Powaga, “Władysław Reymont’s Revolt of the Animals,” European Studies Blog, British Library, January 17, 2018, https://blogs.bl.uk/european/2018/01/animal-revolt.html (accessed on September 25, 2024); and “Animal Tales,” European Studies Blog, British Library, January 9, 2019, at https://blogs.bl.uk/european/animal-tales/ (accessed on September 25, 2024).
16 Filip Mazurczak, “Poland’s forgotten Nobel winner who wrote “Animal Farm” before Orwell,” Notes from Poland (NFP), October 24, 2019, at https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/10/24/polands-forgotten-nobel-winner-who-wrote-animal-farm-20-years-before-orwell/ (accessed September 25, 2024).
17 Nikolai Ivanovich Kostormarov, “Skotskoi bunt (Pisʹmo Malorossiiskogo Pomeshchika k Svoemu Peterburgskomu Priiateliu). Posmertnyi Ocherk N. I. Kostomarova,” first published in Niva no. 34–37 (1917) at https://www.orwell.ru/library/others/Skotskoj_Bunt/russian/r_sb (accessed September 25, 2024).
18 Lynette Yetter, Adela Zamudio: Selected Poetry and Prose, trans. Virginia Ayllon (Portland, 2022), 227–68.