Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 September 2025

1 Statistics are from Kemal H. Karpat, “The Ottoman Emigration to America, 1860–1914,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 2 (May 1985): 175–209, 185; and Albert Adatto, “Sephardim and the Seattle Sephardic Community” (MA thesis, University of Washington, 1939), 31, 34.
2 On p. 94, Alhadeff cites the English translation; Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1897), vol. 4, 611. That translation is harsher than Graetz’s German original, which I translate here; Heinrich Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, 11 vols. (Leipzig: Oscar Leier, 1891), vol. 4, 383.
3 Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 129.
4 Ilan Stavans, The Schocken Book of Modern Sephardic Literature (New York: Schocken Books, 2005), xxii.
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