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Introducing a special collection of CME articles about long-acting injectable antipsychotics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2025

Leslie Citrome*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
*
Corresponding author: Leslie Citrome; Email: nntman@gmail.com
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Abstract

Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are not routinely offered and, thus, are underutilized despite their many advantages over oral formulations. In this special collection of articles, the reader will find overviews of the art and science of prescribing this important treatment option. Guidance is offered regarding incorporating LAIs in treatment planning, including inpatient, outpatient, and jail settings. Reviewed is the evidence surrounding the use of LAIs for patients in their first episode of schizophrenia, as well as switching from oral agents and other common issues that come up in day-to-day practice. Also provided is a comprehensive summary of each of the currently available formulations of LAIs, and some pragmatic reasons why one would be considered over another. In the end, the reader will come away with the notion that LAIs are not a “last resort” but an important and useful treatment modality that ought to be considered more often.

Information

Type
Editorial
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

Imagine the availability of safe and effective long-acting injectable (LAI) preparations of antihypertensive medications.Reference Citrome 1 This formulation would be met with great fanfare and would make a major impact on the health of millions of people. Based on convenience, this modality could be preferred by many, especially with longer intervals between injections. In view of the high rates of partial or nonadherence with oral antihypertensive medication, including with yours truly,Reference Citrome 2 , Reference Citrome 3 an LAI of an antihypertensive medication would equate to guaranteed delivery of a life-saving medication. It would be highly valued, offered early, and with few obstacles in its dissemination.

Although the revised American Psychiatric Association guidelines for the care of people with schizophrenia calls out that LAI antipsychotics should be considered in instances of poor or uncertain adherence, as well for patients who would prefer this modality,Reference Keepers, Fochtmann and Anzia 4 this antipsychotic medication formulation is not universally highly valued, is generally not offered early, and is fraught with obstacles. That is unfortunate. We can do better.

In this special collection of articles regarding LAI antipsychotics, the reader will find overviews of the art and science of prescribing this important treatment option. WeidenReference Weiden 5 starts us off with a commentary “Lies and LAIs,” where the argument is made that LAI antipsychotics provide the information necessary to help clarify treatment response, avoid adherence blaming/shaming, enhance the therapeutic alliance, and facilitate patient-centered care. The figures and tables will be useful for those creating teaching materials.

Next is a guide to incorporating LAI antipsychotics in treatment planning, including inpatient, outpatient, and jail settings.Reference Citrome and Matthews 6 Citrome and Matthews leveraged their clinical experience to place the medical literature into perspective and offered various tips.

LAI antipsychotics are not always considered for patients in their first episode of schizophrenia. CorrellReference Correll 7 made a compelling case that LAI antipsychotics can be preferable to oral medications in this population. Exhaustively referenced, the pros and cons are reviewed in a clinically relevant manner that can be applied to thoughtful shared decision-making with patients and their families.

Guidance on starting LAI antipsychotics, including switching from oral agents, is offered by Grady and Cutler.Reference Grady and Cutler 8 Nuances regarding maintenance treatment is also discussed.

SakladReference Saklad 9 systematically reviewed common issues that come up in the day-to-day use of LAI antipsychotics. These include storage, reconstitution, injection site selection, injection technique, initiation regimens, missed doses, insufficient efficacy, drug–drug interactions, recreational drug use, common adverse effects, and addressing the return to oral formulations.

Finally, CitromeReference Citrome 10 went over each of the currently available formulations of LAI antipsychotics, and some pragmatic reasons why one would be considered over another. Evidence for both acute and maintenance treatment is reviewed using the metrics of number needed to treat and number needed to harm.Reference Citrome and Ketter 11

Each article can stand alone, and there are no prerequisites for reading each one. All of the authors are enthusiastic about this valuable treatment option, and references are thorough. Read one article or read them all! You’ll be glad you did.

Author contribution

Conceptualization: L.C.

Financial support

This editorial did not receive direct funding. The overall special collection was supported by unrestricted educational grants to the Neuroscience Education Institute from Alkermes, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson; Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc.; and Teva Pharmaceuticals.

Disclosures

Leslie Citrome has served as a consultant to AbbVie/Allergan, Acadia, Adamas, AdhereTech, Alkermes, Alumis, Angelini, Astellas, Autobahn, Avanir, Axsome, Biogen, BioXcel, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cadent Therapeutics, Cerevel, Clinilabs, COMPASS, Delpor, Draig Therapeutics, Eisai, Enteris BioPharma, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, INmune Bio, Impel, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Karuna, Lundbeck, Luye, Lyndra, MapLight, Marvin, Medavante-ProPhase, Merck, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, Neumora, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Noema, Novartis, Noven, Otsuka, Ovid, Praxis, Recordati, Relmada, Reviva, Sage, Sumitomo/Sunovion, Supernus, Teva, University of Arizona, Vanda, Wells Fargo, and one-off ad hoc consulting for individuals/entities conducting marketing, commercial, or scientific scoping research; speaker for AbbVie/Allergan, Acadia, Alkermes, Angelini, Axsome, BioXcel, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Idorsia, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Neopharm, Noven, Otsuka, Recordati, Sage, Sunovion, Takeda, Teva, Vanda, and CME activities organized by medical education companies such as Medscape, NACCME, NEI, Vindico, and Universities and Professional Organizations/Societies; owns stocks (small number of shares of common stock) in Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, J & J, Merck, Pfizer purchased >10 years ago, and stock options in Reviva; and has received royalties/publishing income from Taylor & Francis (Editor-in-Chief, Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022-date), Wiley (Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Clinical Practice, through end 2019), UpToDate (reviewer), Springer Healthcare (book), Elsevier (Topic Editor, Psychiatry, Clinical Therapeutics, through Spring 2025).

References

Citrome, L. Formulations: friendly, fast, forgiving and flexible. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(4):407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Citrome, L. Physician heal thyself: adventures in hypertension. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(11):1283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Citrome, L. Adherence: a challenge for all. Int J Clin Pract. 2019;73(6):e13379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keepers, GA, Fochtmann, LJ, Anzia, JM, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(9):868872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiden, PJ. Lies and LAIs: why accuracy of information is the key to understanding the benefits and the resistance to using long-acting formulations. CNS Spectr.Google Scholar
Citrome, L, Matthews, D. Understanding long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the context of treatment planning: crafting a strategy. CNS Spectr.Google Scholar
Correll, CU. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics for patients with first-episode and early-phase schizophrenia: still not considered often enough. CNS Spectr. 2025;30(1):e66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grady, MM, Cutler, AJ. Prescribing LAIs: from completing the first injection to going steady. CNS Spectr.Google Scholar
Saklad, SR. Solutions to common issues in the use of LAIs. CNS Spectr.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. Choosing amongst the long-acting injectable antipsychotics: an evidence-based pragmatic guide. CNS Spectr. 2025;18:148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852925100400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Citrome, L, Ketter, TA. When does a difference make a difference? Interpretation of number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(5):407411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed