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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2025

Ashutosh Bhagwat
Ashutosh Bhagwat
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis

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Type
Chapter
Information
Killing the Messenger
The War on Social Media
 , pp. 195 - 202
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abbott, Greg, 1, 14–15
addiction issues, social media as influence on, 41–47
adolescents, social media influences on, 41–47
body image issues, 45–46, 50
legislative regulations regarding, 42
mental health issues, 43–45
advertising revenue
data privacy for children and, 161–162
hate speech content as influence on, 109–110
for Meta, 146–148
for TikTok, 147
for Twitter, 146–148
for YouTube, 147
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (Zuboff), 51
algorithms. See platform algorithms
Alito, Samuel (Justice), 23, 63, 72, 77–79
anchorman/network reporters, as gatekeepers, 99. See also specific people
antisemitism, 19
Apple, data privacy issues and, 53–54
Auchincloss, Jake, 178
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 101
Baker, Gerard, 17
Baldwin, Adam, 34–35
Balkin, Jack, 57
Bambauer, Jane, 40, 114, 157
Bannon, Steve, 9–10, 34–35
data privacy and, 51
Barrett, Amy Coney (Justice), 142, 145
Bezos, Jeff, 57–58
Biden, Hunter, 107
Biden, Joseph, 11–12. See also 2020 presidential election
COVID-19 policies, 31
on Section 230, 124
Big Data, 51–54
surveillance capitalism, 52–53, 57–58
targeted advertising with, 53–54
Big Tech, 13–14. See also social media
data privacy and, 51
body image issues, social media as influence on, 3–4
among adolescent girls, 45–46, 50
progressive response to, 41–47
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 78–79
Brandeis, Louis (Justice), 108, 193
Breitbart, 34–35
broadcast media. See also specific news organizations
anchorman/network reporters as gatekeepers in, 99
Federal Communications Commission and
establishment of, 98–99
Fairness Doctrine, 22–23, 101–103
news organization rules under, 22–23
as institutional gatekeepers, 98–100
radio, 98
television news broadcasters, 98–100
ByteDance, 58–59, 168
California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act (CAADCA), U.S., 161–162
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), U.S., 51–52, 149–152, 158–160, 183–184
data transfer and sales under, 186–188
regulatory scope of, 151–152
Cambridge Analytica scandal, 9–10, 51
Candeub, Adam, 69–70, 122
capitalism, surveillance, 52–53, 57–58
Carlson, Tucker, 104
Catholic Church, Index of Prohibited Books, 4–5
CCPA. See California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), U.S.
censorship, social media and
through deplatforming, 9
after January 6th Capitol attacks, 9
misinformation and, during COVID-19 pandemic, 11–12
prohibition of hate speech, 18–19
Twitter Files, 16–19
children. See also adolescents, social media influences on
data privacy for, 160–163
under General Data Protection Regulation, 162
NetChoice v. Bonta, 161–162
public disclosure limits, 163
targeted advertising, 161–162
China
data privacy issues and, 55
TikTok as spying platform for, 58–59
Citron, Danielle Keats, 33–34, 127–128, 145, 176–179
CJEU. See Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Clinton, Bill, 2, 27
Clinton, Hilary, 27. See also 2016 presidential election
use of social media by, 9
CNN, 21–22
common carriage status
Alito on, 77–79
in English common law, 64–67
Federal Communications Act of 1934, 64
historical scope of, 64–67
holding out approach to, 66
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, 64
public interest issues and, 68–69
during technological revolutions, 64–65
for telecommunications companies, 74
Thomas on, 65–66, 68–70, 72, 77–79, 87
common carriers, social media platforms as
conceptual approach to, 62–63
in court cases, 62–63, 65–66, 72
constitutional issues in, 71
NARUC I/II cases, 66, 68
NetChoice cases, 62–63, 71–83, 85
critiques of, 86–91
in Florida, 89–91
for illegal content, 88
for lawful-but-awful content, 88–89
in Texas, 89–91
definition of, 63–70
deplatforming of users, 63–64, 67, 76
regulatory proposals against, 86, 89–90
editorial rights issues, 70–77, 79–81
First Amendment protection arguments, 71–74, 78–80, 82–83, 85
ideological content and, 77, 83
transparency requirements, 83
viewpoint neutrality and, 90
Facebook and, 67–68
NetChoice cases, 62–63, 71–81, 85
regulatory proposals for, 84–86
against deplatforming of users, 86, 89–90
for hate speech, 85–86, 90–91
terms of service for, 76–77
TikTok and, 67–68
common law, common carriage status in, 64–67
Communications Decency Act, U.S., 31–32. See also Section 230, of Communications Decency Act
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC), 18–19
conservatives, conservative media and. See also Fox News
Breitbart, 34–35
CPAC convention, 18–19
4Chan, 34–35
hate speech and, 19
Musk role in, 24
Section 230 reforms by, 125–126
Texas Republican Party, 18–19
Twitter support of, 20, 24
“War on Big Tech” and, 15
“War on Woke” and, 13–15
content moderation, for hate speech
on Facebook, 96, 110
incentives for, 115–117
by government, 115–116
by private platforms, 116–117
Zuckerberg’s influence on, 96
Corren, Ella, 188–189
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 152–155
COVID-19 pandemic
during Biden Administration, 31
Fox News misinformation on, 31
gatekeepers during
government as, 92–93, 96
social media as, 107
history of, 28
misinformation through social media, 10–12
anti-misinformation policies and, 30
censorship claims and, 11–12
claims of social media censorship and, 11–12
on Facebook, 19–20
of false cures, 29–30
progressives’ response to, 28–33
on Twitter, 19–20
Section 230 during, 92–93
CPAC. See Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)
Cronkite, Walter, 99, 102
Cruz, Ted, 9–12
data erasure requirements, 160
data integrity, 155–157
data privacy, social media companies and, 155–157. See also General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), EU
analysis of, 163
Apple, 53–54
Big Data and, 51–54
surveillance capitalism, 52–53, 57–58
targeted advertising with, 53–54
Big Tech and, 51
Cambridge Analytica scandal and, 9–10, 51
for children, 160–163
under General Data Protection Regulation, 162
NetChoice v. Bonta, 161–162
public disclosure limits, 163
targeted advertising, 161–162
China and, 55
TikTok as spying platform for, 58–59
conceptual approach to, 51–52
counter considerations to, 58–61
data erasure requirements, 160
data integrity strategies, 155–157
data transfers and sales and, 185–186
under California Consumer Privacy Act, 186–188
under General Data Protection Regulation, 186–188
dignitary privacy and, 153
in EU, 54
in CJEU cases, 152–155
Google Spain case, 152–155, 157
Facebook and, 9–10, 51, 160
free speech and, 157–160
First Amendment protections for, 158–160
network effects and, 156
reform proposals, 183–190
restriction of access to, 60–61
risks and threats to, 54–58
in data storage, 54–55
financial information, 59–60
information leaks, 54–55, 59–60
Russia and, 55
social manipulation through, 60
on TikTok, 56, 160
banning of, 58–59
as spying platform, 58–59
transparency strategies, 155–157, 159
Uber, 55–56
in U.S., 54
under California Age-Appropriate Design Code Act, 161–162
under California Consumer Privacy Act, 51–52, 149–152, 158–160, 183–184
on YouTube, 160
data transfers and sales, regulation of, 185–186
under California Consumer Privacy Act, 186–188
under General Data Protection Regulation, 186–188
deepfakes, 176
under Intimate Privacy Protection Act, 178
deplatforming, of users
common carriers and, 63–64, 67, 76
regulatory proposals against, 86, 89–90
of Trump, D., 9
First Amendment arguments against, 15
after January 6th Capitol attacks, 12–13
DeSantis, Ron, 1, 3
claims of social media bias, 13–14
political polarization and, 41
“War on Woke” and, 13–14
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), U.S., 136, 177
Digital Services Act (DSA), EU, 137–138, 148, 175
dignitary privacy, 153
disinformation. See misinformation, disinformation and
DMCA. See Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), U.S.
doom scrolling, 42
doxing, 33
DSA. See Digital Services Act (DSA), EU
The Economist, 42
editorial rights
for social media, 70–77, 79–81
First Amendment protection arguments, 71–74, 78–80, 82–83, 85
ideological content and, 77, 83
legal implications of, 82–84
viewpoint neutrality and, 90
for traditional media, 74–75
election fraud, 2020 presidential election and, 12
Epstein, Richard, 29–30
European Union (EU). See also General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), EU
data privacy issues in, 54
in CJEU cases, 152–155
Google Spain case, 152–155, 157
Digital Services Act, 137–138, 148, 175
Facebook, 4, 24
Cambridge Analytica scandal, 9–10, 51
Community Standards, 17–19
data privacy issues, 9–10, 51, 160
hate speech controls, 18–19
progressive responses to, 35–36
misinformation on
claims of political pressure on, 20–21
during COVID-19 pandemic, 19–21
prohibition of hate speech on, 18–19
Fairness Doctrine, 22–23, 101
repeal of, 102–101
FCC. See Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Federal Communications Act of 1934, U.S., 64
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
establishment of, 98–99
Fairness Doctrine and, 22–23, 101
repeal of, 102–103
news organization rules under, 22–23
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 171–172
Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA), U.S. (2018), 176–177
films and cinema
early negative reactions of, 5
First Amendment protections for, 5
filter bubbles, 38–41
First Amendment
data privacy under, 158–160
editorial rights protections, 71–74, 78–80, 82–83, 85
government gatekeepers and, 93–95
hate speech and, 36
protections for film and cinema, 5
Florida
common carrier issues in, 89–91
legislation on social media in, 13–14
FOSTA. See Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA), U.S. (2018)
4Chan, 34–35
Fox News, 21–23
conservative slant of, 22
COVID-19 misinformation on, 31
political polarization influenced by, 2, 50
social media compared to, 23
Franks, Mary Anne, 34–35, 127–128, 145
FTC. See Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Gab, 24, 31
Gaetz, Matt, 18
Gamergate, 33
gatekeepers
definition of, 92
for disinformation, 94–95
government as, 92–96
during COVID-19 pandemic, 92–93, 96
First Amendment protections in, 93–95
under Section 230, 92–95
for hate speech prohibitions, 94–95
institutional, 96–104
anchorman/network reporters as, 99
collapse of, 102–104
Murrow–Cronkite Effect, 102, 104
newspapers, 98, 101
objectivity of, 100–102
radio, 98
television news broadcasters, 98–100
new technologies as influence on, 102–104
political polarization influenced by, 104
social media as, 103–108
during COVID-19 pandemic, 107
economic incentives for, 106
lack of expertise and, 107–108
lack of training, 106–107
misinformation and, 107
traditional media as, 6, 97–99
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), EU, 167
Article 6, 149–150
data privacy rights under, 149–152, 156–157, 159, 162, 183–184
data processing under, 150
data transfer and sales under, 186–188
regulatory scope of, 150–151
Germany
hate speech in, 111
under NetzDG law, 36–37, 112
progressives’ response to, 36–37
NetzDG law, 36–37, 112, 166
Gianforte, Greg, 58–59
Gillespie, Tarleton, 143
Gingrich, Newt, 2, 41
girls. See adolescents
Goldman, Eric, 46–47, 88
Google Spain case, 152–155, 157
Gorsuch, Neil (Justice), 23, 63, 72
Graham, Linsey, 124
Greeley, Horace, 101
Greene, Marjorie Taylor, 18, 41
Grewal, Gurbir S., 36, 93
Gutenberg, Johannes, 4
Haidt, Jonathan, 39, 42, 113–114
harassment. See online harassment
Harris, Kamala, 60
hate speech, on social media, 108–112
antisemitism and, 19
conservatives and, 19
on Facebook, 18–19
for content moderation, 96, 110
progressives’ response to, 35–36
in Germany, 111
under NetzDG law, 36–37, 112
progressives’ response to, 36–37
progressives’ response to, 35–38
Facebook and, 35–36
First Amendment protections, 36
in Germany, 36–37
legislative regulations and, 35–37
regulation for common carriers, 85–86, 90–91
on Twitter, 18–19, 109–110
advertising revenue influenced by, 109–110
progressive critics of, 109
in U.S.
First Amendment protections, 36
under Section 230 of Communications Decency Act, 112
in Supreme Court case law, 36
hateful conduct. See hate speech, on social media
Haugen, Francine, 45–47
Hawley, Josh, 1, 42–43, 126, 139
Healey, Maura, 52
Hearst, William Randolph, 98, 100
Henry VIII, 4–5
Hinson, Ashley, 178
Hippocrates, 164–165
Hofstadter, Richard J., 49
Holmes, Oliver Wendell (Justice), 108
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston, 78–79
Huxley, Aldous, 194
illegal content, 88
immunity, for speech, under Section 230, 131–140
for content moderation, 122, 133, 135, 138–140, 143–144
relationship to First Amendment, 121–122, 131–134, 139–140, 145
for third-party content, 131–138
Index of Prohibited Books, 4–5
India, 138, 166
Information Technology Act, India (2000), 138, 166
Ingraham, Laura, 75
Instagram, 24
institutional gatekeepers, 96–104. See also media, traditional
anchorman/network reporters as, 99
collapse of, 102–104
Murrow–Cronkite Effect, 102, 104
newspapers, 98, 101
objectivity of, 100–102
radio, 98
television news broadcasters, 98–100
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, U.S., 64
Intimate Privacy Protection Act, U.S., 178
Jackson, Ketanji Brown (Justice), 72
Jackson, Robert (Justice), 69
John Birch Society, 49
Johnson, Lyndon, 99
Jones, Meg Leta, 149
Jordan, Jim, 20–21
journalism, journalists and
Code of Ethics for, 100
as institutional gatekeepers, 98, 101
Society of Professional Journalists, 100
Kagan, Elena (Justice), 72
Kaminski, Margot, 149
Kennedy, Anthony M. (Justice), 7
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 104
Klobuchar, Amy, 1, 31–32, 84–85, 92, 126–127
lawful-but-awful content, 88–89
Lawrence, Jennifer, 54
Lemmon v. Snap, 129–130
Levin, Mark, 22
liberal bias
in social media, 2–3, 9
DeSantis on, 13–14
Twitter Files and, 16–19
“War on Woke,”13–14
Limbaugh, Rush, 22
Lujan, Ben Ray, 31–32
Luther, Martin, 4
Maddow, Rachel, 75
Madison, James, 89–90
manipulation. See political manipulation, through social media
McCarthy, Joseph, 99
media, traditional. See also broadcast media; print media; specific news organizations
editorial rights for, 74–75
as gatekeepers, 6, 97–99
social media compared to, 23–25, 182–183
displacement in media sphere by, 103–104
Fox News and, 23
mental health, social media as influence on, progressives’ response to, 42–45
for adolescents, 43–45
suicidal ideation and, 43
Meta. See also Facebook; Instagram
targeted advertising revenue for, 146–148
Miers, Jess, 88
misinformation, disinformation and
anti-misinformation policies, 30
during COVID-19 pandemic, 10–12
anti-misinformation policies, 30
claims of social media censorship and, 11–12
on Facebook, 19–21
of false cures, 29–30
progressives’ response to, 28–33
on Twitter, 19–20
progressives’ response to, 48
during COVID-19 pandemic, 28–33
on political manipulation, 26–28
2020 presidential election and, of election fraud, 12
Modi, Narendra, 138
Moody v. NetChoice (NetChoice cases), 62–63, 71–81
MSNBC, 21–22
Murrow, Edward R., 99, 102
Murthy, Vivek, 31, 44–45
Musk, Elon, 3, 15–16, 19–20, 30, 168–169. See also Twitter
conservative messaging favored by, 24
global impact and power of, 57–58, 60, 166–167
Trump, Donald, support of, 57
MySpace, 4
NARUC I/II cases, 66, 68
NetChoice cases, 62–63, 71–81, 85
Section 230 and, 132–133, 140, 145
NetChoice v. Bonta, 161–162
NetChoice v. Paxton. See NetChoice cases
network effects, data privacy and, 156
NetzDG law, in Germany, 36–37, 112
Section 230 compared to, 135–136
New York Times v. Sullivan, 131–133
newspapers, as institutional gatekeepers, 98, 101
Nunes, Devin, 13
Nunziato, Dawn, 137
Ochs, Adolph, 98, 100
online harassment, 33–35, 108–112
against African Americans, 33–34
doxing, 33
4Chan, 34–35
through threats of violence, 33–34
of women, 33–35
Gamergate, 33
revenge porn, 33
The Paranoid Style in American Politics (Hofstadter), 49
Parler, 24, 31
Pelosi, Nancy, 1
platform algorithms
political manipulation through, 114–115
political polarization influenced by, 40
TikTok, 173
polarization, political. See also political manipulation, through social media
Fox News and, 2, 50
gatekeepers as influence on, 104
progressives’ response to, 38–41
arguments against social media influence, 40–41
platform algorithms as influence on, 40
social media as influence on, 2
political manipulation, through social media, 113–115
political polarization and, 113–115
platform algorithms, 114–115
of progressives
through misinformation, 26–28
by Russian actors, 26–28
during 2016 presidential election, 26–28
by Russia
of progressives, 26–28
in U.S. presidential elections, 113
pornography. See also deepfakes; illegal content
under Intimate Privacy Protection Act, 178
Post, Robert, 152
presidential elections, in U.S.
2016 election, 26–28
2020 election, 12
Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 27
print media. See also journalism, journalists and
early negative response to, 4–5
Index of Prohibited Books, 4–5
newspapers, 98, 101
origins of, 4–5
privacy. See data privacy, social media companies and
procedural rights, for social media users, 179–183
for content moderation, 180
under Digital Services Act, 183
in NetChoice cases, 180–182
progressives, social media and
addiction and, 41–47
body image issues influenced by, 41–47
among adolescent girls, 45–46, 50
children and adolescent issues and, 41–47
body image issues, 45–46, 50
legislative regulations for, 42
mental health concerns, 43–45
disinformation and, 48
filter bubbles and, 38–41
hate speech controls and, 35–38
Facebook and, 35–36
First Amendment protections, 36
in Germany, 36–37
legislative regulations, 35–37
under NetzDG law, 36–37
ideological silos and, 38–41
mental health issues and, 42–45
for adolescents, 43–45
suicidal ideation and, 43
misinformation and disinformation, 48
during COVID-19 pandemic, 28–33
political manipulation through, 26–28
online harassment and, 33–35
against African Americans, 33–34
doxing, 33
revenge porn, 33
through threats of violence, 33–34
against women, 33–35
political manipulation of
through misinformation, 26–28
by Russian actors, 26–28
during 2016 presidential election, 26–28
political polarization influenced by, 38–41
arguments against, 40–41
platform algorithms as influence on, 40
Section 230 reforms, 126–128
Protestant Reformation, 4
public accommodation laws. See also common carriage status
common carriers and, 78–79
Pulitzer, Joseph, 98, 100
Putin, Vladimir, 27
QAnon conspiracy, 49, 104
radio, as institutional gatekeeper, 98
Rand, David G., 20
Reddit, 24
#Republic (Sunstein), 38
Republic.com (Sunstein), 38
revenge porn, 33
Ricks, Morgan, 70
Rogers, Yvonne Gonzales, 130–131
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 98
Rubio, Marco, 126, 139
Russia, social media use by
data privacy issues and, 55
political manipulation in U.S., 26–28
Salk, Jonas, 102
Scalia, Antonin (Justice), 5
Section 230, of Communications Decency Act
Barrett’s opinions on, 142, 145
Biden, J., on, 124
common carriers and, 69–70
regulatory proposals regarding, 85–86
conceptual approach to, 118
during COVID-19 pandemic, 92–93
criticism of, 118–119, 123–128
defense of, 123, 131–141
analysis of, 141, 143
First Amendment in relation to, 121–122, 131–134, 139–140, 145
hate speech on social media under, 112
historical development of, 119–123
immunity under, 131–140
for content moderation, 122, 133, 135, 138–140, 143–144
for third-party content, 131–138
key provisions of, 120–123
Lemmon v. Snap and, 129–130
liability under, 135–136
limits of, 128–131
NetChoice cases, 132–133, 140, 145
NetzDG law compared to, 135–136
New York Times v. Sullivan and, 131–133
reform proposals for, 118–119, 125–128, 175–179
by conservatives, 125–126
by progressives, 126–128
repeal proposals, 125
social media platforms and, 128–130, 173
protections for algorithms, 141–145
take-down regimes and, 136–138
Thomas objections to, 125
Trump, Donald, on, 124–126, 128
Zeran v. American Online, 120–121
Shapiro, Ben, 22
Singh, Manvir, 47–48
Sitaram, Ganesh, 70
1619 Project, 49
social harms, from social media, 164–170
do no harm principle, 164–165
social media. See also common carriers; of Communications Decency Act; deplatforming of users; Section 230, specific people; specific topics
body image issues influenced by, 3–4
congressional reaction to, 5
cost of speech and, 6
COVID-19 misinformation through, 10–12
claims of social media censorship and, 11–12
on Facebook, 19–21
on Twitter, 19–20
critics of, 1–2, 7–8
complaints about liberal bias, 2–3
data privacy practices, 9–10
gatekeepers on, 103–108
during COVID-19 pandemic, 107
economic incentives for, 106
lack of expertise and, 107–108
lack of training, 106–107
misinformation and, 107
in Germany, 36–37
as global revolution, 191–194
historical context for, 1–8
MySpace, 4
offensive material and, 5
political polarization influenced by, 2
as primary source of news, 21
regulation of, 23–24, 170–175
antitrust scrutiny in, 170–172
through contracts, 172–173
under family law, 175
through state legislation, 13–15
under tort law, 173
traditional media compared to, 23–25, 182–183
displacement in media sphere, 103–104
Fox News, 23
Society of Professional Journalists, 100
Stein, Jill, 27
suicide, suicidal ideation and, social media influences on, 43
Sunstein, Cass, 38–39
Supreme Court, U.S. See also specific cases; specific justices
common carrier cases, 62–63, 65–66, 72
NetChoice cases, 62–63, 71–83, 85
hate speech on social media and, 36
surveillance capitalism, 52–53, 57–58
Taibbi, Matt, 16–17
take-down regimes, 136–138
Telecommunications Act of 1996, U.S., 119
Telegram, 24, 67
Texas
common carrier issues in, 89–91
legislation on social media in, 13–14
Thiel, Peter, 3
Thomas, Clarence (Justice), 15, 23, 62–63
on common carriage status, 65–66, 68–70, 72, 77–79, 87
objections to Section 230, 125
TikTok, 24
common carrier issues, 67–68
data privacy issues and, 56, 160
banning of TikTok, 58–59
as spying platform, 58–59
global expansion of, 168
platform algorithms for, 173
targeted advertising revenue for, 147
tort law, 173
traditional media. See media, traditional
transparency, data privacy and, 155–157, 159
Trump, Donald. See also 2016 presidential election; 2020 presidential election
deplatforming of, 9
First Amendment arguments against, 15
after January 6th Capitol attacks, 12–13
Musk support of, 57
political polarization and, 41
on Section 230, 124–126, 128
Truth Social, 13, 24, 67–68
use of social media, 9–13
COVID-19 misinformation and, 10–12
Trump, Donald, Jr., 13
Truth Social, 13, 24, 67–68
Twain, Mark, 69
Twitter (X), 4, 24
anti-progressive bias on, 20, 24
conservative support on platform, 20, 24
content rules, 17–19
hate speech on, 18–19, 109–110
advertising revenue influenced by, 109–110
progressive critics of, 109
Musk purchase of, 15–16, 19–20, 30, 168–169
political dialogue on, 168–169
prohibition of hateful conduct on, 18–19
targeted advertising revenue for, 146–148
2016 presidential election, political manipulation during, 26–28
2020 presidential election
election fraud claims, 12
misinformation after, 12
Volokh, Eugene, 6, 122
“War on Woke,”13–15
Warner, Mark, 31–32
Warren, Elizabeth, 1, 32, 92, 126–127
Weiss, Bari, 16–17
women, online harassment of, 33–35
Gamergate, 33
revenge porn, 33
Wu, Brianna, 33
X. See Twitter
Yoo, Christopher, 65–66
YouTube, 24
data privacy issues and, 160
targeted advertising revenue for, 147
Zeran v. American Online, 120–121
Zittrain, Jonathan, 57
Zuboff, Shoshana, 51, 57–58
Zuckerberg, Mark, 10, 20–21, 50, 126–127. See also Facebook
common carriage status and, 67–68
on content moderation, 180
content moderation decisions by, 96
global impact and power of, 57–58, 60, 166–167
political impact of, 21

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  • Index
  • Ashutosh Bhagwat, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Killing the Messenger
  • Online publication: 05 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009547703.011
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Ashutosh Bhagwat, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Killing the Messenger
  • Online publication: 05 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009547703.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • Ashutosh Bhagwat, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Killing the Messenger
  • Online publication: 05 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009547703.011
Available formats
×