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NEW VOICES IN EPIGRAPHY PAST AND PRESENT: UNPUBLISHED EPITAPHS FROM ROME
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 October 2025
Abstract
The article aims to shed new light on the voices of bereaved benefactors: slaves, freedmen and freedwomen, who are often marginalized in literary and monumental sources, by exploring a series of unpublished funerary inscriptions from Rome, currently in storage at the Museo Nazionale Romano. Editions of the text, translations and commentaries have been produced by young scholars from the British School at Rome (former participants of the BSR Postgraduate Course in Epigraphy). Their entries, edited by Abigail Graham (Institute for Classical Studies, University of London, British School at Rome) and Silvia Orlandi (La Sapienza, President of the Association Internationale d’ Epigraphie Grecque et Latine), are an exciting and unique opportunity to view inscriptions through a different lens: from scholars with diverse backgrounds and interests (history, archaeology, epigraphy, as well as linguistics), including postgraduates and academics. Careful consideration of text, appearance and context presents an array of voices and audiences as well as poignant messages that transcend time and space through a common experience: grief. By incorporating interdisciplinary scholars in the editorial process, we aim to provide and promote uniquely accessible epigraphic discussions that reflect the broader impact and significance of epitaphs as texts, images and emotive experiences.
Questo contributo intende gettare nuova luce sulle voci di dedicanti in lutto: schiavi, liberti e liberte, spesso marginalizzati nelle fonti letterarie e monumentali, esplorando una serie di iscrizioni funerarie inedite provenienti da Roma, attualmente conservate presso il Museo Nazionale Romano. Edizioni del testo, traduzioni e commenti sono stati prodotti da giovani studiosi della British School at Rome (ex partecipanti al BSR Postgraduate Course in Epigraphy). Le loro edizioni, curate da Abigail Graham (University of London, British School at Rome) e Silvia Orlandi (Sapienza Università di Roma), sono un’opportunità affascinante e unica per vedere le iscrizioni attraverso una lente diversa: da studiosi con background e interessi diversi (storia, archeologia, epigrafia e linguistica), tra cui laureati e accademici. Considerazioni attente di testo, aspetto e contesto, presentano una serie di voci e pubblici, nonché messaggi commoventi che trascendono il tempo e lo spazio attraverso un’esperienza comune: il dolore. Coinvolgendo studiosi di diverse discipline nel processo editoriale, miriamo a fornire e promuovere schede epigrafiche accessibili che riflettano l’impatto e il significato più ampi degli epitaffi come testi, immagini ed esperienze emotive.
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- © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British School at Rome.
Footnotes
*
This paper was a collaborative effort supported by numerous individuals and institutions. We would like to thank the Museo Nazionale Romano, Stephan Verger (former director) and the Archivio di Epigrafia Latina Silvio Panciera, who generously allowed permission to study and publish these materials from the MNR’s Magazzino Epigrafico. “All images are reproduced by courtesy of the Ministero della Cultura - Museo Nazionale Romano.” We are also grateful to the British School at Rome, especially Stefania Peterlini, who has supported the BSR Postgraduate Course in Epigraphy for over a decade. We would also like to thank Carlotta Caruso, who offered crucial guidance, training and access to the epigraphic collections at the Museo Nazionale Romano Terme di Diocleziano, and to Francesca Bigi and Caterina Papi, who kindly shared with us their experiences and insights at the Parco Archeologico del Celio, as well as Lauren Ginsberg and Grace Funsten for their thoughtful suggestions, tireless support and enthusiasm. For editorial support, we would also like to thank Maria Letizia Caldelli, Tuomo Norluoto, Clara María Ramos-Taboada, Kostas Vlassopoulos and Mateu Portells Watson. Finally, we are indebted to the Department of Classics at La Sapienza University, particularly the Latin Epigraphy archive, and the Institute for Classical Studies (University of London) for their continued support of scholars and scholarship throughout this project.
References
REFERENCES
Abbreviations
- AE
L’Année Épigraphique
- CAR
Carta archeologica di Roma II
- CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
- EAGLE
Europeana Network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy https://www.eagle-network.eu/advanced-search/
- EDR
Epigraphic Database Roma (www.edr-edr.it)
- EDCS
Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (http://www.manfredclauss.de/)
- ILS
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae.
- MNR
Museo Nazionale Romano
L’Année Épigraphique
Carta archeologica di Roma II
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Europeana Network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy https://www.eagle-network.eu/advanced-search/
Epigraphic Database Roma (www.edr-edr.it)
Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (http://www.manfredclauss.de/)
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae.
Museo Nazionale Romano
Amendola, D., Carusi, C. et. al. (eds), (2024) Text, Layout and Medium: Documents from the Greco-Roman World between Epigraphy and Papyrology. Firenze, University of Firenze Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. (2001) Epigraphy and the ancient historian. In Bodel, J. (ed.), Epigraphic Evidence. Ancient History from Inscriptions. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. (2008) From Columbaria to Catacombs: collective burial in Pagan and Christian Rome. In Brink, L. and Green, D. (eds), Commemorating the Dead: Texts and Artifacts in Context. Studies of Roman, Jewish, and Christian Burials: 177–242. Berlin and New York, De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. (2024) Epigraphic culture and the epigraphic mode. In Benefiel, R. and Keesling, C. (eds), Inscriptions and the Epigraphic Habit: Epigraphic Cultures of Greece Rome and Beyond: 1–46. New York and Leiden, Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy.Google Scholar
Borbonus, D. 2014. Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, K.R. (1988). Roman slavery and Roman law. Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques: .Google Scholar
Broughton, T.R.S. (1951) The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Volume I.2. New York, American Philological Association.Google Scholar
Bruun, C. (2013) Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome. In George, M. (ed.), Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture: 19–42. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Bruun, C. (2015) Slaves and freed slaves. In Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.C. (eds): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.C.. (2015) The epigrapher at work. In Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.C. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy: 3–20. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldelli, M.L. (2015) Women in the Roman World. In Bruun, C. and Edmondson, J.C. (eds): 582–604.Google Scholar
Caldelli, M.L., Crea, S., Ricci, C. (2004) Donare, emere, vendere, ius habere, possidere, concedere, similia. Donazione e compravendita, proprietà, possesso, diritto sul sepolcro a diritti di sepoltura. In Libitina e dintorni: atti dell’XI Rencontre francoitalienne sur l’epigraphie: . Roma, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Carroll, M. (2006) Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cidoncha Redondo, F. (2018) Libertae et coniuges: las uniones entre libertas y patronos en el Imperio romano. In Pavón, P. (ed.) Marginación y mujer en el Imperio romano: . Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Cugusi, P. (1996) Aspetti letterari dei Carmina Latina Epigraphica (2nd ed.). Bologna, Pàtron Editore.Google Scholar
Cupitò, C. (2001) Riti funebri alle porte di Roma: la necropolis di Via Salaria. In Heinzelmann, M., Ortalli, J., P. Fasold et al. (eds), Römischer Bestattungsbrauch und Beigabensitten in Rom, Norditalien und den Nordwestprovinzen von der späten Republik bis in die Kaiserzeit: 47–52. Wiesbaden, Reichert.Google Scholar
Cupitò, C. (2007) Il territorio tra la via Salaria, l’Aniene, il Tevere e la via ‘Salaria vetus’: Municipio II. Quaderni Della Carta Dell’Agro Romano 1. Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Edmondson, J.C. (2015) Inscribing Roman texts: officinae, layout, and carving techniques. In Bruun, C. and Edmondson, J.C. (eds): . Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans-Grubbs, J. (1993). Marriage more shameful than adultery: slave–mistress relationships, mixed marriages, and late Roman law. Phoenix, 47(2): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrua, A. (1975) Antiche iscrizioni viste dal Torrigio. Rivista Storica del l’Antichità 5: .Google Scholar
Fittschen, K. (1977) Review of Cesare Saletti: i ritratti antoniniani di Palazzo Pitti. Gnomon 49.2: .Google Scholar
Graham, A.S. (2021) Cognitive approaches to reading the archive wall at Aphrodisias, AJA 125.4: 571–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, A.S. (2025) Stand and deliver: experiencing epitaphs of Roman midwives in funerary contexts, Associated Study of Arts of the Present Review (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Graham, E.J. (2005) The quick and the dead in the extra-urban landscape: the Roman cemetery at Ostia/Portus as a lived environment. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal: .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregori, G.L. (2008) Sulle origini della comunicazione epigrafica defunto-viandante: qualche riflessione sulla documentazione urbana d’età repubblicana. In Bertinelli, M.G. Angeli and Donati, A. (eds), La comunicazione nella storia antica. Fantasie e realtà: 83–115, Rome, Giorgio Bretschneider Editore.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, K. (2016) The Familia Urbana during the Early Empire: a Study of Columbaria Inscriptions, vol. 1440. BAR International Series. Oxford, BAR Publishing.Google Scholar
Häusle, H. (1980) Das Denkmal als Garant des Nachruhms. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Thematik eines Motivs in lateinischen Inschriften. Munich, C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Holland, H. and Veyne, P. (1956) Un recueil épigraphique du Chevalier de Gaillard. Latomus 15.1: 37–56.Google Scholar
Joyce, S., and Gordon, A.E. (1957) Contributions to the Palaeography of Latin Inscriptions, vol. 3, no. 3. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Koortbojian, M. (1996) In commemorationem mortuorum: text and image along the ‘streets of the tombs’. In Elsner, J (ed.), Art and Text in Roman Culture: . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laes, C. (2011) Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
La Rocca, E. (2009) Amanda’s former slaves: epigraphy, archaeology and social history at Augusta Emerita. In León, P., Presicce, C. Parisi and Edmondson, J.C. (eds) Le Due Patrie Acquisite: Studi Di Archeologia Dedicati a Walter Trillmich: . Rome, L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Lattimore, R.B. (1942) Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs. University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2023) Greek names and freed status in Roman Italy: why ancient historians can’t ignore statistics. Chiron 52: 1–27.Google Scholar
Lissberger, E. (1934) Das Fortleben der römischen Elegiker in den Carmina Epigraphica. Göbel, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Lissi Caronna, E. (1969) Rinvenimento di un tratto del diverticulum a via Salaria Vetere ad Portam Collinam e di tombe della necropolis tra via Aniene e via di S. Teresa. Notizie degli scavi di antichità s, VIII, XXIII: 72–113.Google Scholar
Messineo, G. (1995) Nuovi dati dalla necropoli tra Via Salaria e Via Pinciana. Archeologia Laziale 12: .Google Scholar
Morris, I. (1992) Death-Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (2011) The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nock, A.D. (1932) Cremation and burial in the Roman Empire. Harvard Theological Review, 25(4): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuorluoto, T. (2021) Roman Female Cognomina. Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women. Uppsala, Uppsala University Press.Google Scholar
Popova, Z. (1976) Influence d’Horace sur Carmina sepulcralia Latina Epigraphica. Annuaire de l’Université de Sofia, Faculté des Lettres 71 (3): 7–53.Google Scholar
Purcell, N. (1987) Tomb and suburb, in von Hesberg, H., and Zanker, P. (eds) Römische Gräberstraßen: 25–41. Munich, C.H. Beck'schen Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. (1974) Roman concubinage and other de facto marriages. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 104: 279–305.Google Scholar
Rebillard, É. (2003). Religion et sépulture: l’église, les vivants et les morts dans l’antiquité tardive. Paris, Éditions de L’EHESS.Google Scholar
Rüpke, J. (2008) Fasti Sacerdoti: a Prosopography of Pagan, Jewish and Christian Religious in the City of Rome, 300 BC to AD 499. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saller, R.P. (1994) Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society 25. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salomies, O. (1987) Die römischen Vornamen. Studien zur römischen Namengebung. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 82. Helsinki, Societas Scientarium Fennica.Google Scholar
Salomies, O. (1995) Praenomina recorded erroneously in inscriptions with an observation on the grandfather of Q. Aulius Cerretanus (Cos. II 319 BC). Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica XXIX: . Helsinki, Societas Scientarium Fennica.Google Scholar
Sblendorio Cugusi, M.T. (2005) L’uso stilistico dei composti nominali nei Carmina Latina Epigraphica. Quaderni di ‘Invigilata Lucernis’ 25. Bari, Edipuglia.Google Scholar
Scheid, J. (2007) Körperbestattung und Verbrennungssitte aus der Sicht der schriftlichen Quellen. In A. $&et al. (eds), Körpergräber des 1–3. Jahrhunderts in der römischen Welt: 19–25. Frankfurt, Archäologisches Museum.Google Scholar
Smith, W. (1986). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 3, 3 vols. Boston, Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Solin, H. (1977) ‘Die innere Chronologie des römischen Cognomens’. L’Onomastique latine: .Google Scholar
Solin, H. (1982) Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom. Ein Namenbuch, 3 vols. Berlin and New York, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Susini, G. (1973). The Roman Stonecutter. An Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. Oxford, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Taylor, L.R. (1961). Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome. The American Journal of Philology 82 (2): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, L.R. (2013) The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic: the Thirty-Five Urban and Rural Tribes. Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome, Volume XXXIV. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermaseren, M.J. (1977) Corpus Cultus Cybeles Attidisque, vol. III. Leiden, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vismara, C. (2015). Dalla cremazione all’inumazione (?). Archeologia Classica 66: 595–614.Google Scholar
von Hesberg, H. (1994) Monumenta. I sepolcri romani e la loro architettura. Milan, Longanesi.Google Scholar
Amendola, D., Carusi, C. et. al. (eds), (2024) Text, Layout and Medium: Documents from the Greco-Roman World between Epigraphy and Papyrology. Firenze, University of Firenze Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. (2001) Epigraphy and the ancient historian. In Bodel, J. (ed.), Epigraphic Evidence. Ancient History from Inscriptions. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. (2008) From Columbaria to Catacombs: collective burial in Pagan and Christian Rome. In Brink, L. and Green, D. (eds), Commemorating the Dead: Texts and Artifacts in Context. Studies of Roman, Jewish, and Christian Burials: 177–242. Berlin and New York, De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. (2024) Epigraphic culture and the epigraphic mode. In Benefiel, R. and Keesling, C. (eds), Inscriptions and the Epigraphic Habit: Epigraphic Cultures of Greece Rome and Beyond: 1–46. New York and Leiden, Brill Studies in Greek and Roman Epigraphy.Google Scholar
Borbonus, D. 2014. Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, K.R. (1988). Roman slavery and Roman law. Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques: .Google Scholar
Broughton, T.R.S. (1951) The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Volume I.2. New York, American Philological Association.Google Scholar
Bruun, C. (2013) Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome. In George, M. (ed.), Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture: 19–42. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Bruun, C. (2015) Slaves and freed slaves. In Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.C. (eds): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.C.. (2015) The epigrapher at work. In Bruun, C., and Edmondson, J.C. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy: 3–20. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldelli, M.L. (2015) Women in the Roman World. In Bruun, C. and Edmondson, J.C. (eds): 582–604.Google Scholar
Caldelli, M.L., Crea, S., Ricci, C. (2004) Donare, emere, vendere, ius habere, possidere, concedere, similia. Donazione e compravendita, proprietà, possesso, diritto sul sepolcro a diritti di sepoltura. In Libitina e dintorni: atti dell’XI Rencontre francoitalienne sur l’epigraphie: . Roma, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Carroll, M. (2006) Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cidoncha Redondo, F. (2018) Libertae et coniuges: las uniones entre libertas y patronos en el Imperio romano. In Pavón, P. (ed.) Marginación y mujer en el Imperio romano: . Rome, Edizioni Quasar.Google Scholar
Cugusi, P. (1996) Aspetti letterari dei Carmina Latina Epigraphica (2nd ed.). Bologna, Pàtron Editore.Google Scholar
Cupitò, C. (2001) Riti funebri alle porte di Roma: la necropolis di Via Salaria. In Heinzelmann, M., Ortalli, J., P. Fasold et al. (eds), Römischer Bestattungsbrauch und Beigabensitten in Rom, Norditalien und den Nordwestprovinzen von der späten Republik bis in die Kaiserzeit: 47–52. Wiesbaden, Reichert.Google Scholar
Cupitò, C. (2007) Il territorio tra la via Salaria, l’Aniene, il Tevere e la via ‘Salaria vetus’: Municipio II. Quaderni Della Carta Dell’Agro Romano 1. Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Edmondson, J.C. (2015) Inscribing Roman texts: officinae, layout, and carving techniques. In Bruun, C. and Edmondson, J.C. (eds): . Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans-Grubbs, J. (1993). Marriage more shameful than adultery: slave–mistress relationships, mixed marriages, and late Roman law. Phoenix, 47(2): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrua, A. (1975) Antiche iscrizioni viste dal Torrigio. Rivista Storica del l’Antichità 5: .Google Scholar
Fittschen, K. (1977) Review of Cesare Saletti: i ritratti antoniniani di Palazzo Pitti. Gnomon 49.2: .Google Scholar
Graham, A.S. (2021) Cognitive approaches to reading the archive wall at Aphrodisias, AJA 125.4: 571–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, A.S. (2025) Stand and deliver: experiencing epitaphs of Roman midwives in funerary contexts, Associated Study of Arts of the Present Review (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Graham, E.J. (2005) The quick and the dead in the extra-urban landscape: the Roman cemetery at Ostia/Portus as a lived environment. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal: .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregori, G.L. (2008) Sulle origini della comunicazione epigrafica defunto-viandante: qualche riflessione sulla documentazione urbana d’età repubblicana. In Bertinelli, M.G. Angeli and Donati, A. (eds), La comunicazione nella storia antica. Fantasie e realtà: 83–115, Rome, Giorgio Bretschneider Editore.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, K. (2016) The Familia Urbana during the Early Empire: a Study of Columbaria Inscriptions, vol. 1440. BAR International Series. Oxford, BAR Publishing.Google Scholar
Häusle, H. (1980) Das Denkmal als Garant des Nachruhms. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Thematik eines Motivs in lateinischen Inschriften. Munich, C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Holland, H. and Veyne, P. (1956) Un recueil épigraphique du Chevalier de Gaillard. Latomus 15.1: 37–56.Google Scholar
Joyce, S., and Gordon, A.E. (1957) Contributions to the Palaeography of Latin Inscriptions, vol. 3, no. 3. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Koortbojian, M. (1996) In commemorationem mortuorum: text and image along the ‘streets of the tombs’. In Elsner, J (ed.), Art and Text in Roman Culture: . Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laes, C. (2011) Children in the Roman Empire: Outsiders Within. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
La Rocca, E. (2009) Amanda’s former slaves: epigraphy, archaeology and social history at Augusta Emerita. In León, P., Presicce, C. Parisi and Edmondson, J.C. (eds) Le Due Patrie Acquisite: Studi Di Archeologia Dedicati a Walter Trillmich: . Rome, L’Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Lattimore, R.B. (1942) Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs. University of Illinois, Urbana.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2023) Greek names and freed status in Roman Italy: why ancient historians can’t ignore statistics. Chiron 52: 1–27.Google Scholar
Lissberger, E. (1934) Das Fortleben der römischen Elegiker in den Carmina Epigraphica. Göbel, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Lissi Caronna, E. (1969) Rinvenimento di un tratto del diverticulum a via Salaria Vetere ad Portam Collinam e di tombe della necropolis tra via Aniene e via di S. Teresa. Notizie degli scavi di antichità s, VIII, XXIII: 72–113.Google Scholar
Messineo, G. (1995) Nuovi dati dalla necropoli tra Via Salaria e Via Pinciana. Archeologia Laziale 12: .Google Scholar
Morris, I. (1992) Death-Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouritsen, H. (2011) The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nock, A.D. (1932) Cremation and burial in the Roman Empire. Harvard Theological Review, 25(4): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuorluoto, T. (2021) Roman Female Cognomina. Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women. Uppsala, Uppsala University Press.Google Scholar
Popova, Z. (1976) Influence d’Horace sur Carmina sepulcralia Latina Epigraphica. Annuaire de l’Université de Sofia, Faculté des Lettres 71 (3): 7–53.Google Scholar
Purcell, N. (1987) Tomb and suburb, in von Hesberg, H., and Zanker, P. (eds) Römische Gräberstraßen: 25–41. Munich, C.H. Beck'schen Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Rawson, B. (1974) Roman concubinage and other de facto marriages. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 104: 279–305.Google Scholar
Rebillard, É. (2003). Religion et sépulture: l’église, les vivants et les morts dans l’antiquité tardive. Paris, Éditions de L’EHESS.Google Scholar
Rüpke, J. (2008) Fasti Sacerdoti: a Prosopography of Pagan, Jewish and Christian Religious in the City of Rome, 300 BC to AD 499. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saller, R.P. (1994) Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society 25. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salomies, O. (1987) Die römischen Vornamen. Studien zur römischen Namengebung. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 82. Helsinki, Societas Scientarium Fennica.Google Scholar
Salomies, O. (1995) Praenomina recorded erroneously in inscriptions with an observation on the grandfather of Q. Aulius Cerretanus (Cos. II 319 BC). Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica XXIX: . Helsinki, Societas Scientarium Fennica.Google Scholar
Sblendorio Cugusi, M.T. (2005) L’uso stilistico dei composti nominali nei Carmina Latina Epigraphica. Quaderni di ‘Invigilata Lucernis’ 25. Bari, Edipuglia.Google Scholar
Scheid, J. (2007) Körperbestattung und Verbrennungssitte aus der Sicht der schriftlichen Quellen. In A. $&et al. (eds), Körpergräber des 1–3. Jahrhunderts in der römischen Welt: 19–25. Frankfurt, Archäologisches Museum.Google Scholar
Smith, W. (1986). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 3, 3 vols. Boston, Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Solin, H. (1977) ‘Die innere Chronologie des römischen Cognomens’. L’Onomastique latine: .Google Scholar
Solin, H. (1982) Die griechischen Personennamen in Rom. Ein Namenbuch, 3 vols. Berlin and New York, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Susini, G. (1973). The Roman Stonecutter. An Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. Oxford, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Taylor, L.R. (1961). Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome. The American Journal of Philology 82 (2): .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, L.R. (2013) The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic: the Thirty-Five Urban and Rural Tribes. Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome, Volume XXXIV. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermaseren, M.J. (1977) Corpus Cultus Cybeles Attidisque, vol. III. Leiden, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vismara, C. (2015). Dalla cremazione all’inumazione (?). Archeologia Classica 66: 595–614.Google Scholar
von Hesberg, H. (1994) Monumenta. I sepolcri romani e la loro architettura. Milan, Longanesi.Google Scholar