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Bronze Age Fields in Suffolk: a Preliminary Survey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2024

TOM WOOLHOUSE*
Affiliation:
Pre-Construct Archaeology, The Granary, Rectory Farm, Brewery Road, Pampisford, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3EN

Abstract

Farming developed in Britain during the Neolithic period but across much of England the earliest good archaeological evidence for fields and enclosures in which crops were grown and livestock kept dates from the Middle Bronze Age, c. 1600/1500 bc. While these Bronze Age sub-divided agricultural landscapes are widespread across southern and eastern England, Suffolk and Norfolk were, until recently, essentially a ‘blank’ in their distribution. Over the last 15 years an increasing number of such field systems have been excavated, particularly in Norfolk, and some have started to appear in print. This article adds to this developing picture by briefly describing parts of seven additional Bronze Age – and probable Bronze Age – field systems that have been investigated through recent development-led excavation in south-east Suffolk. Currently published and unpublished evidence from elsewhere in the county is also considered, with the aims of identifying how widespread such land divisions were and establishing the current state of knowledge regarding the location, date, development, layout, and agricultural function of Bronze Age fields in the county. Some of the implications are of wider interest for understanding Bronze Age landscape organisation and land use in lowland England.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Les champs de l’âge du Bronze dans le Suffolk: un premier bilan, par Tom Woolhouse

L’agriculture s’est développée en Grande-Bretagne durant le Néolithique, toutefois, dans la plus grande partie de l’Angleterre, les premières véritables traces de champs et enclos ayant servi pour la culture et la garde du bétail ne datent que de l’âge du Bronze moyen, c. 1600/1500 bc. Alors que ces paysages subdivisés de l’âge du Bronze sont répandus dans le sud et l’est de l’Angleterre, le Suffolk et le Norfolk représentaient de fait, et jusqu’à récemment, un ‘vide’ dans leur répartition. Au cours des 15 dernières années, un nombre croissant de tels systèmes de champs a été fouillé, en particulier dans le Norfolk, dont certains ont déjà été publiés. Cet article contribue à l’émergence de ces connaissances en faisant la brève description de certains aspects de sept systèmes de champs supplémentaires, datés de l’âge du Bronze (ou probablement de cette période), et découverts dans le cadre de fouilles préventives dans le sud-est du Suffolk. Des données publiées et actuellement inédites seront également convoquées afin d’établir la répartition de ces divisions agraires, et un bilan des connaissances concernant l’emplacement, la date, le développement, la disposition et la fonction agricole de ces champs de l’âge du Bronze dans le comté. Certaines implications présentent un intérêt plus général pour la compréhension de l’organisation du paysage et l’utilisation des terres durant l’âge du Bronze dans les plaines d’Angleterre.

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Bronzezeitliche Felder in Suffolk: ein vorläufiger Überblick, von Tom Woolhouse

Die Landwirtschaft breitete sich in Großbritannien während des Neolithikums aus, aber in weiten Teilen Englands stammen die frühesten guten archäologischen Belege für Felder und Einfriedungen, in denen Getreide angebaut und Vieh gehalten wurde, aus der Mittelbronzezeit, etwa 1600/1500 v. Chr. Während diese bronzezeitlichen unterteilten Agrarlandschaften in Süd- und Ostengland weit verbreitet sind, waren Suffolk und Norfolk bis vor kurzem im Wesentlichen ein „unbeschriebenes Blatt“, was ihre Verbreitung angeht. In den letzten 15 Jahren wurde eine wachsende Zahl solcher Feldsysteme ausgegraben, vor allem in Norfolk, und einige von ihnen werden derzeit bereits publiziert. Dieser Artikel trägt zu diesem sich entwickelnden Bild bei, indem er kurz Teile von sieben weiteren bronzezeitlichen – und wahrscheinlich bronzezeitlichen – Feldsystemen beschreibt, die im Rahmen von jüngeren baubedingten Ausgrabungen im Südosten von Suffolk untersucht worden sind. Es werden auch jüngst veröffentlichte und unpublizierte Nachweise aus anderen Teilen der Grafschaft berücksichtigt, um zu ergründen, wie weit verbreitet solche Feldeinteilungen waren, und um den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand über Lage, Datierung, Entwicklung, Struktur und landwirtschaftliche Funktion der bronzezeitlichen Felder in der Grafschaft zu ermitteln. Einige der Schlussfolgerungen sind von allgemeinem Interesse für das Verständnis der bronzezeitlichen Landschaftsorganisation und Landnutzung im englischen Tiefland.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Los campos durante la Edad del Bronce en Suffolk, por Tom Woolhouse

La agricultura se desarrolló en Gran Bretaña durante el período Neolítico, pero en la mayor parte de Inglaterra la evidencia arqueológica más sólida de campos y recintos en los que se realizaban estos cultivos y la cría de la cabaña ganadera datan de mediados de la Edad del Bronce, c. 1600/1500 bc. Estas divisiones agrícolas en el paisaje se extienden durante la Edad del Bronce en el sur y este de Inglaterra, mientras que Suffolk y Norfolk han sido, hasta recientemente, un “vacío” en su distribución. En los últimos 15 años se ha excavado un número creciente de estos sistemas de campos, especialmente en Norfolk, y algunos han empezado a publicarse. Este artículo contribuye a este panorama en desarrollo con una breve descripción de siete sistemas agrícolas de la Edad del Bronce -o probablemente de la Edad del Bronce- que han sido investigados a raíz de recientes excavaciones motivadas por el desarrollo urbano en el sureste de Suffolk. También se considera la evidencia publicada e inédita de otras partes del condado con el objetivo de identificar cómo se expanden estas divisiones territoriales y establecer el estado actual del conocimiento en cuanto a la ubicación, datación, desarrollo, disposición y función agrícola de los campos durante la Edad del Bronce en el condado. Algunas de las implicaciones son de especial interés para la comprensión de la organización del paisaje y el uso del suelo durante la Edad del Bronce en las tierras bajas de Inglaterra.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Prehistoric Society

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