Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-g8tfn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T17:33:17.708Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional implications of mould development in feedstuffs and alternatives to reduce the mycotoxin problem in poultry feeds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

S.L. Vieira
S.L. Vieira
Affiliation:
Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonqalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil, e-mail: slvieira@ufrgs.br
Get access

Abstract

Fungi may develop in stored grains following field inoculation. In the course oftheir development fungi utilize plant nutrients, contributing to a reduction in their content. This reduction is obviously related to the degree of fungi development, but may become relevant in extreme cases. During the process of host colonization fungi may also produce toxins that are harmful for humans and animals. This occurs mainly under specific conditions of plant stress, such as those produced by adverse weather conditions, for instance drought has been shown to prompt aflatoxin production in peanuts. Differences in mycotoxin production are also related to plant genotype. Aflatoxin B1 produced by Aspergillus flavus is the most carcinogenic natural substance known. It is frequently charged with the reduction in performance of domestic birds, even when its concentration in the feed is very low. Approaches to eliminate mycotoxins from contaminated grains are not always worthwhile in practical and economical terms. Strategies used to reduce mycotoxin levels in cereal grains include the dilution of infected with healthier grains or the addition of adsorbents to the feeds. Several compounds such as activated charcoal, aluminosilicates and processed cell wall of Saccharomyces sp. (esterified glucomannan) have shown to be effective as mycotoxin adsorbents in poultry feeds. Adsorbent effectiveness has been reported with in vitro and in vivo techniques; however, it is still very difficult to quantify their benefits in commercial operations.

Keywords

aflatoxinbroilerbroiler feedsfungimouldmycotoxinmycotoxinadsorbentorganic acid

Information

Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 59 , Issue 1 , March 2003 , pp. 111 - 122
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ademoyero, A.A. and Dalvi, R.R. (1983) Efficacy of activated charcoal and other agents in the reduction of hepatotoxic effects of a single dose of aflatoxin B1 in chickens. Toxicology Letters 16: 153–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araba, M. (1992) Factors relating to prevention and control of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens.PhD Thesis, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. 238 p.Google Scholar
Bartov, I. (1982) The nutritional value of mouldy grains for broiler chicks. Poultry Science 61: 2247–2254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartov, I. (1983) Effects of propionic acid and copper sulfate on the nutritional value of diets containing moldy corn for broiler chicks. Poultry Science 62: 2195–2200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartov, I. (1985) Comparative effects of antifungal compounds on the nutritional value of diets containing mouldy corn for broiler chicks. Poultry Science 64: 1236–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartov, I. and Paster, N. (1986) Effect of early stages of fungal development on the nutritional value of diets for broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 27: 415–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bottomley, R.A., Christensen, C.M. and Geddes, W.F. (1950) Grain storage studies. IX. The influence of various temperatures, humidities, and oxygen concentrations on mould growth and biochemical changes in stored yellow corn. Cereal Chemistry 27: 271–296.Google Scholar
Bottomley, R.A., Christensen, C.M. and Geddes, W.F. (1952) Grain storage studies. X. The influence of aeration, time, and moisture content on fat acidity, non-reducing sugars, and mold flora of stored yellow corn. Cereal Chemistry 29: 53–64.Google Scholar
Brekke, O.L., Peplinski, A.J., Nelson, G.E.N. and Griffin, E.L. Jr. (1975) Pilot-plant dry milling of corn containing aflatoxin. Cereal Chemistry 52: 205–211.Google Scholar
Christensen, C.M. and Kaufman, H.H. (1965) Deterioration of stored grains by fungi. Annual Reviews of Pathology 3: 69–84.Google Scholar
Coker, R.D. (1998) The chemical detoxification of aflatoxin contaminated animal feed. Natural toxicants in food. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press; Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press, 1998. Sheffield food technology. p. 284–298.Google Scholar
Cook, M.E. (1994) Prevention of the negative effects that moulds and mycotoxins have on nutrient value of feeds and nutrient metabolism. Proceedings of California Nutrition Conference: 156–165.Google Scholar
Chung, T.K., Erdman, J.W. Jr., and Baker, D.H. (1990) Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: effects on zinc, manganese, vitamin A, and riboflavin utilization. Poultry Science 69: 1364–1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daftary, R.D. and Pomeranz, Y. (1965) Changes in lipid composition in wheat during storage deterioration. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 13: 442–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daftary, R.D., Pomeranz, Y. and Sauer, D.B. (1970) Changes in wheat flour damaged by mold during storage. Effects on lipid, lipoprotein, and protein. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 18: 613–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalvi, R.R. and Mcgowan, C. (1984) Experimental induction of chronic aflatoxicosis in chickens by purified aflatoxin B1 and its reversal by activated charcoal, phenobarbital, and reduced glutathione. Poultry Science 63: 485–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dass, R.S. (1993) Role of nutrients in preventing aflatoxicosis – a review. World Review of Animal Production 28: 40–47.Google Scholar
Decker, W.J. and Corby, D.G. (1980) Activated charcoal adsorbs aflatoxin B1. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 22: 388–389.Google ScholarPubMed
Diener, U.L. (1989) Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts, corn and cottonseed: a review. Biodeterioration Research 2: 217–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dvorska, J.E. and Surai, P.F. (2001) Effects of T-2 toxin, zeolites, and mycosorb on antioxidant systems of growing quail. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 14: 1752–1757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraps, G.S. and Kemmerer, A.R. (1937) Losses in vitamin A and carotene from feeds during storage. Texas Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 557.Google Scholar
Fischbach, H. and Campbell, A.D. (1965) Note on detoxification of aflatoxins. Journal Association of Official Analytical Chemists 48: 28.Google Scholar
Freese, E., Sheu, C.W. and Galliers, E. (1973) Function of lipophilic acids as antimicrobial food additives. Nature 241: 321–325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, J.C.D., Mislivec, P.B., Pla, G.W., Harrison, B.N., Weeks, C.E. and Dantzman, J.G. (1973) Toxicogenicity of mouldy feed for young chicks. Poultry Science 52: 1523–1530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galvano, F., Galofaro, V. and Galvano, G. (1996) Occurrence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a worldwide review. Journal of Food Protection 59: 1079–1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glass, R.L., Ponte, J.G. Jr, Christenses, C.M. and Geddes, W.F. (1959) Grain storage studies. XXVIII. The influence of temperature and moisture levels on the behavior of wheat stored in air or nitrogen. Cereal Chemistry 36: 341–356.Google Scholar
Goering, H.K. and Gordon, C.H. (1973) Chemical aids to preservation of high-moisture feeds. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 1347–1351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, R.M.G., Trenholm, H.L., Thompson, B.K. and Greenhalgh, R. (1985) The tolerance of white leghorn and broiler chicks, and turkey poults to diets that contained deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)-contaminated wheat. Poulrry Science 64: 273–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, R.M.G., Trenholm, H.L. and Thompson, B.K. (1988) Chemical, nutritive, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone content of corn related to the site of inoculation with 3 different isolates of Fusarium graminearum. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 43: 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herting, D.C. and Drury, E.E. (1974) Antifungal activity of volatile fatty acids on grains. Cereal Chemistry 51: 74–83.Google Scholar
Huff, W.E. and Doerr, J.A. (1981) Synergism between aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 60: 550–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, W.E., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Hagler, W.M. Jr., Swanson, S.P., Phillips, T.D. and Creger, C.R. (1986) Individual and combined effects of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON, Vomitoxin) in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 65: 1291–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, W.E., Harvey, R.B., Kubena, L.F. and Rottinghaus, G.E. (1988) Toxic synergism between aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 67: 1418–1423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huff, W.E., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B. and Phillips, T.D. (1992) Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Poultry Science 71: 64–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hummel, B.C., Cuendet, W.L.S., Christensen, C.M. and Geddes, W.F. (1954) Grain storage studies. XIII. Comparative changes in respiration, viability and chemical composition of mold free and mold contaminated wheat upon storage. Cereal Chemistry 31: 143–150.Google Scholar
Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Kappeli, O. and Dutler, H. (2001) Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicology Letters 122: 179–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, G.M. (1970) Preservation of high-moisture corn with volatile fatty acids. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 50: 739–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kao, C. and Robinson, R.J. (1972) Aspergillus flavus deterioration of grain: its effect on amino acids and vitamins in whole wheat. Journal of Food Science 37: 261–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiessling, K.H. and Petterson, H. (1991) Chemical preservatives. In: Mycotoxins and Animals Foods. Smith, J.E. and Henderson, R.E. eds. Crc Press. pp 765–775.Google Scholar
Krabbe, E.L., Penz, A.M. Jr., Lazzari, F.A. and Reginatto, M.F. (1994) Effete da umidade e do kido propionico sobre as caracteristicas bromatologicas e microbiologicas de grios de milho. Anais da ConferSnciu Apinco de Cincia e Tecnologia Avicolas 27–28.Google Scholar
Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Huff, W.E., Corrier, D.E., Phillips, T.D. and Rottinghaus, G.E. (1989) Influence of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin singly and in combination on broiler chickens. Poultry Science 68: 867–872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Phillips, T.D., Corrier, D.E. and Huff, W.E. (1990a) Diminution of aflatoxicosis in growing chickens by the dietary addition of a hydrated, sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Poultry Science 69: 727–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Huff, W.E., Corrier, D.E., Phillips, T.D. and Rottinghaus, G.E. (1990b) Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Poultry Science 69: 1078–1086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, E.T. Jr., (1982) Comparative Nutrition of Fowl and Swine. The Gastrointestinal Systems. University of Guelph, Guelph, 253 pp.Google Scholar
Nagel, C.M. and Semeniuk, G. (1947) Some changes in shelled corn. Plant Phisiobgy 22: 20–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paster, N., Bartov, I. and Perelman, A. (1985) Studies of the fungistatic activity of antifungal compounds in mash and pelleted feeds. Poultry Science 64: 1673–1677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, T.D., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Taylor, D.R. and Heidelbaugh, N.D. (1988) Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poultry Science 67: 243–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, T.D., Sarr, A.B., Clement, B.A., Kubena, L.F. and Harvey, R.B. (1990) Prevention of aflatoxicosis in farm animals via selective chemisorption of aflatoxins. In: Bray, G.A. and Ryan, D.H. eds., Pennington Center Nutrition Series. In: Mycotoxins, Cances und Health, vol. 1. Lousiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, pp. 223–237.Google Scholar
Pomeranz, Y., Halton, P. and Peers, F.G. (1956) The effects on flour dough and bread quality of molds grown in wheat and those added to flour in the form of specific cultures. Cereal Chemistry 33: 157–169.Google Scholar
Ramos, A.J., Fink-Gremmels, J. and Hernandez, E.. (1996) Prevention of toxic effects of Mycotoxins by means of nonnutritive adsorbent compounds. Journal of Food Protection 59: 631–641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raju, M.V.L.N. and Devegowda, G. (2000) Efficacy of esterified glucomannan (Mycosorb) on organ weights, serum biochemical and hematological profile in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2toxin. Proceedings of the XXI Worlďs Poultry Congress. P26.15.Google Scholar
Richardson, L.R., Wilkes, S., Godwin, J. and Pierce, K.R. (1962) Effect of mouldy diet and mouldy soybean meal on the growth of chicks and poults. Journal Nutririon 78: 301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, K.E. and Hamilton, P.B. (1967) Enhanced production of pancreatic digestive enzymes during aflatoxicosis in egg-type chickens. Poultry Science 66: 640–644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rittich, B., Pirochtova, M., Hrib, I., Jurtikova, K. and Doleza, P. (1992) The antifungal activity of some aliphatic and aromatic acids. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57: 1134–1142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotter, R.G., Frohlic, A.A. and Marquardt, R.R. (1989) Influence of dietary manipulation on the detrimental effects of mold-contaminated barley fed to growing chickens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69: 1059–1066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samarajeewa, U., Sen, A.C., Cohe, M.D. and Wei, C.I. (1990) Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and chemical methods. Journal of Food Profection 53: 489–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santúrio, J.M., Mallmann, C.A. and Baldissera, M.A. (1994) Niveis de adsorç˜o de Aflatoxina B1 in vitro de aluminossilicatos e bentonitas comercializados no Brasil. Proceedings of the 1st Latin American Congress of Mycotoxicology 10–11.Google Scholar
Santúrio, J.M. (1995) Antifüngicos e adsorventes de aflatoxinas em grásos: quando usá-los? Anais do Simppsio Internacional Sobre Micotoxinas e Micotoxicoses em Aves 97–108.Google Scholar
Santúrio, J.M., Mallmann, C.A., Rosa, A.P., Appel, G., Heer, A., Dageförde, S. and Bottcher, M. (1999) Effect of sodium bentonite on the performance and blood variables of broiler chickens intoxicated with aflatoxins. British Poultry Science 40: 115–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schell, T.C., Lindemann, M.D., Kornegay, E.T. and Blodgett, D.J. (1993) Effects of feeding aflatoxin contaminated diets with and without clay to weanling and growing pigs on performance, liver function, and mineral metabolism. Journal ofAnima1 Science 71: 1209–1218.Google ScholarPubMed
Southern, L.L., Ward, T.L., Bidner, T.D. and Hebert, L.G. (1994) Effect of sodium bentonite or hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on growth performance and tibia mineral concentrations in broiler chicks fed nutrient-deficient diets. Poultry Science 73: 848–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherwood, R.F. and Peberdy, J.F. (1974) Production of the mycotoxin zearalenone by Fusarium graminearurn growing on stored grain. 11. Treatment of wheat grain with organic acids. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 25: 1089–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandegraft, E.E., Hesseltine, C.W. and Shotwell, O.L. (1975) Grain preservatives: effect on aflatoxin and ochratoxin production. Cereal Chemistry 52: 79–84.Google Scholar