Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-npwhs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T18:55:08.724Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional Encephalomalacia in the Chicken

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

R. I. Hislop  and
T. E. Whittle
R. I. Hislop
Affiliation:
The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr, Scotland
T. E. Whittle
Affiliation:
The West of Scotland Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr, Scotland
Get access

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Other
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , April 1967 , pp. 133 - 150
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1967

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adamstone, F. B. and Card, F. B. (1934). The Effects of Vitamin E on the Testes of the male fowl (Gallus Domesticus). J. Morphol. 56, 339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agricultural Research Council, London. The Nutrient Requirements of Livestock No. 1—Poultry (1963).Google Scholar
Ames, S. R. (1956). Role of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) in poultry nutrition and disease. Poultry Sci. 35:145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, S. R., Kujawski, W. F., Ludwig, M. I., and Harris, P. L. (1955). Annotated bibliography of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the nutrition of turkeys, ducks and pheasants. 1934-1955, Distillation Products Industries. Division of Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.Google Scholar
Ames, S. R. and Swanson, W. J. (1958). Growth response to Vitamin E in chicks receiving a high-fat diet. Federation Proc. 17, 181.Google Scholar
Asplin, F. D. (1940). A disease of chickens apparently identical with nutritional encephalomalacia. Veterinary Jour. 96:449.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. L. and Couch, J. R. (1954). Effect of vitamin E and other supplements on hatchability of turkey eggs. Poultry Sci. 33:1039–1040.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. L., Ferguson, T. M., Quisenberry, J. H. and Couch, J. R. (1955). Vitamin E and reproduction in turkeys. J. Nutrition. 55:387–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bieri, J. G., Briggs, G. M., and Pollard, C. J. (1958a). The acceleration of vitamin E deficiency in the chick by Torula yeast. J. Nutrition. 64:113–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieri, J. G., Briggs, G. M. and Pollard, C. J. (1958b). Acceleration of vitamin E deficiency by Torula yeast. (2) Effect of Torula yeast and lipid. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 99:262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieri, J. G., Briggs, G. M., Pollard, C. J. and Spivey Fox, M. R. (1960). Normal growth and development of female chickens without dietary vitamin E or other antioxidants. J. Nutrition. 70:47–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blaxter, K. L., and Brown, F. (1952). Vitamin E in the nutrition of farm animals. Nutrition Abstr. Revs. 22:1–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Bolton, W. (1963). Poultry Nutrition—Bulletin No. 174, The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, 86/87.Google Scholar
Bratzler, J. W., Loosli, J. K., Krukovsky, V. N., Maynard, L. A. (1950). Effect of the Dietary Level of Tocopherols on their metabolism in Swine. J. Nutrition. 42:59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, G. M., Fox, M. R. S. and Bieri, J. G. (1956). Growth of chicks without dietary vitamin E. Poultry Sci. 35:1134.Google Scholar
Bunnell, R. H., Matterson, L. D., Singsen, E. P., Potter, L. M., Kozeff, A. and Jungherr, E. L. (1955). Studies on encephalomalacia in the chick. 3. The influence of feeding or injecting various tocopherols or other antioxidants on the incidence of encephalomalacia. Poultry Sci. 34:1068–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Card, L. R.(Univ. of Illinois Urbana) (1929). Vitamin E requirements of poultry egg hatchability not improved by wheat-germ oil. Chickens show need of vitamin E for reproduction. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Dept. 1928, 167–74.Google Scholar
Card, L. E., Mitchell, H. H. and Hamilton, T. S. (1930). Further studies on the vitamin E requirements of poultry. II. The performance of pullets raised on a vitamin E free diet. Proc. 22nd Meeting, Poultry Sci. Assoc., p. 29.Google Scholar
Carnaghan, R. B. A. and Markson, L. M. (1956). Studies on encephalomalacia in poultry. 1. Incidence in England. Brit. Vet. J. 112:140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cater, D. B.(University of Cambridge) (1951). The effect upon the growth of rous sarcoma of a diet deficient in vitamin E. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63:599–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Century, B. and Horwitt, M. K. (1959). Effects of Fatty Acids on chick encephalomalacia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 102:375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Century, B., Horwitt, M. K. and Bailey, P. (1959). Lipid factors in the production of encephalomalacia in the chick. A.M.A. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1:420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chubb, L. G. (1961). Personal communication.Google Scholar
Coggeshall, R. E. and Bieri, J. G. (1960). Pathology of the brain in single and mixed deficiencies of vitamins A and E in the chick. J. Nutrition. 70:272–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colborn, L. R. (1960). “Vitamins in Animals Feeding” page 25. Fertiliser Journal Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Common, R. H. and Bolton, W. (1944). Dried Potato Products and Nutritional Encephalomalacia in Chicks. Nature 153:744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Common, R. H. and Lamont, H. G. (1946). A field case of nutritional encephalomalacia in chicks. Vet. Rec. 58:191.Google ScholarPubMed
Creech, B. G., Feldman, G. L., Ferguson, T. M., Reid, B. L. and Couch, J. R. (1957). Exudative diathesis and vitamin E deficiency in turkey poults. J. Nutrition. 62:83–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, H. (1944). Studies on vitamin E deficiency in chicks. J. Nutrition. 27:193–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, H. and Glavind, J. (1938). Alimentary exudative diathesis. Nature 142:1077–1078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, H. and Glavind, J. (1939). Alimentary exudative diathesis, a consequence of vitamin E deficiency. Nature 143:810–811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, H., Glavind, J., Prange, I. and Ottesen, J. (1941). Vitamin E. Chem. Abstr. 36:6214 (1942).Google Scholar
Dam, H., Nielsen, G. K., Prance, I. and Sondergaard, E. (1957). The Exudative Diathesis produced by Torula yeast. Experientia 13:493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, H., Nielsen, G. K., Prange, I. and Sondergaard, E. (1958b). Exudative diathesis produced by Vitamin E deficiency diets without polyenoic fatty acids. Experientia 14:291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, H., Nielsen, G. K., Prange, I., and Sondergaard, E. (1958a). Influence of linoleic and linolenic acids on symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in chicks. Nature 182:802–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, H., Prange, I. and Sondergaard, E. (1952). Muscular degeneration (white striation of muscles) in chicks reared on vitamin E deficient, low-fat diets. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 31:172–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dam, H. and Sondergaard, E. (1957). Prophylactic effect of selenium dioxide against degeneration (white striation) of muscles in chickens. Experientia 13:494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, A. W. and Moore, T. (1941). Interaction of Vitamins A and E. Nature 147:794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinning, J. S. and Day, P. L. (1957). J. Nutrition, 63:393. Vitamin E deficiency in the Monkey. II. Tissue concentration of nucleic acids and creatine.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinning, J. S. and Day, P. L. (1958). Vitamin E deficiency in the Monkey. III. The Metabolism of sodium formate C14. J. Biol. Chem. 233:240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinning, J. S., Sime, J. T., and Day, P. L. (1955). The influence of Vitamin E deficiency on the metabolism of sodium formate C14 and Glyc ne-1-C14 by the Rabbit. J. Biol. Chem. 217:205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinning, J. S., Sime, J. T. and Day, P. L. (1956). An increased incorporation of P32 into Nucleic acids by Vitamin E deficient rabbits. J. Biol. Chem. 222:215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diplock, A. T., Edwin, E. E., Bunyan, J. and Green, J. (1961). The effect of tocopherol, Vitamin E, selenium and antioxidants on ubiquinone in the rat. Brit. J. Nutr.. 15:425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donaldson, K. O., Nason, A. and Garrett, R. H. (1958). The role of Lipides in Electron Transport. IV. Tocopherol as a specific co-factor of mammalian Cyto-chrome C Reducta. J. Biol. Chem 233:572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dju, M. Y., Quaife, M. L., and Harris, P. L. (Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N.Y.) (1950). Utilization of pure α-, y-, 8-tocopherols by laying hens. Am. J. Physiol. 160:259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwin, E. E., Diplock, A. T., Bunyan, J. and Green, J. (1961). Studies on Vitamin E. 6. The distribution of Vitamin E in the rat and the effect of tocopherol and dietary selenium on ubiquinone and ubichromenol in tissues. Biochemical J. 79:91–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, T. M., Vaught, H. P., Cross, M. S., Hander, O. J. and Couch, J. R. (1955). Vitamin E and the embryonic development of the turkey eye. Poultry Sci. 34:1193.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. and Scott, M. L. (1956). An electrophoretic study of Exudative Diathesis in chicks. J. Nutrition. 60:349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J. (1962). Interrelationships between Vitamin E and other Vitamins and the Ubiquinones. Vitamins and Hormones 20:485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J., Edwin, E. E., Diplock, A. T., and Bunyan, J. (1961). Role of selenium in relation to ubiquinone in the rat. Nature 189:748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, T. W. (1960). Studies on the Requirements of the young chick for Vitamin E. Brit.. J. Nutr. 14:269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, T. W. (1961). Studies on the requirements of the young chick for Vitamin E. 2 The effects of different sources and levels of dietary lipids on live-weight gain and body vitamin E storage. Brit. J. Nutr.. 15:271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, P. L., Kujawski, W. F. and Ludwig, M. I. (1954). Annotated bibliography of Vitamin E in chicken nutrition, 1929-1954. Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N.Y.Google Scholar
Hartley, W. J. and Grant, A. B. (1961). A Review of Selenium responsive diseases in New Zealand livestock Fed Proc. 20:679.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoffman-La, Roche (1959). The Role of Vitamin E in Animal Nutrition. Hoffman-La Roche, Basle.Google Scholar
Howes, C. E and Hutt, F. B. (1952). Breed Resistance to Nutritional encephalomalacia in the Fowl. Poultry Sci. 31:360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L. S. (1953). Vitamin E, niacin, and grass juice in turkey hen nutrition. Proc. of 1953 Cornell Nutrition Conf. for feed Manufacturers, pp. 62–65.Google Scholar
Jensen, L. S., Carver, J. S. and McGinnis, J. (1955). Vitamin E, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, and fish liver oil in turkey reproduction. Poultry Sci. 34:1203.Google Scholar
Jensen, L. S., Heuser, G. F., Scott, M. L. and Norris, L. C. (1953). The effect of vitamin E and niacin in the nutrition of turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 32:907.Google Scholar
Jensen, L. S., and McGinnis, J. (1957a). Improvement in hatchability of turkey eggs by injection with water soluble vitamin E Poultry Sci. 36:212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L. S. and McGinnis, J. (1957b). Studies of the Vitamin E requirement of turkeys for reproduction. Poultry Sci. 36:1344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L. S., Scott, M. L., Heuser, G. R., Norris, L. C. and Nelson, T. S (1956). Studies on the Nutrition of Breeding Turkeys. I. Evidence indicating a need to supplement practical turkey rations with Vitamin E. Poultry Sci. 35:810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungherr, E. (1936). A field condition resembling nutritional encephalomalacia in chicks. Science 84:559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungherr, E. L. (1949). Ten year incidence of field encephalomalacia in chicks and observations on its pathology. Ann. New York Acad., Sci. 52:104–112.Google Scholar
Jungherr, E. L. and Pappenheimer, A. M. (1937). Nutritional myopathy of the gizzard in turkeys. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 37:520–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungherr, E., Singsen, E. P. and Matterson, L. D. (1952). The present status of the encephalomalacia problem in chicks. Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. Meeting, June 23-6, pp. 301–310.Google Scholar
Jungherr, E. L., Singsen, E. P. and Matterson, L. D. (1956). Nutritional encephalomalacia in chickens—Effect of treatment on the Pathology Laboratory, Investigations 5:120.Google Scholar
Kokatnur, M. G., Okui, S, Kummerow, F. A., and Scott, H. M. (1960). Effect of long chain keto acids in encephalomalacia in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104:170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machlin, L. J., and Gordon, R. S. (1960a). Linoleic acid as a causative agent of encephalomalacia in chicks fed oxidized fats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 103:659–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machlin, L. J. and Gordon, R. S. (1960b). Etiology of muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis, and encephalomalacia in the chicken. Fifth International Congress on Nutrition Abstract No. 84.Google Scholar
Machlin, L. J., and Gordon, R. S. (1962). Etiology of Exudative Diathesis, encephalomalacia and muscular degeneration in the chicken. Poultry Sci. 41:473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Machlin, L. J., Gordon, R. S., and Meisky, K. H. (1959). The effect of antioxidants on Vitamin E deficiency symptoms and production of liver ‘peroxides’ in the chicken. J. Nutrition. 67:333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machlin, L. J., and Shalkop, W. T. (1956). Muscular degeneration in chickens fed diets low in Vitamin E and sulphur. J. Nutrition. 60:87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markson, L. M., Carnaghan, R. B. A. and Parr, W. H. (1957). Studies on encephalomalacia on poultry. II. The tocopherol status of normal and affected chicks. Brit. Vet. J. 113:303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matterson, L. D. (1954). Personal communication quoted by Ames, S. R. (1956).Google Scholar
Mecchi, E. P., Pool, M. F. and Klose, A. A. (1953). The role of tocopherol content in the stability of chicken and turkey fats. Poultry Sci. 32:915.Google Scholar
Mokadi, Shoshana and Budowski, P. (1963). Relationship between Vitamin E and encephalomalacia in chicks. Brit. J. Nutr.. 17:347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Y. and Sharman, I. M. (1961). Prevention of the injurious effect of excessive cod liver oil by its fortification with vitamin E. Brit. J. Nutr.. 15:297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesheim, M. C., Calvert, C. C. and Scott, M. L. (1960). Effect of arginine deficiency on nutritional muscular dystrophy in the chick. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 104:783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesheim, M. C. and Scott, M. L. (1958a). Studies on the Nutritive effects of selenium for chicks. J. Nutrition. 65:601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesheim, M. C. and Scott, M. L. (1958b). Studies on selenium, vitamin E, and methionine in the prevention of muscular dystrophy in chicks. Poultry Sci. 37:1230.Google Scholar
Nesheim, M. C. and Scott, M. L. (1961). Nutritional effect of selenium compounds in chicks and turkeys. Federation Proc. 20:674.Google ScholarPubMed
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (1960). National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Olson, G., Matterson, L. D. and Tlustohowicz, J. (1962). Effect of vitamin E and antioxidants on fertility and hatchability as affected by unsaturated fatty acids. Poultry Sci. 41:675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goetsch, M. (1931). A cerrabellar disorder in chicks, apparently of nutritional origin. J. Exp. Med. 53:11–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pappenheimer, A. M., and Goetsch, M. (1933). Nutritional Encephalomalacia in chicks. Influence of age, growth and breed upon susceptibility. J. Exp. Med. 57:365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pappenheimer, A. M. and Goetsch, M. (1934). Nutritional myopathy in ducklings. J. Exptl. Med. 59:35–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, E. L., Milstrey, R. and Stokstad, E. L. R. (1957). Effect of selenium in preventing exudative diathesis in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:617–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, H. J. and Williams, I. L. (1950). Antioxidant activity of Vitamin E and other compounds on chicken fat in vitro and in vivo. Poultry Sci. 29:776.Google Scholar
Phillips, H. J. and Williams, I. L. (1952). Some factors affecting stability of chicken fat. Food Technol. 6:74.Google Scholar
Pitt, G. A. J., and Morton, R. A. (1962). Fat Soluble Vitamins—Vitamin E. Ann. Rev. of Biochemistry 31:500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pudelkiewicz, W. J., Matterson, L. D., Potter, L. M., Carlson, , Doris, , Webster, , Lorna, and Singsen, E. P. (1957). A comparative study of the d and dl forms of alphatocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate in the chick. Poultry Sci. 36:1151.Google Scholar
Quaife, M. L., Swanson, W. J., Dju, M. Y. and Harris, P. L. (1949). Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 52:300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahman, M. M., Deyoe, C. W., Davies, R. E. and Couch, J. R. (1960). Selenium and exudative diathesis in chicks and poults. J. Nutrition. 72:71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranby, P. D. and Outridge, A. H. (1954). “Crazy Chick” disease. Queensland Agric. J. 79:285.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R. M., Edmondson, J., Poole, W. S. H., Bobby, F. C. and Birnie, H. Exudative diathesis and white muscle disease of poultry in New Zealand. Proc. of XII World's Poultry Congress 1962:379.Google Scholar
Schwarz, K. (1961). Development and status of experimental work on factor 3-selenium. Federation Proc., 20:666.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwarz, K. (1962). Vitamin E, Trace elements, and sulphahydril Groups in Respiratory decline. Vitamins and Hormones 20:463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, K., Bieri, J. G., Briggs, G. M. and Scott, M. L. (1957). Prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks by factor 3 and selenium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:621–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, M. L. (1952). Prevention of enlarged hock disease in turkeys and ducks. Proc. of 1952. Cornell Nutrition Conf. for Feed Manfrs. pp. 86–91.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L. (1952). Prevention of the enlarged hock disorder in turkeys with niacin and vitamin E. Poultry Sci. 32:670–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, M. L. (1954). Important Vitamin E. Feed Bag January 54.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L., Bieri, J. G., Briggs, G. M., and Schwarz, K. (1957). Prevention of Exudative Diathesis by Factor 3 in chicks on Vitamin E deficient Torula yeast diets. Poultry Sci. 36:1155.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L. and Calvert, C. C. (1960). Evidence of specific need for cystine for prevention of muscular dystrophy of the chick. Fifth International Congr. on Nutrition, Washington Abstr. No. 350.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L., Hill, F. W., Norris, L. C., Dobson, D. C. and Nelson, T. S. (1955). Studies on vitamin E in poultry nutrition. J. Nutrition. 56:387–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, M. L., and Nelson, T. S. (1955). Quantitative studies on vitamin E in turkey hatchability. Poultry Sci. 34:1233.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L., and Stoewsand, G. S. (1961). A study of the Ataxias of Vitamin A and Vitamin E. Deficiencies in the chick. Poultry Sci. 40:1517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singsen, E. P., Bunnell, R. H., Matterson, L. D., Kozeff, A., and Jungherr, E. L. (1955). Studies on encephalomalacia in the chick. 2. The protective action of diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine against encephalomalacia. Poultry Sci. 34:262–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singsen, E. P., Matterson, L. D., Kozeff, A. and Bunnell, R. H. (1954). Studies on encephalomalacia in the chick. 1. The influence of a vitamin E deficiency on the performance of breeding hens and their chicks. Poultry Sci. 33:192–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singsen, E. P., Potter, L. M., Bunnell, R. H., Nattersom, L. D., Stinson, S. L., Amato, S. V., and Jungherr, E. L. (1955). Studies on encephalomalacia in the chick. 6. Thutilization of vitamin E from alfalfa meal and wheat middlings for the prevention of encephalomalacia. Poultry Sci. 34:1234.Google Scholar
Slinger, S. J., Pepper, W. F. and Arthur, D. (1955). Effect of phosphorus, Vitamin E and environment on growth and the incidence of perosis in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 34:935–941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slinger, S. J., Pepper, W. F. and Motzok, I. (1954). Interrelationship between vitamin E and phosphorus in preventing perosis in turkeys. J. Nutrition. 52:395–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sondergaard, E., Bieri, J. G., and Dam, H. (1960). Further observations on the effect of selenium and antioxidants in exudative diathesis in chicks. Experientia 16:554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokstad, E. L. R., Patterson, E. L., and Milstrey, R. (1957). Factors which prevent Exudative Diathesis in chicks on Torula Yeast diets. Poultry Sci. 36:1160.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. J. (1953). Symptoms and control of X chicken disease. New Zealand J. Agric. 87:269, 271–272.Google Scholar
Vasington, F. D., Nason, A. and Reichard, S. M. (1960). Vitamins and hormones, 18–43. Biochemistry of Votamin E.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. E. (1949). The incidence of nutritional diseases in poultry. Brit. J. Nutrition. 3:267–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, H. (1956). Nutritional encephalomalacia of chickens. Austra. Vet. J. 32:269.Google Scholar
Zacharia, L., Goldhaber, P. and Kinsey, V. E. (1950). Vitamin E. deficiency in chicks. I. The effects of dietary supplements on plasma tocopherol levels and vitamin E deficiency symptoms. J. Nutr. 42:359–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar