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Accepted manuscript

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor resistance in kochia (Bassia scoparia)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2025

Charles M. Geddes*
Affiliation:
Research Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Quincy D. Law
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Brian M. Jenks
Affiliation:
Weed Scientist, North Central Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Minot, ND, USA
Kirk A. Howatt
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Joseph T. Ikley
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Austin Jaster
Affiliation:
Research Assistant, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Mattea M. Pittman
Affiliation:
Research Assistant, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Keith Biggers
Affiliation:
Research Specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Ingo Meiners
Affiliation:
Group Leader – Biology R&D/Weed Control, BASF Corporation, Durham, NC, USA
Aimone Porri
Affiliation:
Researcher, BASF SE, Limburgerhof, Germany
*
Author for correspondence: Charles M. Geddes; Email: Charles.Geddes@agr.gc.ca
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Abstract

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Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is an invasive tumbleweed in the North American Great Plains that is difficult to manage in croplands and ruderal areas due to widespread resistance to up to four herbicide sites-of-action, including auxin mimics (Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) Group 4] and inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (HRAC Group 2), photosystem II (HRAC Group 5), and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (HRAC Group 9). Poor B. scoparia control with protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting (HRAC Group 14) herbicides was noted in a brown mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] field near Kindersley, Saskatchewan in 2021. Similar observations were made in a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field near Mandan, North Dakota, and in research plots near Minot, North Dakota in 2022. Whole-plant dose-response experiments were conducted to determine if these B. scoparia accessions were resistant to the PPO-inhibiting herbicides saflufenacil and carfentrazone and the level of resistance observed. All three B. scoparia accessions were highly resistant to foliar-applied saflufenacil and carfentrazone compared with two locally-relevant susceptible accessions. The Kindersley accession exhibited 57- to 87-fold resistance to saflufenacil and 97- to 121-fold resistance to carfentrazone based on biomass dry weight 21 days after treatment (DAT). Similarly, the Mandan accession exhibited 204- to 321-fold resistance to saflufenacil and 111- to 330-fold resistance to carfentrazone, while the Minot accession exhibited 45- to 71-fold resistance to saflufenacil and 88- to 264-fold resistance to carfentrazone. Substantial differences in visible control 7 and 21/28 DAT were also observed between the putative-resistant and susceptible accessions. This study represents the first confirmations of PPO inhibitor-resistant B. scoparia globally and the fifth herbicide site-of-action to which B. scoparia has evolved resistance. It also documents this issue present at three locations in the Northern Great Plains region that occur up to 790 km apart and on both sides of the Canada/United States border.

Type
Research Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Weed Science Society of America

Footnotes

Co-first authors