Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b6zl4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T10:52:32.923Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Community-Based Approaches to Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management: Lessons from Science and Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David E. Ervin  and
George B. Frisvold
David E. Ervin*
Affiliation:
Institute for Sustainable Solutions and Environmental Management and Economics, 241 Cramer Hall, 1721 SW Broadway, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201
George B. Frisvold
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 319 Cesar Chavez Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: ervin@pdx.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

When herbicide-resistant weeds are highly mobile across farms, delaying resistance becomes a common-pool resource (CPR) problem. In such situations, it is in the collective long-term interest of farmers to conserve an herbicide's usefulness. Yet, each farmer has an individual short-run incentive to use the herbicide without considering effects on resistance. This study considers the potential for community-based (CB) approaches to address problems of herbicide-resistant weeds. Here, growers actively participate in designing, financing, and implementing programs, usually in collaboration with industry, government, and universities. CB approaches have certain advantages over top-down regulatory or subsidy-based approaches. Scholars and practitioners have developed effective governance mechanisms for many CPRs that could aid in developing effective resistance management programs. Successful CB management programs for insect pest eradication and areawide invasive weed control offer additional lessons about the potential and challenges of such efforts. Lessons from these examples can inform the design and implementation of successful, voluntary programs for herbicide-resistance management. Key research, education, and outreach priorities to help implement successful CB programs are identified at the close.

Keywords

Areawidecommunity-basedcommon-pool resourcesherbicide resistance.
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 64 , Issue S1: Special Issue: Human Dimensions of Herbicide Resistance , 2016 , pp. 609 - 626
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the Weed Science Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Sarah Ward, Colorado State University.

References

Literature Cited

Agrawal, A (2003) Sustainable governance of common-pool resources: context, methods, and politics. Annu Rev Anthropol 32: 243–262Google Scholar
Ahouissoussi, NB (1993) A principal-agent model for regional pest control adoption. J Agric Appl Econ 27: 301–309Google Scholar
Ahouissoussi, NB, Wetzstein, ME, Duffy, PA (1993) Economic returns to the boll weevil eradication program. J Agric Appl Econ 25: 46–55Google Scholar
Anderson, GL, Delfosse, E, Spencer, NR, Prosser, CW, Richard, RD (2003b) Lessons in developing successful invasive weed control programs. J Range Manag 56: 2–12Google Scholar
Anderson, GL, Prosser, CW, Wendel, LE, Delfosse, ES, Faust, RM (2003a) The ecological areawide management (TEAM) of leafy spurge program of the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service. Pest Manag Sci 59: 609–613Google Scholar
Antilla, L, Whitlow, M, Staten, RT, El Lissy, O, Myers, F (1996) An integrated approach to areawide pink bollworm management in Arizona. Pages 1083–1085in Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Memphis, TN: National Cotton CouncilGoogle Scholar
Barber, LT, Smith, KL, Scott, RC, Norsworthy, JK, Vangilder, AM (2014) Zero Tolerance: A Community-Based Program for Glyphosate Resistant Palmer Amaranth Management. FSA2177. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Services. 6 pGoogle Scholar
Beckie, HJ, Blackshaw, RE, Low, R, Hall, LM, Sauder, CA, Martin, S (2013) Glyphosate- and acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia) in western Canada. Weed Sci 61: 310–318Google Scholar
Beckie, HJ, Gulden, RH, Shaikh, N, Johnson, EN, Willenborg, CJ, Brenzil, CA, Ford, G (2015) Glyphosate-resistant kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.) in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Can J Plant Sci 95: 345–349Google Scholar
Bordelon, MS (2005) Environmental Benefits Realized from Eradication of the Non-Indigenous Insect Anthonomus grandis Boheman, the Cotton Boll Weevil. Ph. D dissertation. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University. 82 pGoogle Scholar
Borger, CPD, Walsh, M, Scott, JK, Powles, SB (2007) Tumbleweeds in the western Australian cropping system: seed dispersal characteristics of Salsola australis. Weed Res 47: 406–414Google Scholar
Burgos, N, Culpepper, S, Dotray, P, Kendig, JA, Wilcut, J, Nichols, R (2006) Managing Herbicide Resistance in Cotton Cropping Systems. Raleigh, NC: Cotton Inc. 82 pGoogle Scholar
Busi, R, Yu, Q, Barrett-Lennard, R, Powles, SB (2008) Long distance pollen-mediated flow of herbicide resistance genes in Lolium rigidum. Theor Appl Genet 117: 1281–1290Google Scholar
Calkins, CO, Faust, RJ (2003) Overview of areawide programs and the program for suppression of codling moth in the western USA directed by the United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service. Pest Manag Sci 59: 601–604Google Scholar
Caplat, P, Coutts, S, Buckley, YM (2012) Modeling population dynamics, landscape structure, and management decisions for controlling the spread of invasive plants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1249: 72–83Google Scholar
Carlson, GA, Sappie, GP, Hammig, MD (1989) Economic returns to boll weevil eradication. USDA Agricultural Economic Report No. 621, Resource Technology Division. Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service. 98 pGoogle Scholar
Carlson, GA, Wetzstein, ME (1993) Pesticides and pest management Pages 268–317in Carlson, AC, Zilberman, D, Miranowski, JA, eds. Agricultural and Environmental Resource Economics. New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Carruthers, RI (2003) Invasive species research in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Pest Manag Sci 59: 827–834Google Scholar
Chandler, LD (2003) Corn rootworm areawide management program: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Pest Manag Sci 59: 605–608Google Scholar
Christensen, SC, Ransom, C, Sheley, R, Smith, B, Whitesides, R (2011) Establishing a Weed Prevention Area: A Step-by-Step User's Guide. USDA–ARS, Area-wide EBIPM Project. http://sfc.smallfarmcentral.com/dynamic_content/uploadfiles/152/Establishing%20a%20Weed%20Prevention%20Area%20sm.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2015Google Scholar
Chu, CC, Henneberry, TJ, Weddle, RC, Natwick, ET, Carson, JR, Valenzuela, C, Staten, RT (1996) Reduction of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations in the Imperial Valley, California, following mandatory short-season cotton management systems. J Econ Entom 89: 175–182Google Scholar
Claassen, R, Horowitz, J, Duquette, E, Ueda, K (2014) Additionality in U.S. Agricultural Conservation and Regulatory Offset Programs. Economic Research Report No. ERR-170. Washington, DC: USDA, Economic Research Service. 75 pGoogle Scholar
Claassen, R, Ribaudo, M (2007) Conservation policy overview. Pages 195–202in Wiebe, K, Gollehon, N, eds. Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators. New York: Nova Science PublishersGoogle Scholar
Clark, JS, Carlson, GA (1990) Testing for common versus private property: the case of pesticide resistance. J Environ Econ Manag 19: 45–60Google Scholar
Clawson, M (1977) Introduction: social controls over private land use. South Dakota Law Rev 22: 479Google Scholar
Cochran, MJ (1996) Benefit-cost analysis of integrated pest management programs. Pages 781–793in King, EG, Phillips, JR, Coleman, RJ, eds. Cotton Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management. Memphis, TN: The Cotton FoundationGoogle Scholar
Cox, M, Arnold, G, Tomas, SV (2010) A review of design principles for community-based natural resource management. Ecol Soc 15: Article 38. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art38/. Accessed February 29, 2016Google Scholar
Dauer, JT, Mortensen, DA and Humston, R (2006) Controlled experiments to predict horseweed (Conyza canadensis) dispersal distance. Weed Sci 54: 484–489Google Scholar
Dauer, JT, Mortensen, DA, Vangessel, MJ (2007) Temporal and spatial dynamics of long-distance Conyza canadensis see dispersal. J Appl Ecol 44: 105–114Google Scholar
Diggle, AJ, Neve, P (2001) The population dynamics and genetics of herbicide resistance—a modeling approach. Pages 61–100in Powles, SB, Shaner, DL, eds. Herbicide Resistance and World Grains. Boca Raton, FL: CRC PressGoogle Scholar
Duffy, PA, Cain, DL, Young, GJ, Wetzstein, ME (1994) Effects of the boll weevil eradication program on Alabama cotton farms. J Agribusiness 12: 1–14Google Scholar
Duke, SO (2012) Why have no new herbicide modes of action appeared in recent years? Pest Manag Sci 68: 505–512Google Scholar
Dumas, CF, Goodhue, RE (1999) The cotton acreage effects of boll weevil eradication: a county-level analysis. J Agric Appl Econ 31: 475–497Google Scholar
Epanchin-Niell, RS, Hufford, MB, Aslan, CE, Sexton, JP, Port, JD, Waring, TM (2009) Controlling invasive species in complex social landscapes. Front Ecol Environ 8: 210–216Google Scholar
Ervin, D (2013) Voluntary resource conservation and environmental management in agriculture and forestry. Pages 124–132in Shogren, J, ed. Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resources and Environmental Economics, Vol. 2. Resources. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: ElsevierGoogle Scholar
Ervin, D, Jussaume, R (2014) Herbicide resistance: integrating social science into understanding and managing weed resistance and associated environmental impacts. Weed Sci 62: 403–414Google Scholar
Fairchild, FR (1935) Forest Taxation in the United States (No. 218). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 681 pGoogle Scholar
Faust, RM (2008) General introduction to areawide pest management. Pages 1–14in Koul, O, Cuperus, GW, Elliott, N, eds. Areawide Pest Management Theory and Implementation. Cambridge, MA: CAB InternationalGoogle Scholar
Faust, RM, Chandler, LD (1998). Future programs in areawide pest management. J Agric Entomol 15: 371–376Google Scholar
Fiege, M (2005) The weedy west: mobile nature, boundaries, and common space in the Montana landscape. Western Hist Quart 36: 22–47Google Scholar
Field, B, Field, M (2012) Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Boston, MA: McGraw-HillGoogle Scholar
Frisvold, G (2009) Can transgenic crops and IPM be compatible? Pages 555–579in Peshin, R, ed. Dissemination of IPM Technology: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Springer-VerlagGoogle Scholar
Frisvold, GB, Reeves, JM (2010) Resistance management and sustainable use of agricultural biotechnology. AgBioForum 13: 343–359Google Scholar
Frisvold, GB, Reeves, GM (2014) Herbicide resistant crops and weeds: implications for herbicide use and weed management. Pages 332–354in Pimentel, D, Peshin, R, eds. Integrated Pest Management: Pesticide Problems, Vol. 3. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: SpringerGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, K, Sheley, R, Jacobs, J, Wood, S, Manoukian, M, Schuldt, M, Sackman, S (2012) Cooperative prevention systems to protect rangelands from the spread of invasive plants. Rangelands 34: 26–31Google Scholar
Gould, F (1995) Comparisons between resistance management strategies for insects and weeds. Weed Technol 94: 830–839Google Scholar
Grefenstette, B, El-Lissy, O, Staten, RT (2009) Pink Bollworm Eradication Plan in the US. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service. 9 pGoogle Scholar
Haney, PB, Lewis, WJ, Lambert, WR (2009) Cotton Production and the Boll Weevil in Georgia: History, Cost of Control, and Benefits of Eradication. Research Bulletin Number 428. The Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. 59 pGoogle Scholar
Hardee, DD, Henneberry, TJ (2004) Areawide management of insects infesting cotton. Pages 119–140in Horowitz, AR, Ishaaya, I, eds. Insect Pest Management: Field and Protected Crops. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science and Business MediaGoogle Scholar
Hardin, G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162(3859):1243–1248Google Scholar
Heap, I (2015) International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds. http://www.wssa.net/Weeds/Resistance/ResistanceLinks.htm. Accessed June 21, 2015Google Scholar
Hendrichs, J, Kenmore, P, Robinson, AS, Vreysen, MJB (2007) Areawide integrated pest management (AW-IPM): principles, practice and prospects. Pages 3–35in Vreysen, MJRobinson, AS, Hendrichs, J, eds. Areawide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science and Business MediaGoogle Scholar
Henneberry, TJ (2007) Integrated systems for control of the pink bollworm Pectinophora Gossypiella in cotton. Pages 567–579in Vreysen, MJ, Robinson, AS, Hendrichs, J, eds. Areawide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science and Business MediaGoogle Scholar
[HRAC] Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (2015) Guideline to the Management of Herbicide Resistance. http://www.hracglobal.com/pages/managementofherbicideresistance.aspx. Accessed June 30, 2015Google Scholar
Hershdorfer, ME, Fernandez-Gimenez, ME, Howery, LD (2007) Key attributes influence the performance of local weed management programs in the southwest United States. Rangeland Ecol Manag 60: 225–234Google Scholar
Hodur, NM, Leistritz, FL, Bangsund, DA (2006) Evaluation of TEAM leafy spurge project. Rangeland Ecol Manag 59: 483–493Google Scholar
Huffman, WE, Evenson, RE (2008) Science for Agriculture: A Long-Term Perspective. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 314 pGoogle Scholar
Jha, P, Norsworthy JK Garcia, J (2014) Depletion of an artificial seed bank of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) over four years of burial. Am J Plant Sci 5: 1599–1606Google Scholar
Kazmierczak, RF, Smith, BC (1996) Role of knowledge and opinion in promoting boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) eradication. J Econ Entomol 89: 1166–1174Google Scholar
Keenan, S, Giles, K, Elliott, N, Royer, T, Porter, D, Burgener, P, Christian, D (2007) Grower perspectives on areawide wheat integrated pest management in the southern US Great Plains. Pages 289–314in Koul, O, Cuperus, G, eds. Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management. Wallingford, UK: CABIGoogle Scholar
Keenan, SP, Burgener, PA (2008) Social and economic aspects of areawide pest management. Pages 97–116in Koul, O, Cuperus, G, Elliott, N, eds. Areawide Pest Management: Theory and Implementation. Wallingford, UK: CABIGoogle Scholar
Knipling, EF (1972) Entomology and the management of man's environment. Aust J Entomol 11: 153–167Google Scholar
Larson, JA, English, BC, Suarez, OP (2000) Impact of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program on the West Tennessee Economy. Department of Agricultural Economics Staff Paper 00-02 Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee. 7 pGoogle Scholar
Livingston, M, Fernandez-Cornejo, J, Unger, J, Osteen, C, Schimmelpfennig, D, Park, T, Lambert, D (2015) The Economics of Glyphosate Resistance Management in Corn and Soybean Production. Economic Research Report Number 184. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 52 pGoogle Scholar
Llewellyn, RS, Allen, DM (2006) Expected mobility of herbicide resistance via weed seeds and pollen in a western Australian cropping region. Crop Prot 25: 520–526Google Scholar
Llewellyn, RS, Lindner, RK, Pannell, DJ, Powles, SB (2001) Herbicide resistance and the decision to conserve the herbicide resource: review and framework. Australian Agribusiness Review. http://www.agrifood.info/10publications_. Accessed February 29, 2016Google Scholar
Llewellyn, RS, Pannell, DJ (2009) Managing the herbicide resource: an evaluation of extension on management of herbicide-resistant weeds. AgBioForum 12: 358–369Google Scholar
Lu, YQ, Baker, J, Preston, C (2007) The spread of resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides in a wind borne, self-pollinated weed species. Lactuca serriola L. Theor Appl Genet 115: 443–450Google Scholar
Marsh, SP, Llewellyn, RS, Powles, SB (2006) Social costs of herbicide resistance: the case of resistance to glyphosate. Paper presented at the 50th Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, Manly Pacific Sydney, Australia. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/139881/2/2006_marsh.pdf. Accessed February 29, 2016Google Scholar
McCanny, SJ, Cavers, PB (1988) Spread of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Ontario, Canada. II. Dispersal by combines. Weed Res 28: 67–72Google Scholar
McCoy, NH, Amatya, P (2005) Games people play: human behavior and invasive weed management. Rangelands 27: 8–14Google Scholar
Michael, PJ, Owen, MJ, Powles, SP (2010) Herbicide-resistant weed seeds contaminate grain sown in the western Australian grainbelt. Weed Sci 58: 466–472Google Scholar
Midwestern Invasive Plant Network (2011) CWMA Cookbook: A Recipe for Success. A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Develop a Cooperative Weed Management Area in the Eastern United States. http://www.mipn.org/CWMACookbook2011.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2015Google Scholar
Miranowski, JA, Carlson, GA (1986) Economic issues in public and private approaches to preserving pest susceptibility. Pages 436–444in Board on Agriculture, ed. Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management. Washington, DC: National Academy PressGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, PD (2011) Economic Assessment of the Benefits of Chloro-s-triazine Herbicides to US Corn, Sorghum, and Sugarcane Producers. University of Wisconsin Agricultural and Applied Economics Staff Paper 564. Madison, WI: Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics. 51 pGoogle Scholar
Myers, JH, Savoie, A, Randen, EV (1998) Eradication and pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 43: 471–491Google Scholar
[NRC] National Research Council (2010) Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 270 pGoogle Scholar
[NRC] National Research Council (2012) National Summit on Strategies to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 54 pGoogle Scholar
Norsworthy, JK, Griffith, G, Griffin, T, Bagavathiannan, M, Gbur, EE (2014). In-field movement of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and its impact on cotton lint yield: evidence supporting a zero-threshold strategy. Weed Sci 62: 237–249Google Scholar
Norsworthy, JK, Smith, KL, Scott, RC, Gbur, EE (2009) Consultant perspectives on weed management needs in Arkansas cotton. Weed Technol 21: 825–831Google Scholar
Norsworthy, JK, Ward, SM, Shaw, DR, Llewellyn, RS, Nichols, RL, Webster, TM, Bradley, KW, Frisvold, G, Powles, SB, Burgos, NR, Witt, WW, Barrett, M (2012) Reducing the risks of herbicide resistance: best management practices and recommendations. Weed Sci 60: 31–62Google Scholar
Ostrom, E (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 298 pGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, E (2009) A general framework for analyzing the sustainability of socio-ecological systems. Science 325: 419–422Google Scholar
Ostrom, E, Chang, C, Pennington, M, Tarko, V (2012) The Future of the Commons: Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation. London, UK: Institute for Economic Affairs. 104 pGoogle Scholar
Pannell, DJ, Zilberman, D (2001) Economic and sociological factors affecting growers’ decision making on herbicide resistance. Pages 251–278in Powles, SB, Shaner, DL, eds. Herbicide Resistance and World Grains. Boca Raton, FL: CRC PressGoogle Scholar
Perrings, C, Williamson, M, Barbier, EB, Delfino, D, Dalmazzone, S, Shogren, J, Watkinson, A (2002) Biological invasion risks and the public good: an economic perspective. Conserv Ecol 6. http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss1/art1/. Accessed February 29, 2016Google Scholar
Prosser, C, Anderson, G, Wendel, L, Richard, R, Redlin, B (2002) TEAM leafy spurge: an areawide pest management program. Integrated Pest Manag Rev 7: 47–62Google Scholar
Ransom, CV, Whitesides, RE (2012) Proactive EBIPM: establishing weed prevention areas. Rangelands 34: 35–38Google Scholar
Rebaudo, F, Dangles, O (2011) Coupled information diffusionpest dynamics models predict delayed benefits of farmer cooperation in pest management programs. PLoS Computational Biology 7: e1002222Google Scholar
Rieger, M, Lamond, M, Preston, C, Powles, S, Roush, R (2002) Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance between commercial canola fields. Science 296: 2386–2388Google Scholar
Rogers, EM (2003) Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed.New York: The Free Press. 550 pGoogle Scholar
Sayer, J, Sunderland, T, Ghazoul, J, Pfund, JL, Sheil, D, Meijaard, E, Venter, M, Boedhihartono, AG, Day, M, Garcia, C, van Ooster, C and Buck, LE (2013) Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 8349–8356Google Scholar
Schmidt, C, Pannell, DJ (1994) Economic issues in management of herbicide-resistant weeds. Rev Marketing Agr Econ 64: 301–308Google Scholar
Segerson, K (2013) When is reliance on voluntary approaches in agriculture likely to be effective? Appl Econ Perspect Policy 35: 565–592Google Scholar
Shaner, DL, Beckie, HJ (2014) The future for weed control and technology. Pest Manag Sci 70: 1329–1339Google Scholar
Shaw, DR, Owen, MD, Dixon, PM, Weller, SC, Young, BG, Wilson, RG, Jordan, DL (2011) Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 1: Introduction to 2006–2008. Pest Manag Sci 67: 741–746Google Scholar
Shields, EJ, Dauer, JT, VanGessel, MJ, Neumann, G (2006) Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) seed collected in the planetary boundary layer. Weed Sci 54: 1063–1067Google Scholar
Smith, B, Sheley, RL (2012) Government success in partnerships: the USDA–ARS areawide ecologically based invasive annual grass management program. Rangelands 34: 17–24Google Scholar
Sosnoskie, LM, Webster, TM, Kichler, JM, MacRae, AW, Culpepper, AS (2007) Preliminary estimates of glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus palmeri pollen dispersal distances. Page 28in Main, CL, ed. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference. New Orleans, LA: National Cotton CouncilGoogle Scholar
Sosnoskie, LM, Webster, TM, Kichler, JM, MacRae, AW, Grey, T, Culpepper, AS (2012) Pollen-mediated dispersal of glyphosate-resistance in Palmer amaranth under field conditions. Weed Sci 60: 366–373Google Scholar
Staten, RT, Flint, HM, Weddle, RC, Quintero, E, Zarate, RE, Finnell, CM, Hernandes, M, Yamamoto, A (1987) Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): large-scale field trials with a high-rate gossyplure formation. J Econ Entomol 80: 1267–1271Google Scholar
Sunding, DL (1996) Measuring the marginal cost of nonuniform environmental regulations. Am J Agric Econ 1098–1107Google Scholar
Szmedra, PI, McClendon, RW, Wetzstein, ME (1991) Economic risk efficiency of boll weevil eradication. Southern J Agric Econ 23: 237–244Google Scholar
Tabashnik, BE, Sisterson, MS, Ellsworth, PC, Dennehy, TJ, Antilla, L, Liesner, L, Carrière, Y (2010) Suppressing resistance to Bt cotton with sterile insect releases. Nature Biotechnol 28: 1304–1307Google Scholar
Thomas, MB (1999) Ecological approaches and the development of “truly integrated” pest management. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 5944–5951Google Scholar
Tribble, C, McIntosh, C, Wetzstein, M (1999) Georgia cotton acreage response to the boll weevil eradication program. J Agric Appl Econ 31: 499–506Google Scholar
[US EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011) The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act from 1990 to 2020. Final Report. Revision A. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation. 238 pGoogle Scholar
VanGessel M Johnson, Q (2015) Palmer Amaranth Control in Crop Land. Weed Facts WF-21. Newark, DE: University of Delaware, Cooperative Extension. 12 pGoogle Scholar
Volkmann, K (2010) Monsanto offers millions in rebates to farmers. St. Louis Business Journal, October 19. http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2010/10/19/monsanto-offers-millions-of-dollars-in.html. Accessed February 29, 2016Google Scholar
Walters, ML, Sequeira, R, Staten, R, El-Lissy, O, Moses-Gonzales, N (2009) Eradication: strategies and tactics. Pages 298–308in Radcliffe, E, Hutchison, W, Cancelado, R, eds. Integrated Pest Management: Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Watrud, LS, Lee, EH, Fairbrother, A, Burdick, C, Reichman, JR, Bollman, M, Van de Water, PK (2004) Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 14533–14538Google Scholar
Webster, TM, Sosnoskie, LM (2010) Loss of glyphosate efficacy: a changing weed spectrum in Georgia cotton. Weed Sci 58: 73–79Google Scholar
Wilson, RS, Tucker, MA, Hooker, NH, Lejeune, JT, Doohan, D (2008) Perceptions and beliefs about weed management: perspectives of Ohio grain and produce farmers. Weed Technol 22: 339–350Google Scholar