Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-25T18:41:25.205Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Economic Burden of Affective Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

Dorothy P. Rice  and
Leonard S. Miller
Dorothy P. Rice*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Leonard S. Miller
Affiliation:
School of Social Welfare, 120 Haviland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
*
Professor D. P. Rice, Institute for Health & Aging, N631, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background. This paper summarises the methods and sources of data used to estimate costs of affective disorders and presents the results.

Method. A timing model employing regression analysis was developed to estimate morbidity costs. This model measures the lifetime effect on current income of individuals with affective disorders, taking into account the timing of onset and the duration of these disorders.

Results. Affective disorders imposed an estimated US$20.8 billion burden in 1985 and US$30.4 billion in 1990 in the US. Affective disorders represent 21 % of the costs of all mental illnesses. Direct treatment costs comprised 58.4% of the total in 1985; morbidity costs, 8.1%; mortality costs, the present value of future earnings lost due to premature mortality, 28.9%, based on a 6% discount rate; and other related costs, including the cost of crime, lost productivity due to incarceration, and caregiver services, 4.6%. Private sources account for 49% of the total direct expenditures for treatment of persons with affective disorders; state and local funds, 26%; and federal funds, 25%.

Conclusion. In light of the high burden of affective disorders on societal resources, more attention should be directed at comprehensive, research-based strategies to reduce the prevalence of these disorders in the United States.

Type
III. Economic Aspects of Programmes Dealing with Depressive Disorders
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 166 , Issue S27: Economics of Anxiety and Depression , April 1995 , pp. 34 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Hospital Association (1988) Hospital Statistics, 1987 edn. Chicago: AHA.Google Scholar
American Medical Association (1987) Socioeconomic Characteristics of Medical Practice. Chicago: AMA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Bixby, A. K. (1988) Public social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1985. Social Security Bulletin, 51, 21–31.Google Scholar
Douglass, J. B., Kenney, G. M. & Miller, T. R. (1990) Which estimates of household production are best? Journal of Forensic Economics, 4, 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, L. (1992) Tracking depression and anxiety in primary care. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 1080–1084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franks, D. D. (1990) Economic contribution of families caring for persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 18, 9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. (1990) Manic Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Health Care Financing Administration (1987) National health expenditures, 1986–2000. Health Care Financng Review, 8, 1–36.Google Scholar
Levit, K. R., Lazenby, H. C., Cowan, C. A., et al (1991) National health expenditures, 1990. Health Care Financing Review, 13, 29–54.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, L. S. & Kelman, S. (1992) Estimates of the loss of individual productivity from alcohol and drug abuse and from mental illness. In Economics and Mental Health (eds Frank, R. G. & Manning, B.), pp. 91–129. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (1987) Detailed diagnosis and procedures for patients discharged from short-stay hospitals, United States, 1985. Vital and Health Statistics Series 13, No. 90. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 87–1751. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (1988a) Office visits to psychiatrists, United States, 1985. Vital and Health Statistics Series 13, No. 94. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 88–1755. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (1988b) Vital Statistics of the United States, 1985. Series 11, 6, Life Tables. DHHS Pub No. (PHS) 88–1104. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (1989) The national nursing home survey: 1985 summary for the United States. Vital and Health Statistics Series 13, No. 97. DHHS Pub. No. (DHS) 89–1758. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (1980–1985) Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Program Community Surveys in Five Sites: St Louis, MO; Baltimore, MD; New Haven, CT; Durham, NC; and Los Angeles, CA. Public use data tapes. Rockville, MD: NIMH.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (1988) Specialty Mental Health Organizations: United States, 1985. Mental Health Statistical Note No. 189. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Pharmaceutical Data Services (1985) National Prescription Survey. Scotsdale, AZ: Pharmaceutical Data Services.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D., et al (1988) One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 977–986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, D. P., Kelman, S., Miller, L. S., et al (1990) The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness: 1985. Publication No. (ADM) 90–1694. Rockville, MD: US Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.Google Scholar
Rice, D. P. & Kelman, S. (1989) Measuring comorbidity and overlap in the cost of hospitalization for alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness. Inquiry, 26, 249–260.Google ScholarPubMed
Roose, S. P., Glassman, A. H., Walsh, B. T., et al (1983) Depression, delusions, and suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1159–1162.Google ScholarPubMed
Stoudemire, A., Frank, R., Hedemark, N., et al (1986) The economic burden of depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 8, 387–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Bureau of The Census (1987) Money income of households, families, and persons in the United States, 1985. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 156. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
US Department of Justice (DOJ) (1986) Crime in the United States, 1985. Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.Google Scholar
US Department of Justice (DOJ) (1988) Profile of State Prison Inmates, 1986 (NCJ 109926) Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1978) The Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD–9). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.