Hostname: page-component-669899f699-qzcqf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-24T20:39:06.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Triggering the Formation of Young Clusters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2017

Bruce G. Elmegreen
Bruce G. Elmegreen*
Affiliation:
IBM Research Division, T.J. Watson Research Center, PO Box 218, Yorktown Hts., NY 10598 USA

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Star formation is triggered in essentially three ways: (1) the pressures from existing stars collect and squeeze nearby dense gas into gravitationally unstable configurations, (2) random compression from supersonic turbulence makes new clouds and clumps, some of which are gravitationally unstable, and (3) gravitational instabilities in large parts of a galaxy disk make giant new clouds and spiral arms that fragment by the other two processes into a hierarchy of smaller star-forming pieces. Examples of each process are given. Most dense clusters in the solar neighborhood were triggered by external stellar pressures. Most clusters and young stars on larger scales are organized into hierarchical patterns with an age-size correlation, suggestive of turbulence. Beads-on-a-string of star formation in spiral arms and resonance rings indicate gravitational instabilities. The turbulence model explains the mass spectrum of clusters, the correlation between the fraction of star formation in the form of clusters and the star formation rate, found by Larsen & Richtler, and the correlation between the size of the largest cluster and the number of clusters in a galaxy.

Type
Part 3. Super Star Clusters and Associations
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 207: Extragalactic Star Clusters , 2002 , pp. 390 - 400
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of the Pacific 2002 

References

Asseo, E., Cesarsky, C.J., Lachieze-Ray, M. & Pellat, R. 1978, ApJ, 225, L21 Google Scholar
Ashman, K.M., Conti, A., & Zepf, S.E. 1995, AJ, 110, 1164 Google Scholar
Balbus, S.A., & Hawley, J.F. 1991, ApJ, 376, 214 Google Scholar
Bally, J., Langer, W.D., Stark, A.A., & Wilson, R.W. 1987, ApJ, 312, L45 Google Scholar
Ballesteros-Paredes, J., Hartmann, L., & Vazquez-Semadeni, E. 1999, ApJ, 527, 285 Google Scholar
Ballesteros-Paredes, J., Vazquez-Semadeni, E., & Scalo, 1999, ApJ, 515, 286 Google Scholar
Battinelli, P., Brandimarti, A., & Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R. 1994, A&AS, 104, 379 Google Scholar
Battinelli, P., & Efremov, Y. N. 1999, A&A, 346, 778 Google Scholar
Boulanger, F., & Viallefond, F. 1992, A&A, 266, 37 Google Scholar
Brinks, E., & Bajaja, E. 1986, A&A, 169, 14 Google Scholar
Bryant, P.M., & Scoville, N.Z. 1999, AJ, 117, 2632 Google Scholar
Buta, R., Crocker, D.A., & Byrd, G.G. 1999, AJ, 118, 2071 Google Scholar
Carpenter, J.M. 2000, AJ, 120, 3139 Google Scholar
Comerón, F., & Torra, J. 1996, A&A, 314, 776 Google Scholar
Crovisier, J., & Dickey, J.M. 1983, A&A, 122, 282 Google Scholar
Dinshaw, N., Evans, A.S., Epps, H., Scoville, N.Z., Rieke, M. 1999, ApJ, 525, 702 Google Scholar
Dutrey, A., Langer, W.D., Bally, J., Duvert, C., Castets, A. & Wilson, R.W. 1991, A&A, 247, L9 Google Scholar
Efremov, Y. N., & Elmegreen, B. G. 1998, MNRAS, 299, 588 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 1979, ApJ, 231, 372 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 1989a, ApJ, 340, 786 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 1989b, ApJ, 338, 178 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 1993, ApJ, 419, L29 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 1994, ApJ, 425, L73 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 1998, in Origins, ASP Conf. Series 148, ed. Woodward, C.E., Shull, M., & Thronson, H.A., p. 150 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 2000, ApJ, 530, 277 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G. 2001, ApJ, in preparation Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G., & Elmegreen, D.M. 1983, MNRAS, 203, 31 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G., & Elmegreen, D.M. 1987, ApJ, 320, 182 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G., & Efremov, Yu. N. 1997, ApJ, 480, 235 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G., Efremov, Y.N., Pudritz, R., & Zinnecker, H. 2000, in Protostars and Planets IV, ed. Mannings, V. G., Boss, A. P., & Russell, S. S. (Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press), 179 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G., Kim, S., & Staveley-Smith, L. 2001, ApJ, 548, 749 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, B.G., & Elmegreen, D.M. 2001, AJ, 121, 1507 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, D.M., Chromey, F., Elmegreen, B.G., & Hasselbacher, D. 1996, ApJ, 469, 131 Google Scholar
Elmegreen, D.M., Chromey, F.R., Sawyer, J.E., & Reinfeld, E.L. 1999, AJ, 118, 777 Google Scholar
Evans, N.J. II, 1999, ARAA, 37, 311 Google Scholar
Feinstein, C. 1997, ApJS, 112, 29 Google Scholar
Garcia-Burillo, S., Guelin, M., & Chernicharo, J. 1993, A&A, 274, 123 Google Scholar
de Geus, E.J. 1992, A&A, 262, 258 Google Scholar
Gomez, M., Hartmann, L., Kenyon, S. J., & Hewett, R. 1993, AJ, 105, 1927 Google Scholar
Grabelsky, D.A., Cohen, R.S., May, J., Bronfman, L., & Thaddeus, P. 1987, ApJ, 315, 122 Google Scholar
Green, D.A. 1993, MNRAS, 262, 327 Google Scholar
Harris, J., & Zaritsky, D. 1999, AJ, 117, 2831 Google Scholar
Huber, D., & Pfenniger, D. 1999, in The Evolution of Galaxies on Cosmological Timescale, eds. Beckman, J.E. & Mahoney, T.J., Astrophysics and Space Science, poster paper Google Scholar
Kennicutt, R.C. Jr. 1998, ApJ, 498, 541 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennicutt, R.C., Edgar, B.K., & Hodge, P.W. 1989, ApJ, 337, 761 Google Scholar
Kerton, C.R., & Martin, P.G. 2000, ApJS, 126, 85 Google Scholar
Keto, E., Hora, J.L., Fazio, G.G., Hoffmann, W., & Deutsch, L. 1999, ApJ, 518, 183 Google Scholar
Klessen, R.S., Heitsch, F., & Mac Low, M.-M. 2000, 535, 887 Google Scholar
Kuno, N., Nakai, N., Handa, T., & Sofue, Y. 1995, PASJ, 47, 745 Google Scholar
Lada, C.J., Margulis, M., Sofue, Y., Nakai, N., & Handa, T. 1988, ApJ, 328, 143 Google Scholar
Lada, C. J., Depoy, D. L., Merrill, K. M., & Gatley, I. 1991, ApJ, 374, 533 Google Scholar
Lada, C.J., Alves, J., & Lada, E.A. 1996, AJ, 111, 1964 Google Scholar
Lada, C.J., Alves, J., & Lada, E.A. 1999, ApJ, 512, 250 Google Scholar
Lada, E.A., & Lada, C.J. 1995, AJ, 109, 1682 Google Scholar
Lada, E.A., Evans, N.J. II., & Falgarone, E. 1997, ApJ, 488, 286 Google Scholar
Larsen, S.S., & Richtler, T. 2000, A&A, 354, 836 Google Scholar
Lazarian, A., & Pogosyan, D. 2000, ApJ, 537, 720 Google Scholar
Lefloch, B., & Cernicharo, J. 2000, ApJ, 545, 340 Google Scholar
MacLow, M.-M., Klessen, R. S., Burkert, A., & Smith, M. D. 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 2754 Google Scholar
Maoz, D., Barth, A.J., Sternberg, A., Filippenko, A.V., Ho, L.C., Macchetto, F.D., Rix, H.W., & Schneider, D.P. 1996, AJ, 111, 2248 Google Scholar
Mazzarella, J.M., & Boroson, T.A. 1993, ApJS, 85, 27 Google Scholar
McCray, R., & Kafatos, M. 1987, ApJ, 317, 190 Google Scholar
McKee, C.F., & Williams, J.P. 1997, 476, 144 Google Scholar
Nakano, M., Ichikawa, T., Tanaka, Y.K., Nakai, N., & Sofue, Y. 1987, PASJ, 39, 57 Google Scholar
Nomura, H., & Kamaya, H. 2001, AJ, 121, 1024 Google Scholar
Oey, M. S., & Clarke, C. J. 1998, AJ, 115, 1543 Google Scholar
Ohta, K., Sasaki, M., & Saito, M. 1988, PASJ, 40, 653 Google Scholar
Padoan, P., Juvela, M., Goodman, A.A., & Nordlund, A. 2001, ApJ, 553, 227 Google Scholar
Palla, F., & Stahler, S.W. 1999, ApJ, 525, 772 Google Scholar
Palla, F., & Stahler, S.W. 2000, ApJ, 540, 255 Google Scholar
Parker, E.N. 1966, ApJ, 145, 811 Google Scholar
Phelps, R.L., & Lada, E.A. 1997, ApJ, 477, 176 Google Scholar
Preibisch, T., & Zinnecker, H. 1999, AJ, 117, 2381 Google Scholar
Puche, D., Westpfahl, D., Brinks, E., & Roy, J-R. 1992, AJ, 103, 1841 Google Scholar
Rand, R.J. 1993a, ApJ, 404, 593 Google Scholar
Rand, R.J. 1993b, ApJ, 410, 68 Google Scholar
Reipurth, B., Rodriguez, L.F., & Chini, R. 1999, AJ, 118, 983 Google Scholar
Reynoso, E.M., & Mangum, J.G. 2001, AJ, 121, 347 Google Scholar
Rozas, M., Beckman, J.E., & Knapen, J. H. 1996, 307, 735 Google Scholar
Sancisi, R., Goss, W. M., Anderson, C., Johansson, L. E. B., & Winnberg, A. 1974, A&A, 35, 445 Google Scholar
Sargent, A.I. 1979, ApJ, 233, 163 Google Scholar
Scalo, J., & Chappell, D. 1999, ApJ, 510, 258 Google Scholar
Sellwood, J.A., & Balbus, S.A. 1999, ApJ, 511, 660 Google Scholar
Semelin, B., & Combes, F. 2000, A&A, 360, 1096 Google Scholar
Stanimirovic, S., Staveley-Smith, L., Dickey, J.M., Sault, R.J., & Snowden, S.L. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 417 Google Scholar
Stewart, S.G., Fanelli, M.N., Byrd, G.G., Hill, J.K., Westpfahl, D.J., Cheng, K.-P., O'Connell, R.W., Roberts, M.S., Neff, S.G., Smith, A.M., & Stecher, T.P. 2000, ApJ, 529. 201 Google Scholar
Stewart, S.G., & Walter, F. 2000, AJ, 120, 1794 Google Scholar
Stone, J.M., Ostriker, E.C., & Gammie, C.F. 1998, ApJ, 508, 99 Google Scholar
Stützki, J., Bensch, F., Heithausen, A., Ossenkopf, V., & Zielinsky, M. 1998, A&A, 336, 697 Google Scholar
Testi, L., Sargent, A.I., Olmi, L., & Onello, J.S. 2000, ApJ, 540, L53 Google Scholar
Tilanus, R.P.J., & Allen, R.J., 1993, A&A, 274, 70 Google Scholar
Toomre, A., & Kalnajs, A.J. 1991, in Dynamics of Disk Galaxies, ed. Sundelius, B., University of Chalmers, p. 341 Google Scholar
Turner, J.L., Beck, S.C., & Ho, P.T.P. 2000, ApJ, 532, L109 Google Scholar
Vázquez-Semadeni, E., Passot, T., & Pouquet, A. 1996, ApJ, 473, 881 Google Scholar
Viallefond, F., Goss, W.M., & Allen, R.J. 1982, A&A, 115, 373 Google Scholar
Wada, K., & Norman, C. A. 1999, ApJ, 516, L13 Google Scholar
Wada, K., & Norman, C. A. 2001, ApJ, 547, 172 Google Scholar
Wada, K., Spaans, M., & Kim, S. 2000, ApJ, 540, 797 Google Scholar
Walter, F., & Brinks, E. 1999, AJ, 118, 273 Google Scholar
Watson, et al. 1996 AJ 112, 534 Google Scholar
Westpfahl, D.J., Coleman, P.H., Alexander, J., & Tongue, T. 1999, AJ, 117, 868 Google Scholar
Whitmore, B.C. 2000, in STScI Symposium Series 14, ed. Livio, M., astroph/0012546 Google Scholar
Whitmore, B.C., & Schweizer, F. 1995, AJ, 109, 960 Google Scholar
Wilcots, E.M, & Miller, B.W. 1998, AJ, 116, 2363 Google Scholar
Xie, T., & Goldsmith, P.F. 1994, ApJ, 430, 252 Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, R., Mizuno, N., Onishi, T., Mizuno, A., & Fukui, Y. 2001, ApJL, 553, 185 Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., & Fall, S.M. 1999, ApJ, 527, L81 Google Scholar