Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-9xpg2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-13T05:32:10.448Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Infrared Spectra of Venus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2015

Louise Gray Young
Louise Gray Young*
Affiliation:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., U.S.A.

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A historical account of observations of Venus and their interpretation is given. The major constituent of the atmosphere on Venus (CO2) was detected spectroscopically forty years ago, and minor constituents (CO, HF, HCl) have been found more recently. The infrared spectra also provide a means of studying the motions of her cloudy atmosphere. The composition of the clouds has been sought in the reflection spectrum of Venus, and some of the evidence for their nature is discussed.

Information

Type
Part II Terrestrial Planets
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 65: Exploration of the Planetary System , 1974 , pp. 77 - 160
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1974 

References

Abbot, C. G., Fowle, F. E., and Aldrich, L. B.: 1922, Ann. Astrophys. Obs. Smithsonian Inst. 4, 334–344.Google Scholar
Adams, W. S. and Dunham, T.: 1932, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 44, 243.Google Scholar
Adel, A.: 1937, Astrophys. J. 86, 337.Google Scholar
Adel, A. and Dennison, D. M.: 1933, Phys. Rev. 43, 716; ibid. 44, 99.Google Scholar
Adel, A. and Slipher, V. M.: 1934, Phys. Rev. 46, 240.Google Scholar
Adel, A., Slipher, V. M., and Barker, E. F.: 1935, Phys. Rev. 47, 580.Google Scholar
Angstrom, K.: 1890, Ann. Phys. 39, 267.Google Scholar
Arrhenius, S.: 1908, Worlds in the Making, Harper, New York, p. 58.Google Scholar
Arrhenius, S.: 1918, The Destinies of the Stars, Putnam, New York, p. 250.Google Scholar
Avduevsky, V. S., Marov, M. Ya., and Rozhdestvensky, M. K.: 1968, J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 537.Google Scholar
Avduevsky, V. S., Marov, M. Ya., and Rozhdestvensky, M. K.: 1970, J. Atmospheric Sci. 27, 561.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, E. E.: 1897, Astrophys. J. 5, 299.Google Scholar
Barrett, A. H.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 133, 281.Google Scholar
Barrett, A. H. and Staelin, D. H.: 1964, Space Sci. Rev. 3, 109.Google Scholar
Belopolsky, A.: 1900, Astron. Nachr. 152, 263.Google Scholar
Beer, R., Norton, R. H., and Martonchik, J. V.: 1971, Astrophys. J. 168, L121.Google Scholar
Belton, M. J. S.: 1968, J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 596.Google Scholar
Belton, M. J. S. and Hunten, D. M.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belton, M. J. S. and Hunten, D. M.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 153, 970.Google Scholar
Belton, M. J. S. and Hunten, D. M.: 1969, Astrophys. J. 156, 797.Google Scholar
Belton, M. J. S., Hunten, D. M., and Goody, R. M.: 1968, in Brandt, J. C. and McElroy, M. B. (eds.) The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars, Gordon and Breach, New York, p. 69.Google Scholar
Bemporad, A.: 1901, Mem. Soc. Spett. Ital. 30, 217.Google Scholar
Bemporad, A.: 1904, Mitt. Grossh. Sternwarte Heidelberg 4, 1.Google Scholar
Bottema, M., Plummer, W., and Strong, J.: 1964a, Astrophys. J. 139 1021.Google Scholar
Bottema, M., Plummer, W., and Strong, J.: 1965a, Ann. Astrophys. 28, 225.Google Scholar
Bottema, M., Plummer, W., Strong, J., and Zander, R.: 1964b, Astrophys. J. 140, 1640.Google Scholar
Bottema, M., Plummer, W., Strong, J., and Zander, R.: 1965b, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4401.Google Scholar
Bouguer, P.: 1760, Traité d'optique sur la gradiation de la lumière, ouvrage posthume, publié par l'abbé de Lacaille, Paris.Google Scholar
Boyer, C.: 1965, Astronomie 79, 323.Google Scholar
Boyer, C. and Camichel, H.: 1961, Ann. Astrophys. 24, 531.Google Scholar
Boyer, C. and Camichel, H.: 1967, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 264, 990.Google Scholar
Boyer, C. and Guerin, P.: 1966, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 263, 253.Google Scholar
Boyer, C. and Guérin, P.: 1969, Icarus 11, 338.Google Scholar
Boyer, C. and Guerin, P.: 1971, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 273, 154.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J.: 1972, Icarus 17, 608.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. L.: 1970, Astron. J. 75, 61.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, J. W.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 141, 1184.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, J. W.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 159, 137.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, J. W. and Kuiper, G. P.: 1956, Astrophys. J. 124, 399.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, J. W. and Smith, G. R.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 160, 755.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, J. W. and Smith, G. R.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 173, 469.Google Scholar
Chandrasekhar, S.: 1950, Radiative Transfer, Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Chapman, S.: 1931, Proc. Phys. Soc. 43, 483.Google Scholar
Chase, S. C., Kaplan, L. D., and Neugebauer, G.: 1963, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 6157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claydon, A. W.: 1909, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 69, 195.Google Scholar
Claydon, A. W.: 1918, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 79, 507.Google Scholar
Coblentz, W. W.: 1905, Investigations of Infrared Spectra, Carnegie Inst., Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Coblentz, W. W. and Lampland, C. O.: 1924, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 36, 272.Google Scholar
Coblentz, W. W. and Lampland, C. O.: 1925a, J. Franklin Inst. 199, 785.Google Scholar
Coblentz, W. W. and Lampland, C. O.: 1925b, J. Franklin Inst. 200, 103.Google Scholar
Coblentz, W. W. and Lampland, C. O.: 1927, Nat. Bur. Stand. Sci. Papers 22, 237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coffeen, D. L.: 1968, , Univ. Arizona.Google Scholar
Coffeen, D. L.: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coffeen, D. L. and Gehrels, T.,: 1969, Astron. J. 74, 433.Google Scholar
Connes, P., Connes, J., Benedict, W. S., and Kaplan, L. D.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 147, 1230.Google Scholar
Connes, P., Connes, J., Kaplan, L. D., and Benedict, W. S.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connes, J., Connes, P., and Maillard, J. P.: 1969, Atlas des spectres dans le proche infrarouge de Venus, Mars, Jupiter et Saturne, CNRS, Paris.Google Scholar
Courtoy, C. P.: 1959, Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles 73, 5.Google Scholar
Cruikshank, D. P.: 1967, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 98.Google Scholar
Cruikshank, D. P. and Kuiper, G. P.: 1967, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 97.Google Scholar
Danielson, R. E. and Solomon, P. M.: 1966, Astron. J. 71, 382.Google Scholar
Danilov, A. D. and Yatsenko, S. P.: 1963, Geomagnetizm i Aeronomiya 3, 585.Google Scholar
Danilov, A. D.: 1964, Kosmich. Issled., Akad. Nauk SSSR 2, 188.Google Scholar
Davidson, G. T. and Anderson, A. D.: 1967, Science 156, 1729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayhoff, M. O., Eck, R. V., Lippincott, E. R., and Sagan, C.: 1967, Science 155, 556.Google Scholar
Deirmendjian, D.: 1964, Icarus 3, 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickel, J. R.: 1967, Icarus 6, 417.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1953, Astronomie 67, 61.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1955a, Astronomie 69, 413.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1955b, Thése, Univ. Paris, Suppl. Ann. Astrophys, 1955.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1958, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 246, 2345.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1963a, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 256, 1920.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1963b, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 256, 3250.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1966, Proc. Caltech-JPL Lunar and Planetary Conference (JPL TM 33–266).Google Scholar
Dollfus, A.: 1968, in Brandt, J. and McElroy, M. B. (eds.), Atmospheres of Venus and Mars, Gordon and Breach, New York, p. 147.Google Scholar
Dollfus, A. and Coffeen, D. L.: 1970, Astron. Astrophys. 8, 251.Google Scholar
Drake, F. D.: 1967, Astrophys J. 149, 459.Google Scholar
Dunham, T. Jr.: 1949 in Kuiper, G. P. (ed.), The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, 1st ed. University of Chicago Press, p. 286.Google Scholar
Eshleman, V.: 1968, Science 162, 661.Google Scholar
Espinola, R. P. and Blau, H. H.: 1965, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 6263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evershed, J.: 1918, Observatory 41, 371.Google Scholar
Evershed, J.: 1919a, Observatory 42, 51.Google Scholar
Evershed, J.: 1919b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 79, 257.Google Scholar
Evershed, J.: 1919c, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 80, 7.Google Scholar
Fabry, Ch.: 1929, J. Obs. 12, 1.Google Scholar
Fesenkov, V. G.: 1955, Astron. Zh. 32, 265.Google Scholar
Fink, U., Larson, H. P., Kuiper, G. P., and Poppin, R. F.: 1972, Icarus 17, 617.Google Scholar
Flammarion, C.: 1894, Observatory 17, 354.Google Scholar
Gehrels, T. and Samuelson, R. E.: 1961, Astrophys. J. 134, 1022.Google Scholar
Gerasimovič, : 1937, Pulkova Obs. Bull., No. 127.Google Scholar
Gillett, F. C., Low, F. J., and Stein, W. A.: 1968, J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 594.Google Scholar
Gray, L. D.: 1965, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 5, 795.Google Scholar
Gray, L. D.: 1966, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1455.Google Scholar
Gray, L. D.: 1967, Icarus 8, 513.Google Scholar
Gray, L. D.: 1969, Icarus 10, 90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, L. D. and Schorn, R. A.: 1968, Icarus 8, 409.Google Scholar
Gray, L. D., Schorn, R. A., and Barker, E.: 1969, Appl. Opt. 8, 2087.Google Scholar
Gray, L. D. and Young, A. T.: 1969, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 9, 569.Google Scholar
Green, A. E. S. and Martin, J. D.: in Green, A. E. S. (ed.), 1966, The Middle Ultraviolet: Its Science and Technology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Chap. 7.Google Scholar
Hall, R. W. and Branson, N. J. B. A.: 1971, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 151, 185.Google Scholar
Hanel, R., Forman, M., Stamback, G., and Meilleur, T.: 1968, J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 586.Google Scholar
Hansen, J. E. and Arking, A.: 1971, Science 171, 669.Google Scholar
Hansen, J. E. and Cheyney, H.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartech, P., Reeves, R. R. Jr., and Thompson, B. A.: 1963, NASA TN D-1984.Google Scholar
Hastings, C. S.: 1883, Sidereal Messenger 1, 273.Google Scholar
Held, E. F. M. van der: 1931, Z. Physik 70, 508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herschel, W.: 1793, Phil. Trans. 100, 201.Google Scholar
Herzberg, G.: 1945, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, II. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand, New York.Google Scholar
Herzberg, G.: 1950, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, I. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand, Princeton, (2nd Ed.), p. 169.Google Scholar
Herzberg, G.: 1951, J. Roy Astron. Soc. Can. 45, 100.Google Scholar
Herzberg, G.: 1966, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, III. Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand, Princeton, p. 507.Google Scholar
Heyden, F. S., Kiess, C. C., and Kiess, H. K.: 1959, Science 130, 1195.Google Scholar
Ho, W., Kaufman, I. A., and Thaddeus, P.: 1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 5091.Google Scholar
Howard, J. N., Burch, D. L., and Williams, D.: 1951, AFCRC-TR-55-213, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Hoyle, F.: 1955, Frontiers of Astronomy, Harper, New York, p. 68.Google Scholar
Huggins, W.: 1864, Phil. Trans. 154, 422.Google Scholar
Hulst, H. C. van de: 1952, in Kuiper, G. P. (ed.), The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, (2nd ed.) Univ. of Chicago Press, Chap. 3.Google Scholar
Hunt, G. E.: 1972a, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 12, 387.Google Scholar
Hunt, G. E.: 1972b, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 12, 405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, G. E.: 1973, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 13, 465.Google Scholar
Hunt, G. E. and Schorn, R. A. J.: 1971, Nature Phys. Sci. 233, 39.Google Scholar
Hunten, D. M.: 1971, Space Sci. Rev. 12, 539.Google Scholar
Hunten, D. M., Belton, M. J. S., and Spinrad, H.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 150, L125.Google Scholar
Hunten, D. M. and Goody, R. M.: 1969, Science 165, 1317.Google Scholar
Janssen, M. A., Hills, R. E., Thornton, D. D., and Welch, W. J.: 1973, Science 179, 994.Google Scholar
Jenkins, E. B., Morton, D. C., and Sweigart, A. V.: 1969, Astrophys. J. 157, 913.Google Scholar
Jones, D. E.: 1961, Planetary Space Sci. 5, 166.Google Scholar
Kaplan, L. D.: 1961, Planetary Space Sci. 8, 23.Google Scholar
Kaplan, L. D.: 1962, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liége 7, 323.Google Scholar
Kaplan, L. D.: 1963, in Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics, Supplementary, Vol. I, Pergamon, Oxford.Google Scholar
King, A. S.: 1922, Astrophys. J. 55, 411.Google Scholar
Kliore, A., Levi, G. S., Cain, D. L., Fjeldbo, G., and Rasool, S. I.: 1967, Science 158, 1683.Google Scholar
Kliore, A. and Cain, D. L.: 1968, J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 549.Google Scholar
Kourganoff, V.: 1952, Basic Methods in Transfer Problems, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kozyrev, N. A.: 1954a, Publ. Crimean Astrophys. Obs. 12, 169.Google Scholar
Kozyrev, N. A.: 1954b, Publ. Crimean Astrophys. Obs. 12, 177.Google Scholar
Kozyrev, N. A.: 1966, Publ. Main Astron. Obs. Pulkova 24, 76.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1947, Astrophys. J. 106, 251.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1949, Astrophys. J. 109, 540.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1952, in Kuiper, G. P. (ed.), The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, Univ. of Chicago Press, p. 371.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1954, Astrophys. J. 120, 603.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1957, in Zelihoff, M. (ed.), The Threshold of Space, Pergamon Press, New York, p. 85.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1962, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 15.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1967, Newsweek, 12 June, p. 65.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P.: 1969, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 101.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P. and Forbes, F. F.: 1967, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 95.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P., Forbes, F. F., Steinmetz, D. L., and Mitchell, R. I.: 1969, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 100.Google Scholar
Kuiper, G. P., Sill, G. T., Cruikshank, D. P., and Fink, U.: 1967, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab., No. 99.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, A. D.: 1964, in Florkin, M. and Dollfus, A. (eds.), ‘Life Sciences and Space Research‘, North. Holland, Amsterdam, Vol. II, p. 211.Google Scholar
Kuzmin, A. D.: 1967, Radiophysics 1965–1966, Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow.Google Scholar
Ladenburg, R. and Reiche, F.: 1913, Ann. Phys. 42, 18.Google Scholar
Lambert, J. H.: 1760, Photometria sine de Mensura et Gradibus Luminis, Colorum et Umbrae, Augustae Vindelicorum.Google Scholar
Langley, S. P. and Abbott, C. G.: 1900, Ann. Astrophys. Obs. Smithsonian Inst. 1.Google Scholar
Laplace, P. S.: 1805, Mechanique Celeste 4, Book 10, Chap. 3.Google Scholar
Lemansky, M. S.: 1871, Monatsberichte der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S.: 1968a, Icarus 8, 434.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S.: 1968b, Astrophys. J. 152, L79.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S.: 1969, Icarus 11, 367.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S.: 1971a, Nature 230, 295.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S.: 1971b, Am. Scientist 59, 557.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 171, L75.Google Scholar
Link, F.: 1969, Eclipse Phenomena in Astronomy, Springer Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
Lowell, P.: 1905, Lowell Obs. Bull. No. 17.Google Scholar
Lyman, T.: 1866, Am. J. Sci. (2) 43, 129.Google Scholar
Lyman, T.: 1874, Am. J. Sci. (3) 9, 47.Google Scholar
Lyot, B.: 1929, Ann. Obs. Paris (Meudon) 8, 1.Google Scholar
Mädler, I. H.: 1849, Astron. Nachr. 29, 107.Google Scholar
Margolis, H.: 1964, Bull. Atomic Scientists, April, p. 38.Google Scholar
Margolis, J. S., Schorn, R. A. J., and Young, L. D. G.: 1971, Icarus 15, 197.Google Scholar
Marov, M. Ya.: 1972, Icarus 16, 415.Google Scholar
Mayer, C. H., McCullough, T. P., and Sloanaker, R. M.: 1958, Astrophys. J. 127, 1.Google Scholar
McClatchey, R. A.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 148, L93.Google Scholar
McClatchey, R. A., Benedict, W. S., Clough, S. A., Burch, D. E., Calfee, R. F., Fox, K., Rothman, L.S., and Garing, J. S.: 1973, Atmospheric Absorption Line Parameters Compilation, AFCRL-TR-73-0096.Google Scholar
Menzel, D. H.: 1923, Astrophys. J. 58, 65.Google Scholar
Menzel, D. H.: 1936, Astrophys. J. 84, 462.Google Scholar
Menzel, D. H., Coblentz, W. W., and Lampland, C. O.: 1926, Astrophys. J. 63, 177.Google Scholar
Menzel, D. H. and Whipple, F. L.: 1955, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 67, 161.Google Scholar
Mintz, Y.: 1961, Planetary Space Sci. 5, 141.Google Scholar
Möller, J.: 1900, Astron. Nachr. 152, 76.Google Scholar
Moore, P.: 1959, The Planet Venus, Mcmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Moroz, V. I.: 1963, Astron. Zh. 40, 144.Google Scholar
Moroz, V. I.: 1964a, Astron. Zh. 41, 411.Google Scholar
Moroz, V. I.: 1964b, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 9, 406.Google Scholar
Moroz, V. I.: 1967, Astron. Zh. 44, 816.Google Scholar
Moroz, V. I.: 1971, Nature Phys. Sci. 231, 36.Google Scholar
Mueller, R. F.: 1964, Icarus 3, 285.Google Scholar
Murray, B. C., Wildey, R. L., and Westphal, J. A.: 1963a, Science 140, 391.Google Scholar
Murray, B. C., Wildey, R. L., and Westphal, J. A.: 1963b, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 4813.Google Scholar
Newcomb, S.: 1906, A Compendium of Sperical Astronomy, Macmillan, New York, p. 199.Google Scholar
Newkirk, G.: 1959, Planetary Space Sci. 1, 32.Google Scholar
Ohring, G.: 1966, Icarus 5, 329.Google Scholar
Ohring, G.: 1969, Icarus 11, 171.Google Scholar
O'Leary, B.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 754.Google Scholar
O'Leary, B.: 1970, Icarus 13, 292.Google Scholar
Öpik, E. J.: 1955, Irish Astron. J. 3, 192.Google Scholar
Öpik, E. J.: 1956, Irish Astron. J. 4, 37.Google Scholar
Öpik, E. J.: 1965, Irish Astron. J. 7, 130.Google Scholar
Owen, T.: 1962, Comm. Lunar Planet. Lab. 1, 29–31.Google Scholar
Owen, T.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 150, L121.Google Scholar
Owen, T.: 1968a, Science 161, 915.Google Scholar
Owen, T.: 1968b, J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 583.Google Scholar
Owen, T. and Sagan, C.: 1972, Icarus 16, 557.Google Scholar
Paschen, F.: 1894, Ann. Physik 53, 324.Google Scholar
Payne-Gaposchkin, C.: 1950, The Reporter, March 14, p. 37.Google Scholar
Petit, E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1923, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 35, 194.Google Scholar
Petit, E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1924, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 36, 227, 269.Google Scholar
Petit, E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1927; Publ. Am. Astron. Soc. 5, 184.Google Scholar
Petit, E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1930, Astrophys. J. 71, 102.Google Scholar
Petit, E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1936, Astrophys. J. 83, 84.Google Scholar
Petit, E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1955, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 67, 203.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T.: 1969a, Science 163, 1191.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T.: 1969b, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3331.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T.: 1970, Icarus 12, 233.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T. and Carson, R. K.: 1970, Astrophys. J. 159, 159.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T. and Strong, J.: 1965, Astronaut. Acta 11, 375.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T. and Strong, J.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 144, 422.Google Scholar
Plummer, W. T. and Strong, J.: 1967, Astrophys. J. 149, 463.Google Scholar
Pollack, J. B.: 1969, Icarus 10, 314.Google Scholar
Pollack, J. B. and Morrison, D.: 1970, Icarus 12, 376.Google Scholar
Pollack, , and Sagan, J. B., Sagan, C.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5943.Google Scholar
Pollack, J. B., and Wood, A. T. Jr.,: 1968, Science 161, 1125.Google Scholar
Priester, W., Roemer, M., and Schmidt-Kaler, T.: 1962, Nature 196, 465.Google Scholar
Prokofiev, V. K. and Petrova, N. N.: 1962, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 7, 311.Google Scholar
Rasool, S. I.: 1970, Radio Sci. 5, 367.Google Scholar
Rea, D. G.: 1972, Rev. Geophys. Space Sci. 10, 369.Google Scholar
Rea, D. G. and O'Leary, B. T.: 1968, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 664.Google Scholar
Regas, J. L., Boese, R. W., Giver, L. P., and Miller, J. H.: 1973, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 13, 461.Google Scholar
Regas, J. L., Giver, L. P., Boese, R. W., and Miller, J. H.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 173, 711.Google Scholar
Regas, J. L. and Sagan, C.: 1970a, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2, 116.Google Scholar
Regas, J. L. and Sagan, C.: 1970b, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2, 138.Google Scholar
Richardson, E. H.: 1960, Astron. J. 65, 56.Google Scholar
Richardson, R. S.: 1955, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 67, 304.Google Scholar
Richardson, R. S.: 1958, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 70, 251.Google Scholar
Robbins, R. C.: 1965, Planetary Space Sci. 12, 1143.Google Scholar
Ross, F. E.: 1928, Astrophys. J. 68, 57.Google Scholar
Ross, F. E.: 1931, Publ. Am. Astron. Soc. 6, 30.Google Scholar
Rubens, H. and Aschkinass, E.: 1898, Ann. Physik 64, 584.Google Scholar
Russell, H. N.: 1899, Astrophys. J. 9, 297.Google Scholar
Russell, H. N.: 1916, Astrophys. J. 43, 190.Google Scholar
Sagan, C.: 1960, M. Google Scholar
Sagan, C.: 1961, Science 133, 849.Google Scholar
Sagan, C.: 1967a, Astrophys. J. 149, 731.Google Scholar
Sagan, C.: 1967b, Nature 216, 1198.Google Scholar
Sagan, C.: 1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 1119.Google Scholar
Sagan, C.: 1971, in Sagan, C., Owen, T. C., and Smith, H. J. (eds.), ‘Planetary Atmospheres’, IAU Symp. 40, 116.Google Scholar
Sagan, C. and Kellogg, W. W.: 1963, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1, 235.Google Scholar
Sagan, C. and Pollack, J. B.: 1967, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 469.Google Scholar
Sagan, C. and Pollack, J. B.: 1969, Icarus 10, 247.Google Scholar
Sagan, C. and Regas, J.: 1970, Comments Astrophys. Space Phys. 2, 161.Google Scholar
Scheiner, J.: 1894, A Treatbise on Astronomical Spectroscopy, Ginn and Co., Boston.Google Scholar
Schiaparelli, G. V.: 1890, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 2, 246.Google Scholar
Schilling, G. F. and Moore, R. C.: 1967, Memorandum RM-5386-PR, ‘The Twilight Atmosphere of Venus’, Rand Corporation, July 1967.Google Scholar
Schoenberg, E.: 1929, in Handbuch der Astrophysik, Band II, ‘Grundlagen der Astrophysik’, Julius Springer, Berlin, pp. 171–190.Google Scholar
Schorn, R. A. and Young, L. G.: 1971, Icarus 15, 103.Google Scholar
Schorn, R. A., Barker, E. S., Gray, L. D., and Moore, R. C.: 1969a, Icarus 10, 98.Google Scholar
Schorn, R. A., Gray, L. D., and Barker, E. S.: 1969b, Icarus 10, 241.Google Scholar
Schorn, R. A., Young, L. G., and Barker, E. S.: 1970, Icarus 12, 391.Google Scholar
Schorn, R. A., Young, L. D. G., and Barker, E. S.: 1971, Icarus 14, 21.Google Scholar
Schröter, J.: 1792, Phil. Trans. 100, 309.Google Scholar
Scott, A. H. and Reese, E. J.: 1972, Icarus 17, 589.Google Scholar
Sill, G. T.: 1973, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 5, 299.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1953, , Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1961, Proc. of 11th General Assembly IAU, Berkeley, 246.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1962a, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 7, 300.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1962b, Appl. Opt. 1, 105.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1963, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 3, 551.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1964a, AFCRL-64-926, Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M.: 1964b, Appl. Opt. 3, 175.Google Scholar
Sinton, W. M. and Strong, J.: 1960, Astrophys. J. 131, 470.Google Scholar
Slipher, E. C., and Edson, J. B.: 1939 Publ. Am. Astron. Soc. 9, 229.Google Scholar
Slipher, V. M.: 1903a, Astron. Nachr., p. 35.Google Scholar
Slipher, V. M.: 1903b, Lowell Obs. Bull., No. 3.Google Scholar
Slipher, V. M.: 1908, Astrophys. J. 28, 397.Google Scholar
Slipher, V. M.: 1921, Lowell Obs. Publ., No. 84.Google Scholar
Smith, B.: 1967, Science 158, 115.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1962a, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 74, 156.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1962b, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 74, 187.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1962c, Icarus 1, 226.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1962d, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 7, 322.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1962e, Astrophys. J. 135, 651.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 145, 943.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H. and Richardson, E. H.: 1965, Astrophys. J. 141, 282.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H. and Shawl, S. J.: 1966, Astrophys. J. 146, 328.Google Scholar
St. John, C. E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1920, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 32, 332.Google Scholar
St. John, C. E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1921, Astrophys. J. 53, 380.Google Scholar
St. John, C. E. and Nicholson, S. B.: 1922, Publ. Am. Astron. Soc. 4, 326.Google Scholar
Strong, J.: 1965, Sci. Am. 212, 28.Google Scholar
Struve, O.: 1948, Astron. J. 53, 161.Google Scholar
Struve, O.: 1954, Sky Telesc. 13, 118.Google Scholar
Tacchini, and Ricco, : 1882, Mem. Spettr. Italiani.Google Scholar
Thompson, H. W. and Healy, N.: 1936, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A157, 331.Google Scholar
Tolbert, C. and Straiton, A. W.: 1962, J. Geophys. Res. 67, 1741.Google Scholar
Unsöld, A. and Struve, O.: 1949, Astrophys. J. 110, 455.Google Scholar
Vakhnin, V. M. and Lobedinskii, A. J.: 1966, Zemlya i Vselennaya, No. 1, p. 79.Google Scholar
Vaucouleurs, G. de and Menzel, D. H.: 1960, Nature 188, 28.Google Scholar
Velikovsky, I.: 1950, Worlds in Collision, Doubleday, New York, p. 369.Google Scholar
Veverka, J.: 1971, Icarus 14, 282.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A. P., Surkov, Yu. A. and Florensky, C. P.: 1968 J. Atmospheric Sci. 25, 535.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A. P., Surkov, A., and Andreichikov, B. M.: 1970a, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 190, 552.Google Scholar
Vinogradov, A. P., Surkov, Yu. A., Andreichikov, B. M., Kalinkina, O. M., and Grechisheheva, I. M.: 1970b, Cosmic Res. 8, 533.Google Scholar
Vogel, H.: 1874, Untersuchungen über die Spectra der Planeten, s. 10.Google Scholar
Walker, R. G. and Sagan, C.: 1966, Icarus 5, 105.Google Scholar
Warner, B.: 1960, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 121, 271.Google Scholar
Wildt, R.: 1940a, Astrophys. J. 91, 266.Google Scholar
Wildt, R.: 1940b, Astrophys. J. 92, 247.Google Scholar
Wildt, R.: 1942, Astrophys. J. 96, 312.Google Scholar
Wood, A. T., Wattson, R. B., and Pollack, J. B.: 1968, Science 162, 114.Google Scholar
Wright, W. H.: 1927, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 39, 220.Google Scholar
Young, A. T.: 1973, Icarus 18, 564.Google Scholar
Young, A. T. and Gray, L. D.: 1968, Icarus 9, 74.Google Scholar
Young, C.A.: 1885, Am. J. Sci. Arts. 35, 328.Google Scholar
Young, L. G.: 1969, Icarus 11, 66.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G.: 1970a, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 10, 99.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G.: 1970b, Icarus 13, 270.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G.: 1970c, Icarus 13, 449.Google Scholar
Young, L. G.: 1972, Icarus 17, 632.Google Scholar
Young, L. G. and Young, A. T.: 1972, Astrophys. J. 176, 533.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G. and Young, A. T.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 179, L 43.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G., Schorn, R. A., Barker, E. S., and McFarlane, M.: 1969, Icarus 11, 390.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G., Schorn, R. A. J., and Barker, E. S.: 1970a, Icarus 13, 58.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G., Schorn, R. A. J., and Smith, H. J.: 1970b, Icarus 13, 74.Google Scholar
Young, L. D. G., Young, A. T., and Schorn, R. A.: 1970c, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 10, 1291.Google Scholar
Young, L. D., Schorn, R. A. J., Barker, E. S., and Woszczyk, A.: 1971, Acta Astron. 21, 329.Google Scholar
Young, L. G., Young, A. T., Young, J. W., and Bergstralh, J. T.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 181, L5.Google Scholar