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Effects of paleoclimatic variables on suitable open habitats for Pleistocene–Holocene megafauna in South America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 December 2024

Célia Cristina Clemente Machado Open the ORCID record for Célia Cristina Clemente Machado [Opens in a new window] ,
Vivianne Albano de Lucena ,
Nathália Fernandes Canassa ,
David Holanda de Oliveira  and
Helder Farias Pereira de Araujo
Célia Cristina Clemente Machado*
Affiliation:
Center of Applied Biological and Social Sciences, Paraíba State University, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58071-470, Brazil
Vivianne Albano de Lucena
Affiliation:
Center of Applied Biological and Social Sciences, Paraíba State University, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58071-470, Brazil
Nathália Fernandes Canassa
Affiliation:
Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Piauí Federal University, Floriano, Piauí, 64808-605, Brazil Postgraduate Program of Biological Sciences – Zoology, Paraíba Federal University, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58050-585, Brazil
David Holanda de Oliveira
Affiliation:
Paleontology and Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Paraíba Federal University, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil
Helder Farias Pereira de Araujo
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Biogeography and Ecosystem Services, Department of Biosciences, Paraíba Federal University, Areia, Paraíba, 58397-000, Brazil
*
Corresponding author: Célia Cristina Clemente Machado; Email: celiaccmachado1980@servidor.uepb.edu.br
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Abstract

The cause of megafauna extinction in South America remains clouded in controversy, since it took place at a time of intense climate change and almost at the same time as the initial human influx into the continent. In this paper, we aimed to assess the effects of climate change on open vegetation habitats and, consequently, on megafauna extinction in South America by using a species distribution model, fossil records, and paleoclimatic projections. In addition, we evaluated the effects of climatic variables on the distribution of suitable habitats across South America. Our results demonstrated alternating intervals of expansion and contraction of suitable areas for megafauna persistence, mainly in response to lower and higher precipitation, in the last 21 ka in all regions of South America. However, the amplitude of this oscillation was more significant in the Brazilian Northeast. In the Andean and Chaco–Pampas regions, greater precipitation stability resulted in greater stability in habitat suitability; therefore, for these regions, other factors must have predominated for the extinction of the megafauna. We therefore concluded that in the Andean and Chaco–Pampas regions, climate change was not solely responsible for the disappearance of megafauna, but in the Brazilian Northeast, it may have been decisive.

Keywords

PaleoecologyMaxEntopen vegetationhabitat modelingQuaternaryenvironmental changes
Type
Research Article
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Quaternary Research , Volume 123 , January 2025 , pp. 16 - 26
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Quaternary Research Center

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