Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-hw7sx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-03T01:53:04.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 December 2015

E. Bora  and
C. Pantelis
E. Bora*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
C. Pantelis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: E. Bora, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Alan Gilbert Building NNF level 3, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia. (Email: ibora@unimelb.edu.au)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Impairment in social cognition is an established finding in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Emerging evidence suggests that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might be also associated with deficits in theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition. However, there are inconsistent findings, and it has been debatable whether such deficits persist beyond childhood and how similar social cognitive deficits are in ADHD v. ASD.

Method

We conducted a meta-analysis of social cognition, including emotion recognition and ToM, studies in ADHD compared with healthy controls and ASD. The current meta-analysis involved 44 studies comparing ADHD (n = 1999) with healthy controls (n = 1725) and 17 studies comparing ADHD (n = 772) with ASD (n = 710).

Results

Facial and vocal emotion recognition (d = 0.40–0.44) and ToM (d = 0.43) abilities were significantly impaired in ADHD. The most robust facial emotion recognition deficits were evident in anger and fear. Social cognitive deficits were either very subtle (emotion recognition) or non-significant (ToM) in adults with ADHD. Deficits in social cognition, especially ToM, were significantly more pronounced in ASD compared with ADHD. General cognitive impairment has contributed to social cognitive deficits in ADHD.

Conclusions

Performance of individuals with ADHD on social cognition lies intermediate between ASD and healthy controls. However, developmental trajectories of social cognition probably differ between ADHD and ASD as social cognitive deficits in ADHD might be improving with age in most individuals. There is a need for studies investigating a potential subtype of ADHD with persistent social cognitive deficits and exploring longitudinal changes in social cognition during development.

Keywords

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderautismemotion recognitionsocial cognitiontheory of mind

Information

Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 4 , March 2016 , pp. 699 - 716
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aboulafia-Brakha, T, Christe, B, Martory, MD, Annoni, JM (2011). Theory of mind tasks and executive functions: a systematic review of group studies in neurology. Journal of Neuropsychology 5, 39–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adachi, T, Koeda, T, Hirabayashi, S, Maeoka, Y, Shiota, M, Wright, EC, Wada, A (2004). The metaphor and sarcasm scenario test: a new instrument to help differentiate high functioning pervasive developmental disorder from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Development 26, 301–306.Google Scholar
Albiez, VB (2014). Neuropsychology, Theory of Mind, and Psychosocial Functioning in Adults with ADHD. Thesis, Technical-University-Munich.Google Scholar
Alderson, RM, Kasper, LJ, Hudec, KL, Patros, CH (2013). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and working memory in adults: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 27, 287–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, SL (2010). Social Cognitive Abilities and Social Functioning in Children with Asperger's Disorder: A Comparison with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Thesis, Drexel University.Google Scholar
Altıntas, HO (2014). Evaluation of Theory of Mind Abilities in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Thesis, Ankara University.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing: Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
Aspan, N, Bozsik, C, Gadoros, J, Nagy, P, Inantsy-Pap, J, Vida, P, Halasz, J (2014). Emotion recognition pattern in adolescent boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biomedical Research International 2014, 761340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayaz, AB, Ayaz, M, Yazgan, Y (2013). Alterations in social reciprocity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 24, 101–110.Google ScholarPubMed
Azadi Sohi, B (2012). Cognitive Task Performances as Biomarkers & Candidate Endophenotypes in Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD & Autism. Thesis, King's College London (https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/bahare-azadi-sohi(2c800df5-3bd6-49a4-b79c-ca03f2d40099)/theses.html?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fstudentthesis%2Fstudentthesistypes%2Fstudentthesis%2Fdoc%2Fphd). Accessed November 2015.Google Scholar
Bagcioglu, E, Isikli, H, Demirel, H, Sahin, E, Kandemir, E, Dursun, P, Yuksek, E, Emul, M (2014). Facial emotion recognition in male antisocial personality disorders with or without adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 55, 1152–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bálint, S, Czobor, P, Komlósi, S, Mészáros, A, Simon, V, Bitter, I (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): gender- and age-related differences in neurocognition. Psychological Medicine 39, 1337–1345.Google Scholar
Baribeau, DA, Doyle-Thomas, KA, Dupuis, A, Iaboni, A, Crosbie, J, McGinn, H, Arnold, PD, Brian, J, Kushki, A, Nicolson, R, Schachar, RJ, Soreni, N, Szatmari, P, Anagnostou, E (2015). Examining and comparing social perception abilities across childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of American Academic Child and Adolescence Psychiatry 54, 479–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkley, RA (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin 121, 65–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S, Wheelwright, S, Hill, J, Raste, Y, Plumb, I (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42, 241–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bax, L, Yu, LM, Ikeda, N, Tsuruta, H, Moons, KGM (2006). Development and validation of MIX: comprehensive free software for meta-analysis of causal research data. BMC Medical Research Methodology 6, 50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bean, JL (2013). Attentional Contributions to Social Cognition and Social Behaviors: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. University of Connecticut Doctoral Dissertations, Paper 181 (http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6344&context=dissertations). Accessed November 2015.Google Scholar
Boakes, J, Chapman, E, Houghton, S, West, J (2008). Facial affect interpretation in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychology 14, 82–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boonstra, AM, Oosterlaan, J, Sergeant, JA, Buitelaar, JK (2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine 35, 1097–1108.Google Scholar
Bora, E, Bartholomeusz, C, Pantelis, C (2015). Meta-analysis of theory of mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine. Published online 12 October 2015. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001993.Google ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Pantelis, C (2013). Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 144, 31–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E, Vahip, S, Gonul, AS, Akdeniz, F, Alkan, M, Ogut, M, Eryavuz, A (2005). Evidence for theory of mind deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112, 110–116.Google Scholar
Boyatzis, CJ, Chazan, E, Ting, CZ (1993). Preschool children's decoding of facial emotions. Journal of Genetic Psychology 154, 375–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brizio, A, Gabbatore, I, Tirassa, M, Bosco, FM (2015). “No more a child, not yet an adult”: studying social cognition in adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bühler, E, Bachmann, C, Goyert, H, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M, Kamp-Becker, I (2011). Differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by means of inhibitory control and ‘theory of mind’. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41, 1718–1726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buitelaar, JK, van der Wees, M, Swaab- Barnevield, H, van der Gaag, RJ (1999). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Developmental Psychopathology 11, 39–58.Google Scholar
Bush, G (2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and attention networks. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 278–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadesky, EB, Mota, VL, Schachar, RJ (2000). Beyond words: how do children with ADHD and/or conduct problems process nonverbal information about affect? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 1160–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caillies, S, Bertot, V, Motte, J, Raynaud, C, Abely, M (2014). Social cognition in ADHD: irony understanding and recursive theory of mind. Research in Developmental Disabilities 35, 3191–3198.Google Scholar
Charman, T, Carroll, F, Sturge, C (2001). Theory of mind, executive function and social competence in boys with ADHD. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 6, 27–45.Google Scholar
Choudhury, S, Blakemore, S-J, Charman, T (2006). Social cognitive development during adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 1, 165–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coghill, DR, Hayward, D, Rhodes, SM, Grimmer, C, Matthews, K (2014). A longitudinal examination of neuropsychological and clinical functioning in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): improvements in executive functioning do not explain clinical improvement. Psychological Medicine 44, 1087–1099.Google Scholar
Cohen, J (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Collett, BR, Gimpel, GA (2004). Maternal and child attributions in ADHD versus non-ADHD populations. Journal of Attention Disorders 7, 187–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collin, L, Bindra, J, Raju, M, Gillberg, C, Minnis, H (2013). Facial emotion recognition in child psychiatry: a systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities 34, 1505–1520.Google Scholar
Corbett, B, Glidden, H (2000). Processing affective stimuli in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychology 6, 144–155.Google Scholar
Cortese, S, Ferrin, M, Brandeis, D, Buitelaar, J, Daley, D, Dittmann, RW, Holtmann, M, Santosh, P, Stevenson, J, Stringaris, A, Zuddas, A, Sonuga-Barke, EJ; European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG) (2015). Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 54, 164–174.Google Scholar
Cropley, VL, Pantelis, C (2014). Using longitudinal imaging to map the ‘relapse signature’ of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 23, 219–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2013). Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 381, 1371–1379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Da Fonseca, D, Seguier, V, Santos, A, Poinso, F, Deruelle, C (2009). Emotion understanding in children with ADHD. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 40, 111–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danckaerts, M, Sonuga-Barke, EJ, Banaschewski, T, Buitelaar, J, Döpfner, M, Hollis, C, Santosh, P, Rothenberger, A, Sergeant, J, Steinhausen, HC, Taylor, E, Zuddas, A, Coghill, D (2010). The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 19, 83–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demopoulos, C, Hopkins, J, Davis, A (2013). A comparison of social cognitive profiles in children with autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a matter of quantitative but not qualitative difference? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, 1157–1170.Google Scholar
Demurie, E, De Corel, M, Roeyers, H (2011). Empathic accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5, 126–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, A, Smith, T (2004). Emotional understanding, cooperation, and social behavior in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34, 625–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyck, MJ, Ferguson, K, Shochet, IM (2001). Do autism spectrum disorders differ from each other and from non-spectrum disorders on emotion recognition tests? European Child and Adolescence Psychiatry 10, 105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P, Friesen, W (1976). Pictures of Facial Affect. Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA.Google Scholar
Fleischmann, A, Fleischmann, RH (2012). Advantages of an ADHD diagnosis in adulthood: evidence from online narratives. Qualitative Health Research 22, 1486–1496.Google Scholar
Giedd, JN, Raznahan, A, Alexander-Bloch, A, Schmitt, E, Gogtay, N, Rapoport, JL (2015). Child psychiatry branch of the National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging study of human brain development. Neuropsychopharmacology 40, 43–49.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Gadea, ML, Baez, S, Torralva, T, Castellanos, FX, Rattazzi, A, Bein, V, Rogg, K, Manes, F, Ibanez, A (2013). Cognitive variability in adults with ADHD and AS: disentangling the roles of executive functions and social cognition. Research in Developmental Disabilities 34, 817–830.Google Scholar
Green, MF, Penn, DL, Bentall, R, Carpenter, WT, Gaebel, W, Gur, RC, Kring, AM, Park, S, Silverstein, SM, Heinssen, R (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 1211–1220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenbaum, RL, Stevens, SA, Nash, K, Koren, G, Rovet, J (2009). Social cognitive and emotion processing abilities of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a comparison with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 33, 1656–1670.Google Scholar
Greene, RW, Biederman, J, Faraone, SV, Ouellette, CA, Penn, C, Griffin, SM (1996). Toward a new psychometric definition of social disability in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 571–578.Google Scholar
Grenell, MM, Glass, CR, Katz, KS (1987). Hyperactive children and peer interaction: knowledge and performance of social skills. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 15, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Happé, FG (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters’ thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 24, 129–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibáñez, A, Aguado, J, Baez, S, Huepe, D, Lopez, V, Ortega, R, Sigman, M, Mikulan, E, Lischinsky, A, Torrente, F, Cetkovich, M, Torralva, T, Bekinschtein, T, Manes, F (2014). From neural signatures of emotional modulation to social cognition: individual differences in healthy volunteers and psychiatric participants. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, 939–950.Google Scholar
Ichikawa, H, Nakato, E, Kanazawa, S, Shimamura, K, Sakuta, Y, Sakuta, R, Yamaguchi, MK, Kakigi, R (2014). Hemodynamic response of children with attention-deficit and hyperactive disorder (ADHD) to emotional facial expressions. Neuropsychologia 63, 51–58.Google Scholar
Karam, RG, Breda, V, Picon, FA, Rovaris, DL, Victor, MM, Salgado, CA, Vitola, ES, Silva, KL, Guimarães-da-Silva, PO, Mota, NR, Caye, A, Belmonte-de-Abreu, P, Rohde, LA, Grevet, EH, Bau, CH (2015). Persistence and remission of ADHD during adulthood: a 7-year clinical follow-up study. Psychological Medicine 45, 2045–2056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Köchel, A, Leutgeb, V, Schienle, A (2014). Disrupted response inhibition toward facial anger cues in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an event-related potential study. Journal of Child Neurology 29, 459–468.Google Scholar
Kuijper, SJ, Hartman, CA, Hendriks, P (2015). Who is he? Children with ASD and ADHD take the listener into account in their production of ambiguous pronouns. PLOS ONE 10, e0132408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, YK, Hung, SF, Lee, TMC (2009). The ability of Hong Kong children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to recognize facial emotion. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry 19, 18–25.Google Scholar
Lim, L, Chantiluke, K, Cubillo, AI, Smith, AB, Simmons, A, Mehta, MA, Rubia, K (2015). Disorder-specific grey matter deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder relative to autism spectrum disorder. Psychological Medicine 45, 965–976.Google Scholar
Lipsey, MW, Wilson, DB (2001). Practical Meta-Analysis. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.Google ScholarPubMed
Lozier, LM, Vanmeter, JW, Marsh, AA (2014). Impairments in facial affect recognition associated with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Developmental Psychopathology 26, 933–945.Google Scholar
Maoz, H, Tsviban, L, Gvirts, HZ, Shamay-Tsoory, SG, Levkovitz, Y, Watemberg, N, Bloch, Y (2014). Stimulants improve theory of mind in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology 28, 212–219.Google Scholar
Mary, A, Slama, H, Mousty, P, Massat, I, Capiau, T, Drabs, V, Peigneux, P (2015). Executive and attentional contributions to theory of mind deficit in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychology. Published online 12 March 2015. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1012491.Google ScholarPubMed
McQuade, JD, Vaughn, AJ, Hoza, B, Murray-Close, D, Molina, BS, Arnold, LE, Hechtman, L (2014). Perceived social acceptance and peer status differentially predict adjustment in youth with and without ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 18, 31–43.Google Scholar
Miller, M, Hanford, RB, Fassbender, C, Duke, M, Schweitzer, JB (2011). Affect recognition in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 15, 452–460.Google Scholar
Moffitt, TE, Houts, R, Asherson, P, Belsky, DW, Corcoran, DL, Hammerle, M, Harrington, H, Hogan, S, Meier, MH, Polanczyk, GV, Poulton, R, Ramrakha, S, Sugden, K, Williams, B, Rohde, LA, Caspi, A (2015). Is adult ADHD a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder? Evidence from a four-decade longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 172, 967–977.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG; Group PRISMA (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 339, b2535.Google Scholar
Mowinckel, AM, Pedersen, ML, Eilertsen, E, Biele, G (2015). A meta-analysis of decision-making and attention in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 19, 355–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P, Steerneman, P, Meesters, C, Merckelbach, H, Horselenberg, R, van den Hogen, T, van Dongen, L (1999). The TOM test: a new instrument for assessing theory of mind in normal children and children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29, 67–80.Google Scholar
Nijmeijer, JS, Minderaa, RB, Buitelaar, JK, Mulligan, A, Hartman, CA, Hoekstra, PJ (2008). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clinical Psychological Review 28, 692–708.Google Scholar
Nixon, E (2001). The social competence of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review of the literature. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 6, 172–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D (1992). Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 439–448.Google Scholar
Norman, K (1999). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Theory of Mind and Social Functioning. Leicester University (https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/31275/1/U124112.pdf). Accessed November 2015.Google Scholar
Nowicki, S Jr., Carton, J (1993). Measuring emotional intensity from facial expressions; the DANVA FACES 2. Journal of Social Psychology 133, 749–750.Google Scholar
Nydén, A, Niklasson, L, Stahlberg, O, Anckarsater, H, Wentz, E, Rastam, M, Gillberg, C (2010). Adults with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD neuropsychological aspects. Research in Developmental Disabilities 31, 1659–1668.Google Scholar
Pelc, K, Kornreich, C, Foisy, ML, Dan, B (2006). Recognition of emotional facial expressions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Neurology 35, 93–97.Google Scholar
Peralta, V, de Jalón, EG, Campos, MS, Zandio, M, Sanchez-Torres, A, Cuesta, MJ (2011). The meaning of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity symptoms in patients with a first-episode of schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 126, 28–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pliszka, SR (1998). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59 (Suppl. 7), 50–58.Google Scholar
Rapport, LJ, Friedman, SR, Tzelepis, A, Van Voorhis, A (2002). Experienced emotion and affect recognition in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 16, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Retz-Junginger, P, Giesen, L, Rösler, M, Retz, W (2015). Deficits in facial expression recognition in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [article in German]. Psychiatrische Praxis. Published online 17 April 2015. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1387570.Google Scholar
Saeedi, MT, Noorazar, SG, Bafandeh, H, Taheri, M, Taheri, S (2014). Theory of mind in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to controls. Journal of Analytical Research and Clinical Medicine 22, 99–104.Google Scholar
Schoechlin, C, Engel, RR (2005). Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 20, 727–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönenberg, M, Schneidt, A, Wiedemann, E, Jusyte, A (2015). Processing of dynamic affective Information in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. Published online 30 March 2015. doi:10.1177/1087054715577992.Google Scholar
Schwenck, C, Schneider, T, Schreckenbach, J, Zenglein, Y, Gensthaler, A, Taurines, R, Freitag, CM, Schneider, W, Romanos, M (2013). Emotion recognition in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 5, 295–302.Google Scholar
Semrud-Clikeman, M, Biederman, J, Sprich-Buckminster, S, Lehman, BK, Faraone, SV, Norman, D (1992). Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 439–448.Google Scholar
Seymour, KE, Pescosolido, MF, Reidy, BL, Galvan, T, Kim, KL, Young, M, Dickstein, DP (2013). Emotional face identification in youths with primary bipolar disorder or primary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 52, 537–546.Google Scholar
Shapiro, EG, Hughes, SJ, August, GJ, Bloomquist, ML (1993). Processing of emotional information in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology 9, 207–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, P, Eckstrand, K, Sharp, W, Blumenthal, J, Lerch, JP, Greenstein, D, Clasen, L, Evans, A, Giedd, J, Rapoport, JL (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 19649–19654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, P, Malek, M, Watson, B, Greenstein, D, de Rossi, P, Sharp, W (2013). Trajectories of cerebral cortical development in childhood and adolescence and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 74, 599–606.Google Scholar
Shaw, P, Stringaris, A, Nigg, J, Leibenluft, E (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 276–293.Google Scholar
Shuai, L, Chan, RC, Wang, Y (2011). Executive function profile of Chinese boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: different subtypes and comorbidity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 26, 120–132.Google Scholar
Sinzig, J, Morsch, D, Lehmkuhl, G (2008). Do hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention have an impact on the ability of facial affect recognition in children with autism and ADHD? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 17, 63–72.Google Scholar
Sjöwall, D, Roth, L, Lindqvist, S, Thorell, LB (2013). Multiple deficits in ADHD: executive dysfunction, delay aversion, reaction time variability, and emotional deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 619–627.Google Scholar
Sodian, B, Hülsken, C (2005). The developmental relation of theory of mind and executive functions: a study of advanced theory of mind abilities in children with ADHD. In Young Children's Cognitive Development: Interrelationships among Executive Functioning, Working Memory, Verbal Ability, and Theory of Mind (ed. Schneider, W., Schumann-Hengsteler, R. and Sodian, B.), pp. 175–188. Lawrence Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ.Google Scholar
Sripada, CS, Kessler, D, Angstadt, M (2014). Lag in maturation of the brain's intrinsic functional architecture in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111, 14259–14264.Google Scholar
Tatar, ZB, Yargic, I, Oflaz, S, Buyukgok, D (2014). The relationship between emotion recognition and the symptoms of attention deficit and impulsivity in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 26, 172–180.Google Scholar
Taylor, MJ, Charman, T, Robinson, EB, Plomin, R, Happé, F, Asherson, P, Ronald, A (2013). Developmental associations between traits of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genetically informative, longitudinal twin study. Psychological Medicine 43, 1735–1746.Google Scholar
Uekermann, J, Kraemer, M, Abdel-Hamid, M, Schimmelmann, BG, Hebebrand, J, Daum, I, Wiltfang, J, Kis, B (2010). Social cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 34, 734–743.Google Scholar
Uljarevic, M, Hamilton, A (2013). Recognition of emotions in autism: a formal meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, 1517–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hulst, BM, de Zeeuw, P, Durston, S (2015). Distinct neuropsychological profiles within ADHD: a latent class analysis of cognitive control, reward sensitivity and timing. Psychological Medicine 45, 735–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viechtbauer, W (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software 36, 1–48.Google Scholar
Wallace, BC, Dahabreh, IJ, Trikalinos, TA, Lau, J, Trow, P, Schmid, CH (2012). Closing the gap between methodologists and end-users: R as a computational back-end. Journal of Statistical Software 49, 1–15.Google Scholar
Willcutt, EG, Doyle, AE, Nigg, JT, Faraone, SV, Pennington, BF (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry 57, 1336–1346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, LM, Hermens, DF, Palmer, D, Kohn, M, Clarke, S, Keage, H, Clark, CR, Gordon, E (2008). Misinterpreting emotional expressions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for a neural marker and stimulant effects. Biological Psychiatry 63, 917–926.Google Scholar
Yang, J, Zhou, S, Yao, S, Su, L, McWhinnie, C (2009). The relationship between theory of mind and executive function in a sample of children from mainland China. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 40, 169–182.Google Scholar
Yilmaz, T (2014). Comparison of Adults Diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder with Healthy Controls on Neurocognitive Functions, Impulsivity and Theory of Mind. PhD Thesis, Maltepe University.Google Scholar
Yirmiya, N, Erel, O, Shaked, M, Solomonica-Levi, D (1998). Meta-analyses comparing theory of mind abilities of individuals with autism, individuals with mental retardation, and normally developing individuals. Psychological Bulletin 124, 283–307.Google Scholar
Zalesky, A, Pantelis, C, Cropley, V, Fornito, A, Cocchi, L, McAdams, H, Clasen, L, Greenstein, D, Rapoport, JL, Gogtay, N (2015). Delayed development of brain connectivity in adolescents with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. JAMA Psychiatry 72, 900–908.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bora and Pantelis supplementary material

Figure S1

Download Bora and Pantelis supplementary material(File)
File 34.8 KB