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Survey of Planetary Nebulae in the Andromeda galaxy (M 31)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2025

Souradeep Bhattacharya ,
Magda Arnaboldi ,
Ortwin Gerhard ,
Nelson Caldwell ,
Chiaki Kobayashi ,
Francois Hammer ,
Yanbin Yang ,
Kenneth C. Freeman ,
Johanna Hartke  and
Alan McConnachie
Souradeep Bhattacharya*
Affiliation:
Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Ganeshkhind, Post Bag 4, Pune 411007, India
Magda Arnaboldi
Affiliation:
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
Ortwin Gerhard
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, 85748 Garching, Germany
Nelson Caldwell
Affiliation:
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Chiaki Kobayashi
Affiliation:
Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
Francois Hammer
Affiliation:
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France
Yanbin Yang
Affiliation:
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France
Kenneth C. Freeman
Affiliation:
Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, ACT 2611 Weston Creek, Australia
Johanna Hartke
Affiliation:
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Alan McConnachie
Affiliation:
NRC Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
*
email: souradeep@iucaa.in
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Abstract

We summarize the main results from the survey of Planetary Nebulae (PNe) in M 31 with Megacam@CFHT and subsequent spectroscopy with Hectospec@MMT. We identified ∼5000 PNe in M 31 (∼1200 with spectroscopy; ∼200 with chemical abundances). We find a PN Luminosity Function faint-end rise, linked to a percentage of older stars in the parent population. We utilize PN extinction to distinguish young and old PNe. We find that the [Ar/H] vs [O/Ar] plane for emission-line nebulae is analogous to the [Fe/H] vs [α/Fe] plane for stars, and exploration of the M 31 disc PNe in this plane allowed us to constrain its chemical enrichment history. We find the kinematically and chemically distinct thin and thick discs of M 31, and that the G1-clump substructure is formed from perturbed disc material. We infer that M 31 has had a wet major (mass-ratio∼1:5) merger ∼2.5-4 Gyr ago, and obtain important constraints on the cannibalized satellite properties.

Keywords

galaxies: abundancesgalaxies: individual (M31)galaxies: kinematics and dynamicsgalaxies: structureplanetary nebulae: general

Information

Type
Contributed Paper
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 19 , Symposium S384: Planetary Nebulae: A Universal Toolbox in the Era of Precision Astrophysics , December 2023 , pp. 21 - 30
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Astronomical Union

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