Hostname: page-component-669899f699-swprf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T00:59:40.187Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Internal secular evolution in disk galaxies: the growth of pseudobulges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2007

John Kormendy
John Kormendy*
Affiliation:
Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany; Universitäts-Sternwarte, Munich, Germany email: kormendy@astro.as.utexas.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Observational and theoretical evidence that internal, slow (“secular”) evolution reshapes galaxy disks is reviewed in Kormendy & Kennicutt (2004). This update has three aims. First, I emphasize that this evolution is very general – it is as fundamental to the evolution of galaxy disks as (e. g.) core collapse is to globular clusters, as the production of hot Jupiters is to the evolution of protoplanetary disks, and as evolution to red giants containing proto-white-dwarfs is to stellar evolution. One consequence for disk galaxies is the buildup of dense central components that get mistaken for classical (i. e., merger-built) bulges but that were grown out of disk stars and gas. We call these pseudobulges. Second, I review new results on pseudobulge star formation and structure and on the distinction between boxy and disky pseudobulges. Finally, I highlight how these results make a galaxy formation problem more acute. How can hierarchical clustering produce so many pure disk galaxies with no evidence for merger-built bulges?

Keywords

galaxies: bulgesgalaxies: evolutiongalaxies: formationgalaxies: photometrygalaxies: kinematics and dynamicsgalaxies: nucleigalaxies: structure
Type
Contributed Papers
Information
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , Volume 3 , Symposium S245: Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Bulges , July 2007 , pp. 107 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2008

References

Athanassoula, E. 1992, MNRAS, 259, 345CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athanassoula, E. 2007a, in Mapping the Galaxy and Nearby Galaxies, ed. Wada, K. & Combes, F. (New York: Springer), 47 (astro-ph/0610113)Google Scholar
Athanassoula, E. 2007b, in IAU Symposium 245, Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Bulges, ed. Bureau, M. et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), in pressGoogle Scholar
Binney, J., & Tremaine, S. 1987, Galactic Dynamics (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press)Google Scholar
Buta, R. & Combes, F. 1996, Fund. Cosm. Phys., 17, 95Google Scholar
Buta, R. J., Corwin, H. G., & Odewahn, S. C., 2007, The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)Google Scholar
Buta, R. & Crocker, D. A. 1991, AJ, 102, 1715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carollo, C. M., Stiavelli, M., Seigar, M., de Zeeuw, P. T., & Dejonghe, H. 2002, AJ, 123, 159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combes, F. & Sanders, R. H 1981, A&A, 96, 164Google Scholar
Courteau, S., de Jong, R. S., & Broeils, A. H. 1996, ApJ, 457, L73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drory, N. & Fisher, D. B. 2007, ApJ, 664, 640CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drory, N. & Fisher, D. B. 2007, in IAU Symposium 245, Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Bulges, ed. Bureau, M. et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), in pressGoogle Scholar
Duus, A. & Freeman, K. C. 1975, in La Dynamique des Galaxies Spirales, ed. Weliachew, L. (Paris: CNRS), 419Google Scholar
Fisher, D. B. 2006, ApJ, 642, L17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, D. B. & Drory, N. 2007, in preparationGoogle Scholar
Kennicutt, R. C. 1998a, ApJ, 498, 541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennicutt, R. C. 1998b, ARA&A, 36, 189Google Scholar
Kormendy, J. 1979a, in Photometry, Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. Evans, D. S. (Austin: Dept. Astronomy, Univ. of Texas at Austin), 341Google Scholar
Kormendy, J. 1979b, ApJ, 227, 714CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J., 1982a, in Morphology and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. Martinet, L. & Mayor, M. (Sauverny: Geneva Obs.), 113Google Scholar
Kormendy, J., 1982b, ApJ, 257, 75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J. 1993, in IAU Symposium 153, Galactic Bulges, ed. Dejonghe, H. & Habing, H. J. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J. & Barentine, J. C. 2007, in preparationGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J. & Cornell, M. E. 2004, in Penetrating Bars Through Masks of Cosmic Dust: The Hubble Tuning Fork Strikes a New Note, ed. Block, D. L. et al. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J. & Fisher, D. B. 2005, RevMexA&A (Serie de Conferencias), 23, 101Google Scholar
Kormendy, J. & Kennicutt, R. C. 2004, ARA&A, 42, 603 (KK04)Google Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D. & Kalnajs, A. J. 1972, MNRAS, 157, 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D. & Pringle, J. E. 1974, MNRAS, 168, 603CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D. & Wood, R. 1968, MNRAS, 138, 495CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, L. A., Courteau, S., & Holtzman, J. A. 2003, ApJ, 582, 689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peletier, R. 2007, in IAU Symposium 245, Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Bulges, ed. Bureau, M. et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), in pressGoogle Scholar
Rupen, M. P. 1991, AJ, 102, 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellwood, J. A. 2000, in Dynamics of Galaxies: from the Early Universe to the Present, ed. Combes, F., Mamon, G. A., & Charmandaris, V. (San Francisco: ASP), 3Google Scholar
Sellwood, J. A. & Wilkinson, A. 1993, Rep. Prog. Phys., 56, 173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sérsic, J. L. 1968, Atlas de Galaxias Australes (Cordoba: Obs. Astronomico, Univ. de Cordoba)Google Scholar
Shu, F., Najita, J., Ostriker, E., Wilkin, F., Ruden, S., & Lizano, S. 1994, ApJ, 429, 781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shu, F. H., Najita, J., Ostriker, E. C., & Shang, H. 1995, ApJ, 455, L155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simien, F., & de Vaucouleurs, G. 1986, ApJ, 302, 564CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simkin, S. M., Su, H. J., & Schwarz, M. P. 1980, ApJ, 237, 404CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strateva, I., et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 1861CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremaine, S. 1989, in Dynamics of Astrophysical Disks, ed. Sellwood, J. A. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, H., et al. 2005, ApJ, 632, L79CrossRefGoogle Scholar