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Persistence and transmission of tick-borne viruses: Ixodes ricinus and louping-ill virus in red grouse populations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

P. J. Hudson ,
R. Norman ,
M. K. Laurenson ,
D. Newborn ,
M. Gaunt ,
L. Jones ,
H. Reid ,
E. Gould ,
R. Bowers  and
A. Dobson
P. J. Hudson
Affiliation:
Wildlife Epidemiology Unit, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
R. Norman
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Liverpool, P0 Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
M. K. Laurenson
Affiliation:
Wildlife Epidemiology Unit, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
D. Newborn
Affiliation:
Upland Research Group, The Game Conservancy Trust, Crubenmore, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire PH20 1 BE, UK
M. Gaunt
Affiliation:
Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3P5, UK
L. Jones
Affiliation:
Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3P5, UK
H. Reid
Affiliation:
Moredun Research Institute, Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JH, UK
E. Gould
Affiliation:
Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3P5, UK
R. Bowers
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Liverpool, P0 Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
A. Dobson
Affiliation:
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1003, USA
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Summary

The population dynamics of tick-borne disease agents and in particular the mechanisms which influence their persistence are examined with reference to the flavivirus that causes louping-ill in red grouse and sheep. Pockets of infection cause heavy mortality and the infection probably persists as a consequence of immigration of susceptible hosts. Seroprevalence is positively associated with temporal variations in vectors per host, although variation between areas is associated with the abundance of mountain hares. The presence of alternative tick hosts, particularly large mammals, provides additional hosts for increasing tick abundance. Grouse alone can not support the vectors and the pathogen but both can persist when a non-viraemic mammalian host supports the tick population and a sufficiently high number of nymphs bite grouse. These alternative hosts may also amplify virus through non-viraemic transmission by the process of co-feeding, although the relative significance of this has yet to be determined. Another possible route of infection is through the ingestion of vectors when feeding or preening. Trans-ovarial transmission is a potentially important mechanism for virus persistence but has not been recorded with louping-ill and Ixodes ricinus. The influence of non-viraemic hosts, both in the multiplication of vectors and the amplification of virus through non-viraemic transmission are considered significant for virus persistence.

Keywords

Louping-illIxodes ricinusred grouseco-feedingtick-borne diseasestrans-ovarial transmissionreservoir hosts

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 111 , Supplement S1: Ecology of wildlife host-parasite interactions , January 1995 , pp. S49 - S58
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

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