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A new landscape of host–protozoa interactions involving the extracellular vesicles world

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2018

Bruno Gavinho ,
Izadora Volpato Rossi ,
Ingrid Evans-Osses ,
Jameel Inal  and
Marcel I. Ramirez Open the ORCID record for Marcel I. Ramirez [Opens in a new window]
Bruno Gavinho
Affiliation:
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia molecular, Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
Izadora Volpato Rossi
Affiliation:
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia molecular, Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
Ingrid Evans-Osses
Affiliation:
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia molecular, Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
Jameel Inal
Affiliation:
Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Marcel I. Ramirez*
Affiliation:
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia molecular, Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Instituto Oswaldo Cruz- Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Marcel I. Ramirez, E-mail: marcel.ivan.ramirez@gmail.com
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Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by a wide number of cells including blood cells, immune system cells, tumour cells, adult and embryonic stem cells. EVs are a heterogeneous group of vesicles (~30–1000 nm) including microvesicles and exosomes. The physiological release of EVs represents a normal state of the cell, raising a metabolic equilibrium between catabolic and anabolic processes. Moreover, when the cells are submitted to stress with different inducers or in pathological situations (malignancies, chronic diseases, infectious diseases.), they respond with an intense and dynamic release of EVs. The EVs released from stimulated cells vs those that are released constitutively may themselves differ, both physically and in their cargo. EVs contain protein, lipids, nucleic acids and biomolecules that can alter cell phenotypes or modulate neighbouring cells. In this review, we have summarized findings involving EVs in certain protozoan diseases. We have commented on strategies to study the communicative roles of EVs during host–pathogen interaction and hypothesized on the use of EVs for diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic purposes in infectious diseases. This kind of communication could modulate the innate immune system and reformulate concepts in parasitism. Moreover, the information provided within EVs could produce alternatives in translational medicine.

Keywords

Exosomesextracellular vesiclesimmunologymicrovesiclesprotozoan

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Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 145 , Issue 12 , October 2018 , pp. 1521 - 1530
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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