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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 February 2011
Nature has developed exceptional designs for resilient “soft” materials and for interfacing “soft-hard” materials which show capabilities well-beyond our present day technology. Most of the properties of biological materials – and a great deal of biological function – emanate from chemical and physical characteristics of interfacial structures (membranes). Although material interfaces in biology are complicated, it appears that these structures have been invariably optimized (with respect to harsh-environmental requirements) by the slow “evolutionary-driven” engineering. Some “hierarchical” features and characteristic length scales for biological membranes are directly related to architecture; but others are more subtle and arise because conformations of much of the molecular structure are randomized by thermal fluctuations.