Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-fr72s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-23T05:53:36.166Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Adhesion of Growing Oxides to Metallic Substrates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2011

John Stringer  and
Graham C. Wood
John Stringer
Affiliation:
Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
Graham C. Wood
Affiliation:
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, United Kingdom
Get access

Abstract

There are several possible descriptions of the nature of the adhesion between an oxide and a metal substrate, some of which are formally equivalent. These include electrostatic interactions connected with the development of space charge regions, chemical bonding across the interface, van der Waals forces, and mechanical interactions associated with a nonplanar interface. However, the detailed mechanism must also be consistent with the growth process and the associated evolution of the interface for an oxide growing on a metal substrate. The problem is further complicated by the nature of the failure at or near the interface which leads to a phenomenological definition of adhesion which is not necessarily identical to the formal definition, and involves other parameters such as the growth stresses in the oxide, the plasticity of the oxide or the surface metal, and the effect of thermal cycling when the coefficients of thermal expansion of the two phases differ. In this paper, an attempt is made to describe these different aspects of the problem, and to refer to some of the more important ways of modifying the adhesion of an oxide, including the reactive element effect and the segregation of impurities to the interface and the modification of the morphology of the interface.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 119: Symposium F – Adhesions in Solids , 1988 , 185
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

(1) Solid Particle Erosion of Utility Steam Turbines–1980 EPRI/ASME Workshop, edited by Brown, R. G. and Quilliam, J. F., EPRI CS-3178 (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 1983) 300 pp.Google Scholar
(2) Solid-Particle Erosion of Utility Steam Turbines: 1985 Workshop, edited by Quilliam, J. F., EPRI CS-4683, Report on RP1885-5 (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 1986).Google Scholar
(3) Armitt, J., Holmes, D. R., Manning, M. I., Meadowcroft, D. B., Metcalfe, E., “The Spalling of Steam-Grown Oxide From Superheater and Reheater Tube Steels,” Final Report to EPRI on Technical Planning Study TPS-76-655, EPRI FP-686 (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, 1978) 166 pp.Google Scholar
(4) Lowell, C. E., Smialek, J. L., Barrett, C. A., “Cyclic Oxidation of Superalloys” in High Temperature Corrosion, edited by Rapp, R. A. (National Association of Corrosion Engineer, Houston, Texas, 1983) pp. 219–226.Google Scholar
(5) Wild, R. K., “Metal/Oxide Interface Studies,” Spectrochim. Acta, 40B 827–834 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(6) Cannon, R. M., Jayaram, V., Dagleish, B. J., Fisher, R. M. “Fracture Energies of Ceramic-Metal Interfaces,” Proc. Ceramic Microstructures '86: The Role of Interfaces, Berkeley, California (July 1986).Google Scholar
(7) Cannon, R. M., “Factors Controlling Interfacial Bond Strength for Ceramic-Metal Interfaces,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 64 449 (1985).Google Scholar
(8) Faber, K. T. and Evans, A. G., “Crack Deflection Processes,” Acta Met., 31 565 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(9) See for example Evans, H. E., “Spallation of Oxide from Stainless Steel Nuclear Fuel Cladding: Mechanism and Consequences,” Mat. Sci. and Tech., (In press).Google Scholar
(10) Evans, U. R., An Introduction to Metallic Corrosion (Edward Arnold, London, 1948) p. 194.Google Scholar
(11) Manning, M. I. and Metcalfe, E., “Oxide Spalling in Stainless Steel Superheater and Reheater Tubes and Possible Control Measures,” Sixth European Congress on Metallic Corrosion (London, 1977) 121.Google Scholar
(12) Schutze, M., “Stresses and Decohesion of Oxide Scales,” Paper 5 in Oxide Metal Interface and Adherence, The Institute of Metals, London (1987).Google Scholar
(13) Stringer, J., “Stress Generation and Adhesion in Growing Oxide Scales,” Werks. u. Korr., 23 747–755 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(14) Institute of Metals Meeting on Oxide Metal Interface and Adherence (13 October 1987).Google Scholar
(15) Stoneham, A. M. and Tasker, P. W., “Metal-non-metal and Other Interfaces: The Role of Image Interactions,” J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 18 L543–L548 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(16) Sandomirskii, V. B. and Smilgas, V. P., Soviet Physics–Solid State Physics 1 275 (1959).Google Scholar
(17) Anderson, A. B., Mahendru, S. P., Smialek, J. L., J. Electrochem. Soc., 132 1695 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(18) Tsarevskii, B. V. and Popel, S. I., in The Role of Surface Phenomena in Metallurgy (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1963) p. 1.Google Scholar
(19) Peters, F. and Engell, H., Arch. ##?Eisenhuttenw., 30 275 (1959).Google Scholar
(20) Funkenbusch, A. W., Smeggil, J. G., Bornstein, N. S., ##?Metall. Trans., 16A 1164–1166 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(21) Smeggil, J. G., Funkenbusch, A. W., Bornstein, N. S., ##?Metall. Trans., 17A 923–932 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(22) Smeggil, J. G., “Some Comments on the Role of Yttrium in Protective Oxide Scale Adherence,” Mat. Sci. and Eng., 87 261–265 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(23) Smialek, J. L., ##?Metall. Trans., 18A 164–167 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(24) Sigler, D. R., “The Influence of Sulfur on Adherence of A12O3 Grown on Fe-Cr-Al Alloys,” Oxid. Metals, 29 23–43 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(25) Betteridge, W., 4th International Congress of Industrial Heating (Paris, 1952) Group 1, Section 16, Paper No. 18.Google Scholar
(26) Whittle, D. P. and Stringer, J., “Improvement in Properties: Additives in Oxidation Resistance,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., A 295 309–329 (1980).Google Scholar
(27) Herenguel, J., Whitwham, D., Boghen, J., Comptes Rend., 79 2060 (1956)Google Scholar
(28) Allam, I. M., Whittle, D. P., Stringer, J., “The Oxidation Behavior of CoCrAl Systems Containing Active Element Additions,” Oxid. Metals, 12 35–66 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(29) Tylecote, R. F., Iron, J., Steel Inst., 195 380 (1960)Google Scholar
(30) Lowell, C. E. and 0. Deadmore, L., “The Role of Thermal Shock in Cyclic Oxidation,” Oxid. Metals, 14 325–336 (1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(31) Fromhold, A. T. Jr., “Stress and Strain in Growing Oxide Films,” Stress Effects and the Oxidation of Metals,” edited by Cathcart, J. V. (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, New York, 1975) pp. 2–74.Google Scholar
(32) Douglass, D. L., “The Role of Oxide Plasticity on the Oxidation Behavior of Metals: A Review,” Oxid. Metals, 1 127–142 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(33) Stringer, J., “Stress Generation and Relief in Growing Oxide Films,” Corr. Sci., 10 513–543 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(34) Hancock, P. and Hurst, R. C., Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology, 4, edited Staehle, R. W. and Fontana, M. G. (Plenum Press, New York,1974) 1–84.Google Scholar
(35) Pilling, N. B. and Bedworth, R. E., J. Inst. Metals, 29 529 (1923)Google Scholar
(36) Pieraggi, B. and Rapp, R. A., “Stress Generation and Vacancy Annihilation During Scale Growth Limited by Cation-Vacancy Diffusion,” Acta Met., (1988) (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(37) See for example Mrowec, S. and Werber, T., Gas Corrosion of Metals (Foreign Scientific Publications Department of the National Center for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information, Warsaw, Poland 1978).Google Scholar
(38) Harris, J. E., “The Role of Interfaces During Oxidation,” J. Metals 34–36 (Jan. 1987); idem., “Vacancy Injection During Oxidation–A Reexamination of the Evidence” (1976); CEGB Report No. RD/B/N4133 (1977).Google Scholar
(39) Evans, U. R., Inst. Met. Symp. on Internal Stresses in Metals and Alloys (1947) 219.Google Scholar
(40) Stoneham, A. M. and Tasker, P. W., “Oxide Interfaces: Theory of Oxide-Oxide and Oxide-Metal Interfaces,” Ceramic Microstructures '86: Role of Interfaces, edited by Pask, J. A. (Plenum Press, New York, 1988) In press.Google Scholar
(41) Mackrodt, W. C., Ceramic Microstructures '86: Role of Interfaces, edited by Pask, J. A. (Plenum Press, New York, 1988) In press.Google Scholar
(42) Tasker, P. W., “Surfaces and Interfaces in Ionic Materials,” in Computer Simulation in Physical Metallurgy, edited by Jacucci, G. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986) 21.Google Scholar
(43) Feingold, A. H., Blakley, J. M., Li, C.-Y., Acta Met., 16 1101 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(44) Wagner, C., J. Electrochem. Soc., 103 571 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(45) Akuezue, H. C. and Stringer, J., unpublished results.Google Scholar
(46) Hobbs, L. W. and Mitchell, T. E., “Studies of Metal Oxidation by Transmission Electron Microscopy,” in High Temperature Corrosion: NACE-6, edited by Rapp, R. A. (National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Texas, 1983) pp. 76–83.Google Scholar
(47) Yang, C. H., Welsch, G. E., Mitchell, T. E., “Analytical Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Oxide Scale on an Yttrium-Implanted Ni-20wt.%Cr Alloy,” Mat. Sci. and Eng., 69 351–357 (1985).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(48) “Panel Report on Interfacial Bonding and Adhesion” edited by Smith, J. R., Mat. Sci. and Eng., 83 169–237 (1986).Google Scholar