Hostname: page-component-669899f699-2mbcq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T12:45:42.393Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

Terence P. Fletcher ,
George Theokritoff ,
G. Stinson Lord  and
Gerald Zeoli
Terence P. Fletcher
Affiliation:
Bowmont Cottage, East Links Road, Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotland EH42 1LT,
George Theokritoff
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
G. Stinson Lord
Affiliation:
Formerly of 99 Cedar Street, East Weymouth, Massachusetts 02189
Gerald Zeoli
Affiliation:
145 Brook Street, Plympton, Massachusetts 02189
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Cambrian fauna of Massachusetts, characterized by Paradoxides (Hydrocephalus) harlani, is poorly preserved. Better-preserved specimens, occurring within the stratigraphic range of this trilobite in southeastern Newfoundland and Morocco, provide a better understanding of such taxa to widen the scope of correlation. The paradoxidid-bearing Braintree Formation has revealed three trilobite species to add to those recently recorded. They represent Ellipsocephaloidea not previously recognized in this Massachusetts sequence, namely Protoleninae by Hamatolenus (H.) aff. H. (H.) marocanus and H. (Myopsolenus) aff. H. (M.) magnus and Ellipsocephalidae by Holocephalina aff. H. levis, thus strengthening faunal relationships with midshelf Cambrian sequences in Morocco and Spain. Reinterpretations of Agnostida, based on Newfoundland material associated with P. (Hydrocephalus) harlani, indicate that Condylopyge eli and Kiskinella cf. K. cristata signify a stratigraphic position for part of the Massachusetts sequence a little above the first appearance of Ovatoryctocara granulata. Appearance of this latter species is under review as the basal boundary of a global Cambrian stage, and is below the sequence break within the Chamberlain's Brook Formation in Newfoundland marked by the Easter Cove Blister Bed. The problem of differentiating species with numerous variable growth stages is highlighted in the ontogenies and stratigraphic ranges of P. (H.) harlani and P. (Plutonides) haywardi and emphasizes the importance of cephalic morphology in paradoxidid classification. Details of the holotypes of Agraulos quadrangularis and Braintreella rogersi and Czech topotypes of Agraulos ceticephalus supplement generic and specific characters poorly understood, especially those involving proportional differences between tectonically/taphonomically flattened examples and undistorted high-relief specimens.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 79 , Issue 2 , March 2005 , pp. 312 - 336
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Angelin, N. P. 1852. Palaeontologica Scandinavica. Pars 1, Iconographia Crustaceorum Formationis Transitionis. Fasc. 1 (1851). Academiae Regiae Scientiarum Suecanae:1–19, Lund(“Lundae”).Google Scholar
Angelin, N. P. 1878. Palaeontologica Scandinavica, Pt. 1, Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Fasc. 1 and 2. Republished in combined and revised form, Lindström, G. (ed.). Norstedt and Soner, Stockholm, x + 96 p., 41 pls.Google Scholar
Barrande, J. 1846. Nouveaux Trilobites. Supplément à la notice préliminaire sur le Système Silurien et les Trilobites de Bohême. Prague and Leipzig, 97 p.Google Scholar
Barrande, J. 1852. Système Silurien du Centre de la Bohême. 1. Recherches Paléontologiques, 1 (Crustacés: Trilobites). Prague and Paris, 935 p., 51 pls.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G., Owens, R. M., and Rushton, A. W. A. 1976. Lower Cambrian fossils from the Hell's Mouth Grits, St. Tudwal's Peninsula, North Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 132:623–644, 5 figs., 3 pls.Google Scholar
Bengtson, S., and Fletcher, T. P. 1983. The oldest sequence of skeletal fossils in the Lower Cambrian of southeast Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20:525–536.Google Scholar
Bergström, J., and Levi-Setti, R. 1978. Phenotypic variation in the Middle Cambrian trilobite Paradoxides davidis Salter at Manuels, SE Newfoundland. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 12:1–19, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1865. Palaeozoic Fossils, 1. Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1–426, figs. 1–399.Google Scholar
Billings, E. 1874. Palaeozoic Fossils, 2(1). Geological Survey of Canada, p. 1–144, 85 figs., 10 pls.Google Scholar
Blaker, M. R., and Peel, J. S. 1997. Lower Cambrian trilobites from North Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience (Bioscience, Man and Society), 35, 145 p.Google Scholar
Boeck, C. 1827. Notitser til Laeren om Trilobiterne. Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, Christiania, 8(1):11–44.Google Scholar
British Geological Survey. 2002. Carte géologique de Maroc, Barrage Youseff B Tachfine, OAU 150,000, NH-29-IX-4c (2001). Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc, 400 (Rapport BGS 2002).Google Scholar
Brongniart, A. 1822. Les Trilobites, p. 1–65, pls. 1, 2. In Brongniart, A. and Desmarest, A.-G. (eds.), Histoire naturelle des Crustacés fossils, sous les rapports zoölogiques et géologiques. Paris and Strasbourg.Google Scholar
Chernysheva, N. Ye. 1962. Kembriyskie trilobity Semeistva Oryctocephalidae. Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Geologii Institut Arktiki (NIIGA), 127:3–64. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Chernysheva, N. Ye. (ed.). 1971. Amginskiy Yarus Altae-Sayanskoy Oblasti. Trudy Sibirskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Geologii, Geofiziki i Mineral'nogo Syr'ya, 111. Zapadno-Sibirskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo, Novosibirsk. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Chirivella Martorell, J. B., Gozalo, R., and Liñán, E. 2003. Estudio taxonómico y biométrico de Badulesia tenera (Hartt in Dawson, 1868), Trilobita. Caesaraugustiense (Cámbrico Medio) de las Cadenas Ibéricas (NE de España). Revista Española de Paleontología, 18(1):83–101.Google Scholar
Cotton, T. J. 2001. The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology, 44(1):167–207.Google Scholar
Crosby, W. O. 1880. Contributions to the geology of eastern Massachusetts. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3:192.Google Scholar
Crosby, W. O. 1900. The Blue Hills Complex. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, 4:441–442, pl. 23.Google Scholar
Dana, J. 1863. Manual of Geology. Theodore Bliss, Philadelphia, xvi, 798 p.Google Scholar
Dawson, J. W. 1868. Acadian Geology: The Geological Structure. Organic Remains and Mineral Resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Macmillan, London, 694 p.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T., and Rushton, A. W. A. 1997. Superfamily Paradoxidoidea Hawle & Corda, 1847, p. 470–481. In Kaesler, R. L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita (revised edition). The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Egorova, L. I. 1972. P. 58–59. In Savitskiy, V. Ye., Evtushchenko, V. M., Egorova, L. I., Kontorovich, A. E., and Shabanov, Yu. Ya.Kembrii Sibirskoi Platformy (Yudoma-Olenekskii Tip Razreza. Kuonamskiy Kompleks Otlozheniy). Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut, Geologii, Geofiziki i Mineral'nogo Syr'ya (SNIIGGIMS), 130. Izdatel'stvo (Nedra), Moskva. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Egorova, L. I., Lomovitskaya, M. N., Poletaeva, O. K., and Sivov, A. G. 1955. Kembriyskaya sistema. Trilobiti, p. 102–179, pls. 11–16. In Khalfin, L. L. (ed.), Atlas rukovodyashchikh form iskopayemikh fauni i flori Zapadnoy Sibiri. Gosgeolteckhizdat, Moskva. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Egorova, L. I., Shabanov, Yu. Ya., Rosanov, A. Yu., Savitsky, V. Ye., Chernysheva, N. Ye., and Shishkin, B. B. 1976. Yelanskiy i Kuonamskiy Fatsiostratotipy Nizhney Granitsy Srednego Kembriya Sibiri. Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut, Geologii, Geofiziki i Mineral'nogo Syr'ya (SNIIGGIMS), 211:1–167, 59 pls.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T. P. 1972. Geology and Lower to Middle Cambrian trilobite faunas of the southwest Avalon, Newfoundland. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 520 p.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T. P. 2001. Arthricocephalus chauveaui Bergeron—a key species for the correlation of a global Cambrian stage boundary, Abstracts VII Field Conference on the Cambrian Stage Subdivision, p. 257–260. In Peng, S., Babcock, L. E., and Zhu, M. (eds.), Cambrian System of South China. Palaeoworld, 13. Press of The Chinese University of Science and Technology, Hefei, 310 p.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T. P. 2003. Ovatoryctocara granulata, the key to a global Cambrian stage boundary and the correlation of the Olenellid, Redlichiid and Paradoxidid realms. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70:73–102.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T. P.In Press. Holaspid variation in the solenopleurid trilobite Parasolenopleuria gregaria (Billings, 1865) from the Cambrian of Newfoundland. Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Fletcher, T. P., and Brückner, W. D. 1974. Southwestern Avalon Peninsula (Cape St. Mary's Peninsula): Placentia-Branch-Point Lance, p. 38–44. In King, A. F. and Brückner, W. D. (compilers), Late Precambrian and Cambrian sedimentary sequences of eastern Newfoundland, Field Trip Manual B-6. Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Foerste, A. F. 1889. The paleontological horizon of the limestone at Nahant, Mass. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 24:262.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1997. Classification, p. 289–302. In Kaesler, R. L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita (revised edition). Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Frech, F. 1897. Lethaea geognostica. 1. Lethaea Palaeozoica, 2, 1. Lieferung. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 256 p.Google Scholar
Geyer, G. 1983. Biostratigraphische und systematisch-paläontologische Untersuchungen im Grenzberiech Unter-/Mittelkambrium von Marokko. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, 229 p., 19 pls.Google Scholar
Geyer, G. 1989. Late Precambrian to early Middle Cambrian lithostratigraphy of southern Morocco. Beringeria, 1:115–143, 7 figs., 1 tab.Google Scholar
Geyer, G. 1990. Die marokkanischen Ellipsocephalidae (Trilobita: Redlichiidae). Beringeria, 3, 363 p.Google Scholar
Geyer, G. 1993. The giant Cambrian trilobites of Morocco. Beringeria, 8:71–107.Google Scholar
Geyer, G. 1998. Intercontinental, trilobite-based correlation of the Moroccan early Middle Cambrian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35:374–401.Google Scholar
Geyer, G., and Landing, E. 2001. Middle Cambrian of Avalonian Massachusetts: stratigraphy and correlation of the Braintree trilobites. Journal of Paleontology, 75(1):116–135.Google Scholar
Geyer, G., Landing, E., and Heldmaier, W. 1995. Faunas and depositional environments of the Cambrian of the Moroccan Atlas regions, p. 47–119. In Geyer, G. and Landing, E. (eds.), Morocco '95, The Lower-Middle Cambrian standard of western Gondwana. Beringeria, Special Issue, 2.Google Scholar
Gigout, M. 1951. Études géologiques sur la Méséta marocaine occidentale (arrière-pays de Casablanca, Mazagan et Safi). Notes et Mémoires du Service géologique du Maroc, 86(2):1–18.Google Scholar
Gozalo, R., and Liñán, E. 1996. Nueva especie de Conocoryphidae (Trilobita). Cámbrico Medio de las Cadenas Ibéricas (NE de España). Revista Española de Paleontología, 11(2):247–250.Google Scholar
Gozalo, R., and Liñán, E. 1998. Aspectos bio cronoestratigráficos del Leoniense (Cámbrico Medio temprano) en la Península Ibérica, p. 97–103. In Gámez Vintaned, J. A., Palacios, T., Liñán, E., Gozalo, R., and Martínez Chacón, M. L. (eds.), Revista Española de Paleontología, No. extr. Homenaje al Prof. Gonzalo Vidal. Sociedad Española de Paleontología, Madrid.Google Scholar
Green, J. 1834. Descriptions of some new North American trilobites. American Journal of Science, 25:334–337.Google Scholar
Grönwall, K. A. 1902. Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres Fauna. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, series 2, 13:1–230, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Harrington, H. J., Henningsmoen, G., Howell, B. F., Jaanusson, V., Lochman-Balk, C., Moore, R. C., Poulsen, C., Rasetti, F., Richter, E., Richter, R., Schmidt, H., Sdzuy, K., Struve, W., Tripp, R., Weller, J. M., and Whittington, H. B. 1959. Systematic descriptions, p. O170–O560. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. O, Arthropoda 1. Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Hawle, I., and Corda, A. J. C. 1847. Prodrom einer Monographie der böhmischen Trilobiten. Abhandlungen Königliche Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 5. J. G. Calve, Prague, 176 p., 7 pls.Google Scholar
Hayes, A. O., and Howell, B. F. 1937. Geology of the St. John, New Brunswick region. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 5.Google Scholar
Hedberg, H. D. (ed.). 1976. International Stratigraphic Code. International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 200 p.Google Scholar
Hicks, H. 1871. Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Long-mynd rocks of St. David's. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 27:399–402, pls. 15, 16.Google Scholar
Hicks, H. 1872. On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group with a note on the Entomostraca by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 28:173–185.Google Scholar
Hicks, H. 1895. On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. Geological Magazine (decade 4), 2:230–231.Google Scholar
Howell, B. F. 1925. The faunas of the Cambrian Paradoxides beds at Manuels, Newfoundland. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 11(43):1–140.Google Scholar
Howell, B. F., and Mason, J. F. 1938. Correlation of Middle Cambrian faunas of North America. Journal of Paleontology, 12:295–297.Google Scholar
Howell, B. F., Shimer, H. W., and Lord, G. S. 1936. New Cambrian Paradoxides from eastern Massachusetts. Proceedings of the Geological Society of America, 1935:385.Google Scholar
Hupé, P. 1953. Contribution à l'étude du Cambrien inférieur et du Précambrien III de l'Anti-Atlas morocain. Notes et Mémoirs de la Service géologique du Maroc, 103.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, R. D. 1962. Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, 88.Google Scholar
Illing, V. C. 1916. The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shales. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 283:386–450.Google Scholar
Jahn, J. 1893. Über die geologischen. Verhaltnisse des Cambrium von Tejřovic und Skrej in Böhmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt Wien, 45.Google Scholar
King, W. B. R. 1923. Cambrian fossils from the Dead Sea. Geological Magazine, 60:507–514.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1935. The Cambro–Ordovician formations and faunas of South Chosen. Paleontology, Pt. 3, Cambrian faunas of South Chosen with a special study on the trilobite genera and families. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, section 2, 4(2):49–344.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1939. On the agnostids, Pt. 1. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, section 2, 5(5):62–198.Google Scholar
Kordule, V. 1990. Rejkocephalus a new paradoxid genus from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia (Trilobita). Věstník Ústředního Ústavû Geologického, 65:55–60.Google Scholar
Lake, P. 1935. A monograph of the British Cambrian trilobites, Pt. 9. Palaeontographical Society of London Monograph, 1934:197–224.Google Scholar
Lake, P. 1938. A monograph of the British Cambrian trilobites, Pt. 11. Palaeontographical Society of London Monograph, 1937:249–272.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1996. Avalon: insular continent by the latest Precambrian, p. 29–63. In Nance, R. D. and Thompson, M. D. (eds.), Avalonian and Related Peri-Gondwanan Terranes of the Circum-North Atlantic. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304.Google Scholar
Landing, E., and Westrop, S. R. 1998. Revisions in stratigraphic nomenclature of the Cambrian of Avalonian Newfoundland and New Brunswick: field workshop, p. 76–87. In Landing, E. and Westrop, S. R. (eds.), Avalon 1997—The Cambrian Standard. New York State Museum Bulletin, 492.Google Scholar
Lapworth, C. 1891. On Olenellus Callavei and its geological relations. Geological Magazine, (decade 3), 8:532, footnote.Google Scholar
Lermontova, Ye. V. 1951. Nizhnekembyskiye trilobiti i brachiopodi vostochnoy Sibiri. Vsesoyusniy Nauchno-Isslyedovatyel'skiy Geologicheskiy Institut. Gosudarsvenoye Izdatyel'stvo, Moskva, 218 p.Google Scholar
Liñán, E., and Gozalo, R. 1986. Trilobites del cámbrico inferior y medio de Murero (Cordillera Ibérica). Memorias del Museo Paleontológico de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2:1–104, 37 pls.Google Scholar
Linnarsson, J. G. O. 1877. Om faunan i lagren med Paradoxides Ölandicus. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 3:352–375, pls. 14, 15.Google Scholar
Lord, G. S. 1972. The Geology of Weymouth, p. 14–17. In Weymouth 300th Anniversary. Town of Weymouth.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1882. Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group. No. 1. The Paradoxides. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, section 4, 87–108, pl. 9.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1888. Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group. No. 4, Pt. 2. The smaller trilobites with eyes (Ptychoparidae and Ellipsocephalidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, section 4, 123–166, pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1890. Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group. No. 5. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, section 4, 123–166, pls. 11–16.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1892. Protolenus—a new genus of Cambrian trilobites. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, 10:34–37.Google Scholar
Matthew, G. F. 1897. Studies of Cambrian faunas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 2:3, section 4, p. 165–203, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Nellis, D. A., and Hellier, N. W. 1976. Geologic relationships of the southern portion of the Boston Basin from the Blue Hills eastward, p. 147–157. In Cameron, B. (ed.), Geology of Southeastern New England. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference. Science Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Neltner, L. 1938. Études géologiques dans le Sud marocain (Haut Atlas et Anti-Atlas). Notes et Mémoires du Service Carte géologique du Maroc, Rabat, 42:1–298, 54 figs., 19 pls.Google Scholar
North, F. K. 1971. The Cambrian of Canada and Alaska, p. 220–324. In Holland, C. H. (ed.), Cambrian of the New World. Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of the World, 1. Wiley-Interscience, London.Google Scholar
Ordway, A. 1861a. On the supposed identity of the Paradoxides Harlani, Green, with Paradoxides spinosa, Boeck. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8:1–5.Google Scholar
Ordway, A. 1861b. On the occurrence of other fossil forms at Braintree, Mass. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8:5–6.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1971. The Cambrian of the Appalachians and eastern New England regions, eastern United States, p. 169–217. In Holland, C. H. (ed.), Cambrian of the New World, Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of the World, 1. Wiley-Interscience, London.Google Scholar
Rasetti, F. 1945. Fossiliferous horizons in the “Sillery Formation” near Lévis, Quebec. American Journal of Science, 243:305–319.Google Scholar
Rasetti, F. 1952. Revision of the North American trilobites of the family Eodiscidae. Journal of Paleontology, 26:3, 434–451.Google Scholar
Rasetti, F. 1967. Lower and Middle Cambrian trilobite faunas from the Taconic sequence of New York. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 152(4):1–111, 14 pls.Google Scholar
Raymond, P. E. 1913a. Some changes in the names of genera. Trilobites. Ottawa Naturalist, 26:137–142.Google Scholar
Raymond, P. E. 1913b. On the genera of the Eodiscidae. Ottawa Naturalist, 26:101–106.Google Scholar
Raymond, P. E. 1914. Notes on the ontogeny of Paradoxides with the description of a new species from Braintree, Mass. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 58:225–244.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1910. The Cambrian fossils of Spiti. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica Indica, 15th series 7(1):1–70, pls. 1–6.Google Scholar
Repina, L. N. 1972. Problems concerning the evolution of the Family Protolenidae (Siberia). In Zhuravleva, I. T. (ed.), Biostratigraphic and Paleontologic Problems of the Siberian Lower Cambrian. Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Repina, L. N. 1973. Trilobites. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki, Sibirskoe Otdelenie Academiya Nauk, SSSR, 37:155–209, pls. 29–46. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Resser, C. E. 1937. New species of North American trilobites of the family Conocoryphidae. Journal of Paleontology, 11:39–42.Google Scholar
Resser, C. E., and Howell, B. F. 1938. Lower Cambrian Olenellus Zone of the Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 49:195–248.Google Scholar
Richter, R. 1932. Crustacea (Paläontologie), p. 840–863, figs. A1–64. In Dittler, R., Joos, G., Korschelt, E., Linek, G., Oltmanns, F., and Schaum, K. (eds.), Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften (second edition). Gustav Fischer-Verlag, Jena.Google Scholar
Richter, R., and Richter, E. 1948. Studien im Paläozoikum der Mittelmeer-Länder, 8, Zur Frage des Unter-Kambriums in Nordost-Spanien. Senckenbergiana, 29:23–39, figs. 1–5, pl. 1.Google Scholar
Robison, R. A., Rosova, A. V., Rowell, A. J., and Fletcher, T. P. 1977. Cambrian boundaries and divisions. Lethaia, 10:257–262.Google Scholar
Rogers, W. B. 1856. On the discovery of Paradoxides in the altered rocks of eastern Massachusetts. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 4:301–304.Google Scholar
Romanenko, M. F., and Romanenko, Ye. V. 1962. Trilobites of the Suyarksky Suite of the Middle Cambrian of Gorny Altai. Materialy Geologii Zapadno Sibirskogo Kraya Tomsk, 63:16–29, 3 pls. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A. 1966. The Cambrian trilobites from the Purley Shales of Warwickshire. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 120:1–55, 6 pls.Google Scholar
Rûžička, R. 1946. O některých význačných trilobitech skryjského kambria. Věstník Královské České Společnosti Náuk, Trída Matematikpřírod, 1944:1–26, 1 fig.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1859. On the fossils of the Lingula-flags or “Zone Primordiale.” Paradoxides and Conocephalus from North America. Proceedings of the Geological Society, London, 23 February:551–555, 1 fig.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1863. On the discovery of Paradoxides in Britain. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 15(1):274–277.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1864. A monograph of the British trilobites, Pt. 1. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society of London, 1862:1–80, pls. 1–6.Google Scholar
Salter, J. W. 1866. Notes on the sections and fossils [of the Lingula Flags of South Wales]. Report of the British Association for 1865, p. 285.Google Scholar
Savitskiy, V. E., Evtushchenko, V. M., Egorova, L. I., Kontorovich, A. E., and Shabanov, Yu. Ya. 1972. Kembrii Sibirskoi Platformy (Yudoma-Olenekskii Tip Razreza. Kuonamskiy Kompleks Otlozheniy). Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut, Geologii, Geofiziki i Mineral'nogo Syr'ya (SNIIGGIMS), 130. Izdatel'stvo (Nedra), Moskva. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K. 1958. Neue Trilobiten aus dem Mittelkambrium von Spanien. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 39(3–4):235–253, pls. 1, 2.Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K. 1961. Teil 2: Trilobiten, 2. Abschnitt, p. 317–411, pls. 16–34. In Lotze, F. and Sdzuy, K., Das Kambrium Spaniens. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaften Klasse, Jahrgang 8. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K. 1967. Trilobites del Cámbrico medio de Asturias. Trabajos de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, 1:77–133, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K. 1995. Acerca del conocimiento actuel del Sistema Cámbrico y del límite Cámbrico inferior-Cámbrico medio, p. 253–263. In Gámez Vintaned, J. A. and Liñán, E. (eds.), La expansión de la vida en el Cámbrico (Homenaje al Prof. Klaus Sdzuy). Memorias de las IV Jornadas Aragonesas de Paleontología. Institución Fernando el Catolico, Zaragoza.Google Scholar
Shaler, N. S. 1871. Remarks on the relations of the rocks in the vicinity of Boston. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 13:172–178.Google Scholar
Sjögren, A. 1872. Om några försteningar i Ölands kambriska lager. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 1:67–80, pl. 5.Google Scholar
Šnajdr, M. 1957. O nových trilobitech z českého kambria. Věstník Ústředního Ústavû Geologického, 32(4):235–244, 1 fig., 2 pls.Google Scholar
Šnajdr, M. 1958. Trilobiti českého středního kambria. Rozpravy Ústředního Ústavu Geologického, 24:1–280, 46 pls.Google Scholar
Šnajdr, M. 1986. Two new paradoxid trilobites from the Jince Formation (Middle Cambrian, Czechoslovakia). Věstník Ústředního Ústavû Geologického, 61:169–174.Google Scholar
Solov'yev, I. A. 1969. New species of Paradoxides (Trilobita) from the oil shales in the Amgaian Stage of northern Yakutia. Uchenie Zapiski, Nauchno-Issledovatel'skikh, Instituta Geologiska Arktika, Paleontologiya i Biostratigrafiya, 25:9–20.Google Scholar
Swinnerton, H. H. 1915. Suggestions for a revised classification of trilobites. Geological Magazine n.s., 6(2):487–496, 538–545.Google Scholar
van Ingen, G. 1914. Table of geological formations of the Cambrian and Ordovician systems about Conception and Trinity bays, Newfoundland. Princeton University Contributions to Geology of Newfoundland, 4.Google Scholar
Wahlenberg, G. 1818. Petrificata Telluris Svecanae. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 8:1–116, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Walch, J. E. I. 1771. Die Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen, zur Erläuterung der Knorrischen Sammlung von Merkwürdigkeiten der Natur. Dritter Theil, Paul Jonathan Felstecker, Nürnberg, 235 p.Google Scholar
Walcott, C. D. 1884. On the Cambrian faunas of North America. Preliminary studies. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 10:289–355.Google Scholar
Westergård, A. H. 1936. Paradoxides oelandicus Beds of Öland: with the account of a diamond boring through the Cambrian at Mössberga. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, series C, 394:30(1):1–66, 12 pls.Google Scholar
Westergård, A. H. 1953. Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, series C, 526:46(2):1–58, 8 pls.Google Scholar
Westrop, S. R., and Landing, E. 2000. Lower Cambrian (Branchian) trilobites and biostratigraphy of the Hanford Brook Formation, southern New Brunswick. Journal of Paleontology, 74(5):858–878.Google Scholar
Wheeler, R. R. 1942. New mid-Cambrian ptychoparid. American Journal of Science, 240:567–570.Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P. 1884. Notice of some new species of Primordial fossils in the collection of the Museum, and corrections of previously described species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1(5):139–152.Google Scholar
Whittingon, H. B., Chang, W. T., Dean, W. T., Fortey, R. A., Jell, P. A., Lawrie, J. R., Palmer, A. R., Repina, L. N., Rushton, A. W. A., and Shergold, J. H. 1997. Systematic descriptions of the class of Trilobita, p. 331–481. In Kaesler, R. L. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita (revised edition). Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar