Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-zklqj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T15:15:13.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A look into Cu-based shape memory alloys: Present scenario and future prospects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2014

Rupa Dasgupta
Rupa Dasgupta*
Affiliation:
CSIR-AMPRI [Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute], Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: rupadasgupta@ampri.res.in
Get access

Abstract

Cu-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) and among these copper–zinc (Cu–Zn), copper–aluminum (Cu–Al), and copper–tin (Cu–Sn) alloys both with and without ternary additions have shown potential due to their good shape recovery, ease of fabrication, excellent conductivity of heat and electricity. However, their applications are still limited because of the shortcomings of thermal stability, brittleness, and mechanical strength, which are closely related with microstructural characteristic of Cu-based SMAs, such as coarse grain sizes, high elastic anisotropies, and the congregation of secondary phases or impurities along the grain boundaries. Efforts are being made to overcome these drawbacks with proper ternary additions, adopting alternative processing routes and also optimizing the heat treatment cycles. The present article will deal with the current status of research and commercialization of Cu-based SMAs and dwell upon the future directions in which research should be targeted and future prospects of converting the research into components for commercial use.

Keywords

microstructuregrain sizememory

Information

Type
Reviews
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 29 , Issue 16 , 28 August 2014 , pp. 1681 - 1698
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Stice, J.D. and Wayman, C.M.: Observations of aging effects in a Cu-Sn shape memory alloy. Metall. Trans. A 13(10), 1687 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamal, M.: Mechanical properties of rapidly solidified of Cu–Sn shape memory alloys. Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 161(3), 189 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, J.: The microstructure of rapidly solidified β-phase Cu-Zn-Al alloys. Metall. Trans. A 14(11), 2229 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prashantha, S., Ranganatha Swamy, M.K., and Mallikarjun, U.S.: Shape memory effect in Cu-Sn-Mn ternary shape memory alloy processed by ingot metallurgy. Int. J. Metall. Mater. Sci. Eng. (IJMMSE) 2(1), 12 (2012).Google Scholar
Yi, H.C. and Moore, J.J.: Self-propagating high-temperature (combustion) synthesis (SHS) of powder-compacted material. J. Mater. Sci. 25(2), 1159 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asanovic, V., Delijicm, K., and Jaukovic, N.: A study of transformations of β-phase in Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloys. Scr. Mater. 58, 599 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutou, Y., Omori, T., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Ductile Cu-Al-Mn based shape memory alloys: General properties and applications. Mater. Sci. Technol. 24(8), 896 (2008).Google Scholar
Ma, J., Karaman, I., and Noebe, R.D.: High temperature shape memory alloys. Int. Mater. Rev. 55(5), 257 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saule, F., Ahlers, M., Kropef, F., and Rivero, E.B.: The martensitic phases and their stability in Cu-Zn and Cu-Zn-Al alloys—IV. The influence of lattice parameter changes and evaluation of phase stabilities. Acta Metall. 40(12), 3229 (1992).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling-fei, C., Ming-pu, W., Zhou, L., Ben, X., and Yu-chang, S.: Thermal cycling effect in Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn shape memory alloy with high Ms temperature. Trans. Nonferrous Soc. China 12(4), 716 (2002).Google Scholar
Sutou, Y., Omori, T., Kainuma, R., Ono, N., and Ishida, K.: Enhancement of superelasticity in Cu-Al-Mn-Ni shape-memory alloys by texture control. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33A(9), 2817 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Q., Han, F., Cui, C., Bu, S., and Bai, L.: Effect of aging on the reverse martensitic phase transformation behaviours of Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys. Mater. Lett. 61, 5185 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J., Lia, Z., and Zhao, Y.Y.: A high-working-temperature CuAlMnZr shape memory alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 480, 481 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagdelen, F., Gokhan, T., Aydogdu, A., Aydogdu, Y., and Adigüzel, O.: Effects of thermal treatments on transformation behaviour in shape memory Cu-Al-Ni alloys. Mater. Lett. 57, 1079 (2003).Google Scholar
Sarı, U. and Kirindi, T.: Effects of deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy. Mater. Charact. 59, 920 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miki, M., Maeshiro, N., and Ogino, Y.: Effects of additional elements on the super plasticity of a Cu-14Al-3Ni shape memory alloy. Mater. Trans., JIM 30(12), 999 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shajil, N., Das, D., and Chandrasekaran, L.: Effects of cycling on the pseudoelastic properties of CuAlMnNi & TiNi based pseudoelastic alloys. Int. J. Struct. Changes Solids – Mech. Appl. 1(1), 171 (2009).Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Dunand, D.C., and Schuh, C.A.: Shape memory and superelasticity in polycrystalline Cu–Al–Ni microwires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(17), 906 (2009).Google Scholar
Sutou, Y., Koeda, N., Omori, T., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Effects of ageing on bainitic and thermally induced martensitic transformations in ductile Cu–Al–Mn-based shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 57, 5748 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutou, Y., Koeda, N., Omori, T., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Effect of aging on stress induced martensitic transformations in ductile Cu-Al-Mn based shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 57, 5759 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vajpai, S.K., Dube, R.K., and Sangal, S.: Processing and characterization of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy strips prepared from prealloyed powder by hot densification rolling of powder preforms. Metall. Mater. Trans. 42A, 3178 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zengin, R. and Ceylan, M.: The effects of neutron irradiation on oxidation behavior, microstructure and transformation temperatures of Cu–12.7 wt.% Al–5 wt.% Ni–2 wt.% Mn shape memory alloy. Mater. Lett. 58, 55 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zengin, R.: Microstructure and oxidation properties of a neutron-irradiated Cu–13.5wt% Al–4 wt% Ni shape memory alloy. Phys. B 363, 110 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanciu, S., Bujoreanu, L-G., Özkal, B., Lutfi Öveçoğlu, M., and Sandu, A.V.: Study of precipitate formation in Cu–Al–Ni–Mn–Fe shape memory alloys. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 10(6), 1365 (2008).Google Scholar
Xiaomin, C., Feng, H., Ni, L., and Xingwen, W.: Microstructure and shape memory effect of Cu-26.1Zn-4.8Al alloy. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol., Mater. Sci. Ed. 23, 717 (2008).Google Scholar
Asanovic, V. and Delujc, K.: The mechanical behavior and shape memory recovery of Cu-Zn-Al alloys. Metalurgija 13(1), 59 (2007).Google Scholar
Bai, Y.J., Geng, G.L., Bian, X.F., Sun, D.S., and Wang, S.R.: Influence of initial heating temperature on the reverse martensitic transformation of Cu–Zn–Al–Mn–Ni alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 284, 25 (2000).Google Scholar
Kayali, N., Ozgen, S., and Adigiizel, O.: The influence of ageing on martensite morphology in shape memory Cu–Zn–Al alloys. J. Phys. IV France 7(C5), 317 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Albuquerque, V.H.C., de A. Melo, T.A., Gomes, R.M., de Limaa, S.J.G., and Tavares, J.M.R.S.: Grain size and temperature influence on the toughness of a Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 528, 459 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, P., Ma, A., Lu, S., Lin, P., Jiang, J., Ma, H., and Chu, C.: Effect of equal channel angular pressing and heat treatment on the microstructure of Cu-Al-Be-B shape memory alloy. Mater. Lett. 63, 2676 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montecinos, S. and Cuniberti, A.: Martensitic transformation and grain size in a Cu-Al-Be alloy. Procedia Mater. Sci. 1, 149 (2012).Google Scholar
Abu Arab, A. and Ahlers, M.: The stabilization of martensite in Cu-Zn-Al alloys. Acta Metall. 36(9), 2627 (1988).Google Scholar
Saule, F. and Ahlers, M.: Stability, stabilization and lattice parameters in Cu-Zn-Al martensites. Acta Metall. Mater. 43(6), 2373 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuwano, N., Doi, T., and Eguchi, T.: Annealing behaviour of heavily deformed martensites of Cu-Al alloys. Mater. Trans., JIM 20, 37 (1979).Google Scholar
Sathish, S., Mallik, U.S., and Raju, T.N.: Microstructure and shape memory effect of Cu-Zn-Ni shape memory alloys. J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng. 2, 71 (2014).Google Scholar
Pourkhorshidi, S., Parvin, N., Kenevisi, M.S., Naeimi, M., and Ebrahimnia Khaniki, H.: A study on the microstructure and properties of Cu-based shape memory alloy produced by hot extrusion of mechanically alloyed powders. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 556, 658 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilemany, J.M., Peregrín, F., Lovey, F.C., LLorca, N., and Cesari, E.: TEM study of β and martensite in Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys. Mater. Charact. 26, 23 (1991).Google Scholar
Hornbogen, E., Mertinger, V., and Spielfield, J.: Ausageing and ausforming of a copper based shape memory alloy with high transformation temperatures. Z. Metallkd. 90(5), 318 (1999).Google Scholar
Adigiizel, O.: Martensite ordering and stabilization in copper based shape memory alloys. Mater. Res. Bull. 30(6), 755 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauda, S.N., Hamzaha, E., Abubakara, T., and Hosseinian, R.: A review on influence of alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys. Jurnal Reknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 64(1), 51 (2013).Google Scholar
Sakamoto, H., Kijima, Y., and Shimizu, K.: Fatigue and fracture characteristics of polycrystalline Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys. Mater. Trans., JIM 23, 585 (1982).Google Scholar
Kustov, S., Golyandin, S., Sapozhnikov, K., Cesari, E., Van Humbeeck, J., and De Batist, R.: Influence of martensitic stabilization on the low temperature non-linear anelasticity in Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys. Acta Mater. 50, 3023 (2002).Google Scholar
Suotou, Y., Omori, T., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Ductile Cu-Al-Mn based shape memory alloys: General properties and applications. Mater. Sci. Technol. 24(8), 896 (2008).Google Scholar
Mallik, U.S. and Sampath, V.: Effect of alloying on microstructure and shape memory characteristics of Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 481–482, 680 (2008).Google Scholar
Segui, C., Cesari, E., and Van Humbeeck, J.: Irreversibility in two stage martensitic transformation of Cu-Al-Ni and Cu-Zn-Mn alloys. Mater. Trans., JIM 31(5), 375 (1990).Google Scholar
Sharma, M., Vajpai, S.K., and Dube, R.K.: Processing and characterization of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy strips prepared from elemental powders via a novel powder metallurgy route. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 41A, 2905 (2010).Google Scholar
Li, Z., Pan, Z.Y., Tang, N., Jiang, Y.B., Liu, N., Fang, M., and Zheng, F.: Cu–Al–Ni–Mn shape memory alloy processed by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 417, 225 (2006).Google Scholar
Mallik, U.S. and Sampath, V.: Influence of quaternary alloying additions on transformation temperatures and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloy. J. Alloys Compd. 469, 156 (2009).Google Scholar
V.R. Harchekar and M. Singla: Cu—Zn—Al (6%) shape memory alloy with low martensitic temperature and a process for its manufacture. Patent 7195681, Issued on March 27, 2007.Google Scholar
Zengin, R. and Ceylan, M.: The changes in transformation temperatures under stress of Cu-12.7Al-5Ni-2Mn alloys. Thermochim. Acta 414, 155 (2004).Google Scholar
Kneissl, A.C., Unterweger, E., and Lojen, G.: Functional properties of wires and thin ribbons of several shape memory alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 8(11), 1113 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, S., Su, Y., Wang, C., and Liu, X.: Microstructure and properties of Cu–Al–Fe high-temperature shape memory alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 185, 67 (2014).Google Scholar
Sutou, Y., Omori, T., Yamauchi, K., Ono, N., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Effect of grain size and texture on pseudoelasticity in Cu–Al–Mn-based shape memory wire. Acta Mater. 53, 4121 (2005).Google Scholar
Sánchez-Arévalo, F.M., García-Fernández, T., Pulos, G., and Villagrán-Muniz, M.: Use of digital speckle pattern correlation for strain measurements in a CuAlBe shape memory alloy. Mater. Charact. 60, 775–782 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, Z., Fang, M., Li, Z., Xiao, T., and Lei, Q.: Structure and properties of ductile Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy. Mater. Des. 58, 451 (2014).Google Scholar
Funakubo, H.: Shape Memory Alloys, 1st ed.; Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: New York, 1987; p. 226.Google Scholar
Wayman, C.M. and Duerig, T.W.: An introduction to martensite and shape memory. Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, 1st ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, 1990; p. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, T.A. and Wayman, C.M.: The two-way shape memory effect and other “training” phenomena in Cu-Zn single crystals. Scr. Metall. 11(3), 225 (1977).Google Scholar
Stalmans, R., Van Humbeeck, J., and Delaey, L.: Training and the two way memory effect in copper based shape memory alloys. J. Phys. IV C4(1), 403 (1991).Google Scholar
Wei Min, H.: Two-way behavior of a Nitinol torsion bar. In Proc. SPIE Vol. 3675, Smart Structures and Materials; Smart Materials Technologies, Wuttig, M., ed. (SPIE Digital Library, Newport Beach, CA, 1999); p. 284.Google Scholar
San Juan, J., Nó, M.L., and Schuh, C.A.: Superelastic cycling of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy micropillars. Acta Mater. 60(10), 4093 (2012).Google Scholar
Huang, W. and Toh, W.: Training two-way shape memory alloy by reheat treatment. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 19, 1549 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kneisl, A.C., Unterweger, E., and Lojen, G.: Functional properties of wires and thin ribbons of several shape memory alloys. Adv. Eng. Mater. 8(11), 1115 (2006).Google Scholar
Bai, Y., Shi, Q., Geng, G., Sun, D., and Bian, X.: Formation mechanism of curved martensite structure in Cu based shape memory alloys. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 16(1), 78 (2000).Google Scholar
Casati, R., Vedani, M., and Tuiss, A.: Thermal cycling of stress-induced martensite for high-performance shape memory effect. Scr. Mater. 80, 13 (2014).Google Scholar
Firstov, G.S., Van Humbeeck, J., and Koval, Y.N.: High temperature shape memory alloys: Problems and prospects. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 17, 1041 (2006).Google Scholar
Hopulele, I., Istrate, S., Stanciu, S., and Calugaru, Gh.: Comparative study of certain Cu-Zn-Al-type alloys concerning their superelastic behavior and shape memory. J. Optoelectronics Adv. Mater. 6(1), 277 (2004).Google Scholar
Hel, D.: Pseudoelastic behavior of shape memory alloys: Constitutive theory and identification of the material parameters using neural network. Technische Mechanik 25(1), 39 (2005).Google Scholar
Van Schoor, M.C.: Method and device for measuring strain using shape memory alloy materials, Issued patent: US6550341, Issue date April 22, 2003.Google Scholar
Alam, M.S., Youssef, M.A., and Nehdi, M.: Utilizing shape memory alloys to enhance the performance and safety of civil infrastructure: A review. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 34(9), 1075 (2007).Google Scholar
Cunningham, B. and Ashbee, K.H.G.: An in situ SEM kossel x-ray diffraction study of pseudoelasticity. Acta Metall. Mater. 38(12), 2561 (1990).Google Scholar
Miura, S. and Kato, H.: Thermodynamical analysis of pseudoelasticity and calorimetry in shape memory alloys. Mater. Sci. Res. Int. 2, 67 (1995).Google Scholar
Wei, Z., Laizhu, J., Ning, L., and Yuhua, W.: Improvement of shape memory effect in an Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni alloy fabricated by equal channel angular pressing. J. Mater. Process Technol. 208(1–3), 130 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montecinos, S., Cuniberti, A., and Sepúlveda, A.: Grain size and pseudoelastic behaviour of a Cu–Al–Be alloy. Mater. Charact. 59, 117 (2008).Google Scholar
Yawny, A., Malarria, J., Lovey, F.C., and Sade, M.: Recoverable effects related to pseudoelastic cycling in Cu-Zn-Al single crystals. J. Phys. C5, 531 (1997).Google Scholar
Van Humbeeck, J. and Delaey, L.: The influence of strain-rate, amplitude and temperature on the hysteresis of a pseudoelastic Cu-Zn-Al single crystal. J. Phys. C5, 1007 (1981).Google Scholar
Miyazaki, S., Fu, Y.Q., and Huang, W.M.: Thin Film Shape Memory Alloys, 1st ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 2009; pp. 261, 370.Google Scholar
San Juan, J., No, M.L., and Schuh, C.A.: Thermomechanical behavior at the nanoscale and size effects in shape memory alloys. J. Mater. Res. 26(19), 2461 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pops, H.: Stress-induced pseudoelasticity in ternary Cu-Zn based beta prime phase alloys. Metall. Trans. 1(25), 1 (1970).Google Scholar
Casciati, S.: Experimental studies on the fatigue life of shape memory alloy bars. Smart Struct. Syst. 6(1), 73 (2010).Google Scholar
Ortín, J. and Planes, A.: Thermodynamics of thermoelastic martensitic transformations. Acta Metall. 37(5), 1433 (1989).Google Scholar
Dvorack, M.A., Kuwano, N., Polat, S., Chen, H., and Wayman, C.M.: Decomposition of a β1-phase Cu-Al-Ni alloy at elevated temperature. Scr. Metall. 17(11), 1333 (1983).Google Scholar
Morris, M.A.: High temperature properties of ductile Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys with boron additions. Acta Metall. 40, 1573 (1992).Google Scholar
Wayman, C.M.: Thennoelastic martensitic transformations and the shape memory effect. In Proc. of the Int. Conf. on phase Trans. In Soliak, Maleme-Chania, North-Holland, New York, 1984, p. 657.Google Scholar
Van Humbeeck, J.: High temperature shape memory alloys. Trans. ASME 12, 98 (1999).Google Scholar
Marukawa, K. and Tsuchiya, K.: Two important aging effects on the martensite phase in CuZnAI alloys: Rubber effect and stabilization of martensite. J. Phys. 11, 8 (2001).Google Scholar
Junkai, D., Xiangdong, D., Turab, L., Tetsuro, S., Kazuhiro, O., Jun, S., Saxena, A., and Xiaobing, R.: Microscopic mechanism of martensitic stabilization in shape-memory alloys: Atomic-level processes. Phys. Rev. B 81(22), 1 (2010).Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Ren, X., and Otsuka, K.: Shape memory effect and superelasticity in a strain glass alloy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(22), 5703 (2006).Google Scholar
Romero, R. and Stipcich, M.: The stabilization of martensite in Cu-Zn-Al-Ti-B shape memory alloys. Fifth European symposium on martensitic transformations and shape memory alloys. J. Phys. 11(8), 135 (2001).Google Scholar
Rabeeh, B.M., El Batanouny, M.M., and El Ashram, A.E.: Microstructural characterization and solid state processing of Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy. Can. J. Mech. Sci. Eng. 2(2), 11 (2011).Google Scholar
Janke, L., Czaderski, C., Motavalli, M., and Ruth, J.: Application of shape memory alloys in civil engineering structures – Overview, limits and new ideas. Mater. Struct. RILEM 38(279), 578 (2005).Google Scholar
Rashed, M.G.: Civil engineering application of shape memory alloys. In Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering, CUET, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2012; p. 1.Google Scholar
Sutou, Y., Omoria, T., Wang, J.J., Kainuma, R., and Ishida, K.: Characteristics of Cu–Al–Mn-based shape memory alloys and their applications. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 378, 278 (2004).Google Scholar
Debbarma, S.R. and Saha, S.: Review of shape memory alloys applications in civil structures, and analysis for its potential as reinforcement in concrete flexural members. Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng. 2(3), 924 (2012).Google Scholar
Sepúlveda, J., Boroschek, R., Herrera, R., Moroni, O., and Sarrazin, M.: Steel beam–column connection using copper-based shape memory alloy dampers. J. Constr. Steel Res. 64(4), 429 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar