Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-sq2k7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-04T01:16:26.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Thermal effects on microstructural heterogeneity of Inconel 718 materials fabricated by electron beam melting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2014

William J. Sames ,
Kinga A. Unocic ,
Ryan R. Dehoff ,
Tapasvi Lolla  and
Sudarsanam S. Babu
William J. Sames*
Affiliation:
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Kinga A. Unocic
Affiliation:
Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Ryan R. Dehoff
Affiliation:
Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; and Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
Tapasvi Lolla
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Sudarsanam S. Babu
Affiliation:
Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA; and Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
*
a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: wsames@tamu.edu
Get access

Abstract

Additive manufacturing technologies, also known as 3D printing, have demonstrated the potential to fabricate complex geometrical components, but the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties of these materials are not well understood due to unique and complex thermal cycles observed during processing. The electron beam melting (EBM) process is unique because the powder bed temperature can be elevated and maintained at temperatures over 1000 °C for the duration of the process. This results in three specific stages of microstructural phase evolution: (a) rapid cool down from the melting temperature to the process temperature, (b) extended hold at the process temperature, and (c) slow cool down to the room temperature. In this work, the mechanisms for reported microstructural differences in EBM are rationalized for Inconel 718 based on measured thermal cycles, preliminary thermal modeling, and computational thermodynamics models. The relationship between processing parameters, solidification microstructure, interdendritic segregation, and phase precipitation (δ, γ′, and γ″) are discussed.

Information

Type
Invited Papers
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 29 , Issue 17: Focus Issue: The Materials Science of Additive Manufacturing , 14 September 2014 , pp. 1920 - 1930
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Antonysamy, A.A.: Microstructure, texture, and mechanical property evaluation during additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloys for aerospace applications. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Materials, University of Manchester, UK, 2012.Google Scholar
Al-Bermani, S.S., Blackmore, M.L., Zhang, W., and Todd, I.: The origin of microstructural diversity, texture, and mechanical properties in electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 41A, 3422–3434 (2010).Google Scholar
Wang, F., Williams, S., Colegrove, P., and Antonysamy, A.A.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 44A, 968–977 (2013).Google Scholar
Antonysamy, A.A., Prangnell, P.B., and Meyer, J.: Effect of wall thickness transitions on texture and grain structure in additive layer manufactured (ALM) of Ti-6Al-4V. Mater. Sci. Forum 706–709, 205–210 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makiewicz, K.: Development of simultaneous transformation kinetics microstructure model with application to laser metal deposited Ti-6Al-4V and alloy 718. MS Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2013.Google Scholar
Geddes, B., Leon, H., and Xiao, H.: Phases and microstructure of superalloys. In ASM Handbook Supplements: Introduction to Superalloys, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2011.Google Scholar
Donachie, M.J. and Donachie, S.J.: A guide to superalloy shape processing. In Superalloys, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2011.Google Scholar
ASM International: Nickel-base superalloys. In Heat Treater′s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Nonferrous Alloys, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1996; pp. 41–58.Google Scholar
Schirra, J.J., Caless, R.H., and Hatala, R.W.: The effect of the Laves phase on the mechanical properties of wrought and cast +HIP Inconel 718. In Superalloys, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1991.Google Scholar
Radavich, J.F.: The physical metallurgy of cast and wrought alloy 718. In Superalloy 718-Metallurgy and Applications, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1989.Google Scholar
Miller, M.K., Babu, S.S., and Burke, M.G.: Comparison of the phase compositions in alloy 718 measured by atom probe tomography and predicted by thermodynamic calculations. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 327, 84–88 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, D.D., Meiners, W., Wissenbach, K., and Poprawe, R.: Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: Materials, processes and mechanisms. Int. Mater. Rev. 57, 133–164 (2012).Google Scholar
Chaudhary, A.: Modeling of laser-additive manufacturing processes. In ASM Handbook, Vol. 22B, September, ASM, Materials Park, OH, 2010; pp. 240–252.Google Scholar
Zhang, C.S., Li, L., and Deceuster, A.: Thermomechanical analysis of multi-bead pulsed laser power deposition of a nickel-based superalloy. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211, 1478–1487 (2011).Google Scholar
Qi, H., Azer, M., and Ritter, A.: Studies of standard heat treatment effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser net shape manufactured Inconel 718. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40, 2410–2422 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, X., Chen, J., Lin, X., and Huang, W.: Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser rapid forming Inconel 718. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 478, 119–124 (2008).Google Scholar
Liu, F., Lin, X., Huang, C., Song, M., Yang, G., Chen, J., and Huang, W.: The effect of laser scanning path on microstructures and mechanical properties of laser solid formed nickel-base superalloy Inconel 718. J. Alloys Compd. 509, 4505–4509 (2011).Google Scholar
Amato, K.N., Gaytan, S.M., Murr, L.E., Martinez, E., Shindo, P.W., Hernandez, J., Collins, S., and Medina, F.: Microstructures and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting. Acta Mater. 60, 2229–2239 (2012).Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Nie, P., and Wu, Y.: Effect of heat treatment on Niobium segregation of laser-cladded IN718 alloy coating. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 44A, 706–718 (2013).Google Scholar
Tabernero, I., Lamikiz, A., Martínez, S., Ukar, E., and Figueras, J.: Evaluation of the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 components built by laser cladding. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 51, 456–470 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tian, Y.: Rationalization of microstructure heterogeneity in IN718 builds made by direct laser additive manufacturing process. Metall. Mater. Trans. A (2014), submitted for publication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cieslak, M.J., Headley, T.J., and Romig, A.D.: The welding metallurgy of HASTELLOY alloys C-4, C-22 and C-276. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 17A, 2035–2047 (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cieslak, M.J.: The welding and solidification metallurgy of alloy 625. Weld. J. 70, 49–56 (1991).Google Scholar
Knorovsky, G.A., Cieslak, M.J., Headley, T.J., Romig, A.D. Jr., and Hammetter, W.F.: INCONEL 718: A solidification diagram. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 20A, 2149–2158 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippold, J.C., Kiser, S.D., and DuPont, J.N.: Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Nickel-Base Alloys (John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2009).Google Scholar
Strondl, A., Fischer, R., Frommeyer, G., and Schneider, A.: Investigations of MX and gamma′/gamma′ precipitates in the nickel-based superalloy 718 produced by electron beam melting. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 480, 138–147 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strondl, A., Palm, M., Gnauk, J., and Frommeyer, G.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel based superalloy IN718 produced by rapid prototyping with electron beam melting (EBM). Mater. Sci. Technol. 27(5), 876–883 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strondl, A., Milenkovic, S., Schneider, A., Klement, U., and Frommeyer, G.: Effect of processing on microstructure and physical properties of three nickel-based superalloys with different hardening mechanisms. Adv. Eng. Mater. 14(7), 427–438 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unocic, K.A., Kolbus, L.M., Dehoff, R.R., Dryepondt, S.N., and Pint, B.A.: High-temperature performance of N07718 processed by additive manufacturing. In NACE Corrosion 2014, San Antonio, TX, 2014.Google Scholar
Mireles, J., Terrazas, C., Medina, F., and Wicker, R.: Automatic feedback control in electron beam melting using infrared tomography. In 24th Solid Freefrom Fabrication Symposium, Austin, TX, 2013.Google Scholar
Unocic, K.A., Kolbus, L.M., Dehoff, R.R., Dryepondt, S.N., and Pint, B.A.: Unpublished research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, 2014.Google Scholar
Dehmas, M., Lacaze, J., Niang, A., and Viguier, B.: TEM study of high-temperature precipitation of delta phase in Inconel 718 alloy. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2011 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, N. and Chou, K.: Thermal modeling of electron beam additive manufacturing process – Powder sintering effects. In Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2012, Notre Dame, Indiana, June 4–8, 2012.Google Scholar
Babu, S.S., David, S.A., Vitek, J.M., Mundra, K., and DebRoy, T.: Model for inclusion formation in low alloy steel welds. Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining 4, 276–284 (1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ion, J.C., Easterling, K.E., and Ashby, M.F.: A second report on diagrams of microstructure and hardness for heat-affected zones in welds. Acta Metall. 32, 1957–1962 (1984).Google Scholar
Nastac, L., Valencia, J.J., Tims, M.L., and Dax, F.R.: Advances in the solidification of IN718 and RS5 Alloys. In Proceedings of Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Various Derivatives; Lora, E.A. ed.; TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2001.Google Scholar
Babu, S.S.: Thermodynamic and kinetics models for describing microstructure evolution during joining of advanced materials. Int. Mater. Rev. 54, 333–367 (2009).Google Scholar
Thermocalc [Online]: Available http://www.thermocalc.com/products-services/software/thermo-calc/ (accessed March 2014).Google Scholar
Lukas, H.L., Fries, S.G., and Sundman, B.: Computational Thermodynamics, the Calphad Method (Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 2007).Google Scholar
Saunders, N., Guo, Z., Li, X., Miodownik, A.P., and Schille, J-P.: Using JMatPro to model materials properties and behavior. JOM 60–65 (2003).Google Scholar
Saunders, N., Guo, Z., Li, X., Miodownik, A.P., and Schille, J-P.: Modelling the material properties and behaviour of Ni-based superalloys. In Superalloys, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2004.Google Scholar
ASTM International E8/E8M - 11: Standard Testing Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.Google Scholar