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Radiation pattern synthesis of smart fourth dimensional beamforming antenna arrays using optimally splitting pulses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2025

Avishek Chakraborty Open the ORCID record for Avishek Chakraborty [Opens in a new window] ,
Ravi Shankar Saxena ,
Indrasen Singh ,
Asha Rajiv ,
Johar Mgm ,
Navdeep Prashar ,
Ashish Singh ,
Sanjeev Kumar Shah ,
Jyoti Bansal  and
Alaa Salim Abdalrazzaq
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Avishek Chakraborty*
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering (EECE), GITAM (Deemed To Be University), Bengaluru, KA, India
Ravi Shankar Saxena
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), GMR Institute of Technology (GMRIT), Rajam, AP, India
Indrasen Singh
Affiliation:
School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
Asha Rajiv
Affiliation:
Department of Physics & Electronics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, KA, India
Johar Mgm
Affiliation:
Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Navdeep Prashar
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Chandigarh College of Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab, India
Ashish Singh
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Vehicle Engineering, NIMS Institute of Engineering and Technology, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
Sanjeev Kumar Shah
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
Jyoti Bansal
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, IES College of Technology, IES University, Bhopal, India
Alaa Salim Abdalrazzaq
Affiliation:
Department of Dentistry, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
Mustafa Asaad Rasol
Affiliation:
College of Dentistry, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
Sumit Gupta
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), SR University, Warangal, India
Durbadal Mandal
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE), NIT Durgapur, West Bengal, India
*
Corresponding author: Avishek Chakraborty; Email: avishekdreamz@gmail.com
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Abstract

Designing and developing smart antennas with adaptive radiation characteristics is an integral part for present-day communication systems. The versatile capabilities of Time-modulated fourth-dimensional (4D) antenna arrays can provide that crucial adaptability if properly designed. This work discusses an effective analysis of 4D antenna arrays to achieve less-attenuating radiation patterns with simultaneously suppressed sidelobe and sidebands. The 4D arrays offer an additional benefit over standard arrays in the sense that the requisite amplitude tapering to lower the undesired radiations can be accomplished by controlling only the switch ON times of the radiating elements instead of using attenuators. The idea of splitting pulses by keeping the total switch ON durations constant, is exploited here as an additional degree of freedom for beamforming of all the radiation patterns. The unwanted radiations in terms of sidelobes as well as sideband radiations (SRs) at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, respectively are simultaneously minimized to improve the radiation efficiencies of the 4D array. To address the conflicting aims for the synthesis of radiation patterns, a wavelet-mutation based heuristic method is also proposed. The multi-objective problem in hand is modulated in to a single objective cost function as minimization problem. The proposed outcomes are reported and compared with other state of the art works related to the same domain. Furthermore, a detailed statistical analysis is also provided to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach.

Keywords

beamformingSideband radiations (SRs)sidelobesmart antennatime modulation

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Type
Research Paper
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , First View , pp. 1 - 16
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with The European Microwave Association.

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