Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-f46jp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T13:40:04.398Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A novel approach to non-invasive blood glucose sensing based on a single-slot defected ground structure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2022

Esraa Mansour Open the ORCID record for Esraa Mansour [Opens in a new window] ,
Ahmed Allam  and
Adel B. Abdel-Rahman
Esraa Mansour*
Affiliation:
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Ahmed Allam
Affiliation:
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
Adel B. Abdel-Rahman
Affiliation:
Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
*
Author for correspondence: Esraa Mansour, E-mail: esraa.mansour@ejust.edu.eg
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this study, we explore a novel approach to measure blood glucose concentration in a non-invasive way using a compact defected ground structure (DGS) filter. The proposed sensor is promising because it is cost-effective, compact, non-ionizing in nature, and convenient for diabetics. Therefore, a portable microwave biosensor can be utilized using these features. In this study, we present a single DGS sensor which is designed on a Rogers RO4003C substrate and fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line, and operating in the industrial, scientific, and medical radio bands (2.4–2.5 GHz). The changes in dielectric properties in blood are mainly relying on glucose concentrations. The main concept of using a sensor is by placing a finger on the sensing area (the slot). The filter is demonstrated by simulations using CST Microwave Studio. Additionally, the blood layer with different glucose concentrations from 250 to 16 000 mg/dl is presented by the Cole–Cole model. The sensor can achieve a relatively good sensitivity of 7.8285 kHz/mg/dl. The size of the fabricated sensor is 40 × 40 × 0.883 mm3, which is suitable for hand-held use.

Keywords

Cole–Cole modeldefected ground-plane structure (DGS)dielectric propertiesglucometersnon-invasive blood glucose measurements sensors
Type
EuCAP 2021 Special Issue
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 15 , Special Issue 1: EuCAP 2021 Special Issue , February 2023 , pp. 32 - 40
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with the European Microwave Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

European Medicines Agency (2009) Press Release European Medicines Agency Update on Review of Non-Selective NSAIDs.Google Scholar
Topsakal, E, Karacolak, T and Moreland, EC (2011) Glucose-dependent dielectric properties of blood plasma. 2011 30th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, URSIGASS 2011, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6051324Google Scholar
Wang, J (2001) Glucose biosensors: 40 years of advances and challenges. Electroanalysis 13, 983–988. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200108)13:12<983::aid-elan983>3.0.co;2-%233.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, WV, Mobashsher, AT and Abbosh, A (2019) The progress of glucose monitoring – a review of invasive to minimally and non-invasive techniques, devices and sensors. Sensors (Basel) 19, 800.10.3390/s19040800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, M, Fersch, T, Weigel, R, Fischer, G and Kissinger, D (2011) A novel approach to non-invasive blood glucose measurement based on RF transmission. MeMeA 2011–2011 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications, Proceedings, no. 3, pp. 8–11. doi: 10.1109/MeMeA.2011.5966704Google Scholar
Gabriel, S, Lau, RW and Gabriel, C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Physics in Medicine and Biology 41, 2271–2293. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/41/11/003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, B, Manuel, MP and Alex, ZC (2012) Design and development of non invasive glucose measurement system. Proceedings – ISPTS-1, 1st International Symposium on Physics and Technology of Sensors, pp. 43–46. doi: 10.1109/ISPTS.2012.6260873Google Scholar
Abdalla, S, Al-ameer, SS and Al-Magaishi, SH (2010) Electrical properties with relaxation through human blood. Biomicrofluidics 4, 034101. doi: 10.1063/1.3458908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J, Babajanyan, A, Hovsepyan, A, Lee, K and Friedman, B (2008) Microwave dielectric resonator biosensor for aqueous glucose solution. Review of Scientific Instruments 79, 1–4. doi: 10.1063/1.2968115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobson, R, Wu, R and Callaghan, P (2012) Blood glucose monitoring using microwave cavity perturbation. Electronics Letters 48, 905–906. doi: 10.1049/el.2012.1811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, Y, Deng, X, Wang, Q and Wang, W (2010) Testing glucose concentration in aqueous solution based on microwave cavity perturbation technique. Proceedings – 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, BMEI 2010, vol. 3, no. Bmei, pp. 1046–1049. doi: 10.1109/BMEI.2010.5639744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiwatwithaya, S, Phasukkit, P, Tungjitkusolmun, S and Wongtrairat, W (2011) Real-time monitoring glucose by used microwave antenna apply to biosensor. BMEiCON-2011 – 4th Biomedical Engineering International Conference, no. 2, pp. 135–137. doi: 10.1109/BMEiCon.2012.6172036Google Scholar
Hofmann, M, Bloss, M, Weigel, R, Fischer, G and Kissinger, D (2012) Non-invasive glucose monitoring using open electromagnetic waveguides. European Microwave Week 2012 “sp. Microwaves”, EuMW 2012, Conference Proceedings – 42nd European Microwave Conference EuMC 2012, pp. 546–549. doi: 10.23919/eumc.2012.6459152Google Scholar
Hasan, MN, Tamanna, S, Singh, P, Nadeem, MD and Rudramuni, M (2019) Cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna sensor for non-invasive glucose sensing application. 2019 6th International Conference Signal Processing and Integrated Networks, SPIN 2019, no. May, pp. 961–964. doi: 10.1109/SPIN.2019.8711633Google Scholar
Afroz, S, Thomas, SW, Mumcu, G and Saddow, SE (2013) Implantable SiC based RF antenna biosensor for continuous glucose monitoring.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saha, S, Cano-Garcia, H, Sotiriou, I, Lipscombe, O, Gouzouasis, I, Koutsoupidou, M, Palikaras, G, Mackenzie, R, Reeve, T, Kosmas, P and Kallos, E (2017) A glucose sensing system based on transmission measurements at millimetre waves using micro strip patch antennas. Scientific Reports 7, 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06926-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debye, PJW (1960) Polar Molecules. New York: Dover Publications Inc.Google Scholar
Karacolak, T, Moreland, EC and Topsakal, E (2013) Cole–Cole model for glucose-dependent dielectric properties of blood plasma for continuous glucose monitoring. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 55, 1160–1164. doi: 10.1002/mopCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weng, LH, Guo, YC, Shi, XW and Chen, XQ (2008) An overview on defected ground structure. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B 7, 173–189. doi: 10.2528/pierb08031401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breed, Gary (2008) An introduction to defected ground structures in microstrip circuits. High Frequency Electronics 7, 50–54.Google Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AB, Verma, AK, Boutejdar, A and Omar, AS (2004) Control of bandstop response of Hi-Lo microstrip low-pass filter using slot in ground plane. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 52, 1008–1013. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2004.823587CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hekal, S, Allam, A, Abdel-Rahman, AB and Pokharel, RK (2019) Compact Size Wireless Power Transfer Using Defected Ground Structures.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turgul, V and Kale, I (2017) Simulating the effects of skin thickness and fingerprints to highlight problems with non-invasive RF blood glucose sensing from fingertips. IEEE Sensors Journal 17, 7553–7560. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2757083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundström, R, Dahlqvist, H, Hagberg, M and Nilsson, T (2018) Vibrotactile and thermal perception and its relation to finger skin thickness. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice 3, 33–39. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2018.01.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omer, AE, Shaker, G, Safavi-Naeini, S, Kokabi, H, Alquié, G, Deshours, F and Shubair, R (2020) Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration. Scientific Reports 10, 15200. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72114-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pozar, DM (2011) Microwave Engineering, 4th edn. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar