Hostname: page-component-7857688df4-lffn4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-19T11:50:39.870Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Legionella Disinfection of Water Distribution Systems: Principles, Problems, and Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Victor L. Yu*
Affiliation:
Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Zeming Liu
Affiliation:
Departments of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Janet E. Stout
Affiliation:
Special Pathogens Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Angella Goetz
Affiliation:
Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
*
Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Infectious Disease Section, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1993 

References

1. Shands, K, Ho, J, Meyer, R, et al. Potable water as a source of Legionnaires' disease. JAMA 1985;253:14121416.Google Scholar
2. Thomson, RB, File, TM, Plouffe, J, Stephens, C, Ricks, R. Use of Tam-Pure to eradicate L pneumophila from a hospital hot water system. Presented at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology; May 13-17, 1990; Anaheim, California. Abstract L18.Google Scholar
3. Helms, CM, Massanari, R, Zeiter, S, et al. Legionnaires' disease associated with a hospital water system: a cluster of 24 nosocomial cases. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:172178.Google Scholar
4. Matulonis, U, Rosenfeld, CS, Shadduck, RK. Prevention of Legionella infections in a bone marrow transplant unit: multifaceted approach to decontamination of a water system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993;14:571575.Google Scholar
5. Muraca, PW, Yu, VL, Goetz, A. Disinfection of water distribution systems for Legionella: a review of application procedures and methodologies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990;11:7988.Google Scholar
6. Liu, Z, Stout, JE, Tedesco, L, Boldin, M, Hwang, CC, Yu, VL. Evaluation of ultraviolet light irradiation of potable water for prevention of Legionella colonization of hospital water fixtures. Pressented at the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc. Meeting; January 2425, 1994; New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
7. Liu, Z, Stout, JE, Tedesco, L, et al. Controlled evaluation of copper/silver ionization in fixtures. Presented at the APIC 20th Annual Conference and International Meeting; May 2328.1993; Orlando, Florida. Abstract 101.Google Scholar
8. Baker, RL, Stevens, J, Fish, L, Criggar, D. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease controlled by UV light and low-level silver/copper ions. Presented at the Third International Conference on Nosocomial Infections; July 31-August 3, 1990; Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract 72.Google Scholar
9. Ezzedine, H. VanOssel, C, Delmee, M, Wauters, G. Legionella spp. in a hospital hot water system: effect of control measures../ Hosp Infect 1989;13:121131.Google Scholar
10. Vickers, RM, Stout, JE, Yu, VL, Rihs, JD. Culture methodology for the isolation of Legionella pneumophila and other Legionellaceae from clinical and environmental specimens. Semin Respir Infect 1987;2:274279.Google Scholar
11. Muder, RR, Yu, VL, McClure, J, et al. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease uncovered in a prospective pneumonia study: implications for underdiagnosis. JAMA 1983;249:31843188.Google Scholar
12. Tompkins, IS, Loutit, JS. Detection of Legionella by molecular methods. In: Legionella-Current Status and Emerging Perspectives. Barbaree, JM, Breiman, RF, Dufbur, AP, eds. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology; 1993.Google Scholar
13. Yu, VL, Beam, TR. Lumish, R, et al. Routine culturing for legionella in the hospital environment may be a good idea: 3 hospital prospective studies. Am I Med Sci 1987:294:97103.Google Scholar
14. Best, M, Yu, VL, Stout, J, et al. Legionellaceae in the hospital water supply-epidemiological link with disease and evaluation of a method of control of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease and Pittsburgh pneumonia. Lancet 1983:2:307310.Google Scholar
15. Grosserode, M, Wenzel, R, Pfaller, M, Helms, C. Continuous hyperchlorination for control of nosocomial Legionella pneumophila pneumonia: a ten-year follow-up efficacy, environmental effects, and costs. In: Legionella-Current Status and Emerging Perspectives. Barbaree, JM, Breiman, RF, Dufour, Al’, eds. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology; 1993.Google Scholar
16. Morris, RD, Audet, AM, Angelillo, IF, Chalmers, TC, Mosteller, F. Chlorination, chlorination by-products, and cancer: a metaanalysis. Am J Public Health 1992;82:955963.Google Scholar
17. Vickers, RM, Yu, VL, Hanna, S, et al. Determinants of Legionella pneumophila contamination of water distribution systems: 15-hospital prospective study. Infect Control 1987;8:357363.Google Scholar
18. Alary, M, Joly, JR. Factors contributing to the contamination of hospital water distribution system by Legionellae. J Infect Dis 1992;165,565569.Google Scholar
19. Stout, JE, Joly, J, Para, M, et al. Comparison of molecular methods for subtyping patients and epidemiologically linked environmental isolates of L pneumophila . J Infect Dis 1988;157:486494.Google Scholar
20. Barbaree, JM. Selecting a subtyping technique for use in investigation of legionellosis. In: Legionella—Current Status and Emerging Perspectives. Barbaree, JM, Breiman, RF, Dufour, AP, eds. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology; 1993.Google Scholar
21. Goetz, A, Yu, VL. Screening for nosocomial legionellosis by culture of the water supply and targeting of high-risk patients for specialized laboratory testing. Am J Infect Control 1991;6366.Google Scholar
22. Edelstein, PH. Legionnaires disease. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:741749.Google Scholar
23. Marrie, TJ, Haldane, D, Bezanson, G, Peppard, R. Each water outlet is a unique ecological niche for Legionella pneumophila . Epidemiol Infect 1992;108:261270.Google Scholar