¹ Emma Griffiths, ‘Gillard's New Ministers Sworn In', ABC News (online), 5 March 2012 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-03-05/new-ministers-sworn-in/3868860>. Casual vacancies are filled by the procedure set out in s 15 of the Australian Constitution.

² Ben, Yong and Robert, Hazell, Putting Goats Amongst the Wolves: Appointing Ministers from Outside Parliament (University College London, 2011) 7Google Scholar; Lord Turnbull quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars: Ministerial and Other Appointments from Outside Parliament, House of Commons Paper No 330, Session 2009–10 (2010) Ev 1; Sir John Major quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 36.

³ R J L, Hawke, The Resolution of Conflict, Boyer Lectures (Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1979) 23Google Scholar; Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 14; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 13–14.

⁴ Bruce, Hawker, ‘The Problems of Political and Parliamentary Leadership’ (2008) 23(2) Australasian Parliamentary Review 3, 4Google Scholar; Sarah Miskin and Martin Lumb, ‘The 41st Parliament: Middle-aged, Well Educated and (Mostly) Male’ (Research Note No 24, Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, 2006); Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, Handbook of the 42nd Commonwealth Parliament (2008) 270; Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 9, 14; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 11–12; Professor King quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 2; Patrick, Weller and Michelle, Grattan, Can Ministers Cope: Australian Federal Ministers at Work (Hutchinson of Australia, 1981) 34Google Scholar.

⁵ Miskin and Lumb, above n 4; Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 9, 14; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 9–10; Powell quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 1; Sir John Major quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 30.

⁶ R A W, Rhodes, John, Wanna and Patrick, Weller, ‘Reinventing Westminster: How Public Executives Reframe their World’ (2008) 36 Policy and Politics 461, 464–5Google Scholar; Centre for Policy and Development Systems, The Growing Case for a Professional Public Service (14 July 2001) <http://cpds.apana.org.au/Professionalism/Case_for_Professionalism.htm>.

⁷ See, eg, Hawke, above n 3; Hawker, above n 4.

⁸ R S, Parker, ‘Responsible Government in Australia’ in Patrick, Weller and Dean, Jaensch (eds), Responsible Government in Australia (Drummond, 1980) 12, 19Google Scholar. Cf R A W, Rhodes, ‘Australia: The Westminster Model as Tradition’ in H, Patapan, J, Wanna and P, Weller (eds), Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific (UNSW Press, 2005) 129, 150Google Scholar.

⁹ David, Hamer, Can Responsible Government Survive in Australia? (Department of the Senate, 2004) xviiGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ A H, Birch, Representative and Responsible Government: An Essay on the British Constitution (George Allen & Unwin, 1964) 20Google Scholar; Brian, Galligan, ‘Parliamentary Responsible Government and the Protection of Rights’ (1993) 4 Public Law Review 100, 103Google Scholar; Christos, Mantziaris, ‘The Executive – A Common Law Understanding of Legal Form and Responsibility’ in Robert, French, Geoffrey, Lindell and Cheryl, Saunders (eds), Reflections on the Australian Constitution (The Federation Press, 2003) 126, 132Google Scholar; Parker, above n 8, 12; Marian, Simms, ‘Models of Political Accountability and Concepts of Australian Government’ (1999) 58 Australian Journal of Public Administration 34, 34Google Scholar. See also Hamer, above n 9, 6.

¹¹ SirSamuel, Griffith, Notes on Australian Federation: Its Nature and Probable Effects: A Paper Presented to the Government of Queensland (University of Sydney Library, 2001) 19Google Scholar. See also Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520, 559 ('Lange’).

¹² Jim Chalmers and Glyn Davis, ‘Power: Relations Between the Parliament and the Executive’ (Research Paper No 14, Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia, 2000) <http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP14>.

¹³ R G, Menzies, Central Power in the Australian Commonwealth (University Press of Virginia, 1967) 54Google Scholar. See also Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 30 March 1897, 288 (Alfred Deakin); Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106, 135–6 (Mason CJ), 228–9 (McHugh J).

¹⁴ J M, Fraser, ‘Responsibility in Government’ (1978) 37(1) Australian Journal of Public Administration 1, 1–2Google Scholar.

¹⁵ See also Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Sydney, 17 September 1897, 724 (George Reid).

¹⁶ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 12 March 1891, 280–1 (John Hackett).

¹⁷ (1998) 195 CLR 424, 501 (Kirby J). See also Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106, 184 (Dawson J).

¹⁸ See, eg, Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 4 March 1891, 40 (Sir Samuel Griffith), 9 March 1891, 162 (Charles Kingston), 11 March 1891, 239 (Duncan Gillies), 12 March 1891, 279 (John Hackett); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 30 March 1897, 324 (John Gordon). See debate on this point: Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 10 March 1891, 213 (Henry Wrixon and Sir Samuel Griffith).

¹⁹ Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424, 451 (Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ).

²⁰ Egan v Willis (1996) 40 NSWLR 650, 659 (Gleeson CJ). See also Birch, above n 10, 13.

²¹ Egan v Willis (1996) 40 NSWLR 650, 660 (Gleeson CJ).

²² Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Sydney, 16 September 1897, 664 (Isaac Isaacs). See also Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 12 March 1891, 296 (Adye Douglas); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 26 March 1897, 184 (John Quick), 13 April 1897, 493 (Henry Higgins), 22 April 1897, 1170 (Isaac Isaacs); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Melbourne, 10 March 1898, 2182 (Isaac Isaacs).

²³ See, eg, Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106, 135 (Mason CJ), 184–5 (Dawson J), 230 (McHugh J); Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424, 451 (Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ).

²⁴ Birch, above n 10, 131. Cf Parker, above n 8, 17.

²⁵ See Oonagh Gay and Thomas Powell, ‘The Collective Responsibility of Ministers – An Outline of the Issues’ (Research Paper No 04/82, Parliamentary Library, House of Commons, 2004) 10–11.

²⁶ Ibid 10; Birch, above n 10, 133.

²⁷ Geoffrey, Lindell, ‘Responsible Government’ in P D, Finn (ed), Essays on Law and Government (Lawbook, 1995) vol 1, 75, 79Google Scholar.

²⁸ See Oonagh Gay and Thomas Powell, ‘Individual Ministerial Responsibility – Issues and Examples’ (Research Paper 04/31, Parliamentary Library, House of Commons, 2004) 7–8.

²⁹ Ibid; Birch, above n 10, 140; Mantziaris, above n 10, 133.

³⁰ Lindell, above n 27, 93.

³¹ Hamer, above n 9, 4. See also Parker, above n 8, 13; SirBilly, Snedden, ‘Ministers in Parliament – A Speaker's Eye View’ in Patrick, Weller and Dean, Jaensch (eds), Responsible Government in Australia (Drummond, 1980) 68, 70Google Scholar.

³² Walter Bagehot, ‘Politics as a Profession', The Economist (London), 17 June 1865 in Mrs Russell Barrington (ed), The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot (Longmans, Green, and Co, 1915) vol 9 <http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/2167/200902>.

³³ See, eg, Jason Markusoff, ‘More Seats at Tory Table', The Edmonton Journal (online), 7 March 2008 <http://www2.canada.com/edmontonjournal/features/albertavotes/story.html?id=7ebc5d6b-5209-4bf3-bf02-235edf8e01c5&p=2>.

³⁴ Walter, Bagehot, The English Constitution (Little, Brown & Co, 2nd ed, 1873) 49Google Scholar.

³⁵ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 4 March 1891, 34 (Sir Samuel Griffith). See also at 9 March 1891, 162 (Charles Kingston).

³⁶ Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424, 453 (Gaudron, Gummow and Hayne JJ).

³⁷ Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 129, 147 (Knox CJ, Isaacs, Rich and Starke JJ).

³⁸ Commonwealth v Kreglinger (1926) 37 CLR 393, 413 (Isaacs J).

³⁹ Horne v Barber (1920) 27 CLR 494, 500 (Isaacs J).

⁴⁰ R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254, 275.

⁴¹ It is interesting to note that many of these strong judicial pronouncements were made by Isaacs J, who also gave an impassioned speech in favour of responsible government at the constitutional conventions: see Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 26 March 1897, 169 (Isaac Isaacs). This speech was also at odds with the general tenor of the conventions, which were far more pragmatic: see, eg, Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 25 March 1897, 96 (Henry Higgins).

⁴² See, eg, Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 11 March 1891, 259 (Sir John Bray).

⁴³ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 5 March 1891, 65, 68 (William Russell), 9 March 1891, 162 (Charles Kingston), 11 March 1891, 244 (Andrew Clark), 12 March 1891, 280–1 (John Hackett), 17 March 1891, 421 (Henry Wrixon). Cf Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 5 March 1891, 65, 68 (William Russell), 10 March 1891, 210 (Nicholas Brown). Compare also Isaac Isaacs's impassioned plea for responsible government: Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 26 March 1897, 169 (Isaac Isaacs).

⁴⁴ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 6 March 1891, 101–2 (Sir John Downer), 122 (Bolton Bird), 13 March 1891, 284 (William Moore), 17 March 1891, 426 (Thomas Playford), 6 April 1891, 734 (Thomas Playford); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 23 March 1897, 28–30 (Sir Richard Baker), 25 March 1897, 92 (Joseph Carruthers), 96 (Henry Higgins), 106 (Bernhard Wise), 26 March 1897, 146 (Frederick Holder), 175–6 (Isaac Isaacs), 193 (Henry Dobson). Cf Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 25 March 1897, 134 (Josiah Symon).

⁴⁵ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 12 March 1891, 279 (John Hackett).

⁴⁶ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 9 March 1891, 162 (Charles Kingston), 10 March 1891, 198–9, 203 (John Cockburn), 11 March 1891, 244 (Andrew Clark), 6 April 1891, 775 (Charles Kingston); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 24 March 1897, 72–3 (Patrick Glynn), 25 March 1897, 97 (Henry Higgins), 26 March 1897, 148–9 (Frederick Holder), 194 (Henry Dobson), 29 March 1897, 213 (Sir John Downer), 30 March 1897, 307 (Matthew Clarke), 324 (John Gordon), 334–5 (William Trenwith); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Sydney, 17 September 1897, 797 (Henry Dobson).

⁴⁷ Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Sydney, 17 September 1897, 784 (Sir Richard Baker).

⁴⁸ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 5 March 1891, 83 (Alfred Deakin), 6 March 1891, 99 (Edmund Barton), 10 March 1891, 210 (Nicholas Brown); Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 24 March 1897, 51 (Richard O'Connor), 80 (Simon Fraser), 25 March 1897, 96 (Henry Higgins), 119 (John Henry), 133 (Josiah Symon), 29 March 1897, 247 (Sir John Forrest), 255 (Vaiben Solomon), 30 March 1897, 287 (Alfred Deakin), 334–5 (William Trenwith), 31 March 1897, 381 (Edmund Barton).

⁴⁹ See John, Williams, The Australian Constitution: A Documentary History (Melbourne University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Melbourne, 17 February 1898, 1064 (Alfred Deakin).

⁵¹ Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106, 229 (McHugh J); Lange (1997) 189 CLR 520, 559.

⁵² Draft of a Bill to Constitute the Commonwealth of Australia, Draft of a Bill as Adopted by the National Australasian Convention, 9th April 1891 (29 June 1891) 15.

⁵³ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 4 March 1891, 40 (Sir Samuel Griffith), 9 March 1891, 162 (Charles Kingston), 11 March 1891, 239 (Duncan Gillies), 12 March 1891, 295 (Henry Cuthbert), 18 March 1891, 467 (Sir Samuel Griffith).

⁵⁴ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 11 March 1891, 239 (Duncan Gillies), 18 March 1891, 468 (James Munro), 6 April 1891, 765 (Duncan Gillies).

⁵⁵ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 31 March 1891, 527 (Sir Samuel Griffith).

⁵⁶ Ibid 527 (Sir Samuel Griffith), 6 April 1891, 766 (Henry Wrixon).

⁵⁷ Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 12 April 1897, 443 (Edmund Barton).

⁵⁸ Ibid. See also Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 19 April 1897, 913 (George Reid).

⁵⁹ Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Sydney, 17 September 1897, 794 (Edmund Barton).

⁶⁰ Ibid 793–4.

⁶¹ Ibid 797 (Henry Dobson).

⁶² Ibid 797 (Josiah Symon).

⁶³ Official Report of the National Australasian Convention Debates, Sydney, 4 March 1891, 42 (Philip Fysh).

⁶⁴ Ibid.

⁶⁵ Ibid, 4 March 1891, 40 (Sir Samuel Griffith), 9 March 1891, 162 (Charles Kingston), 11 March 1891, 239 (Duncan Gillies), 12 March 1891 (Henry Cuthbert), 18 March 1891, 467 (Sir Samuel Griffith).

⁶⁶ Constitution of India (India) art 76; Irish Constitution (Ireland) art 30; Constitution of Pakistan (Pakistan) art 100.

⁶⁷ Irish Constitution (Ireland) art 30(4).

⁶⁸ Irish Constitution (Ireland) art 30(1)–(3).

⁶⁹ Constitution of India (India) art 76(1).

⁷⁰ Constitution of India (India) art 124(3).

⁷¹ Constitution of Pakistan (Pakistan) art 177.

⁷² Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 9, 25.

⁷³ Ibid 10–11, 30–5.

⁷⁴ Ibid 9, 30.

⁷⁵ Ibid 35.

⁷⁶ Ibid 30; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 8.

⁷⁷ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 34–5.

⁷⁸ Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 22.

⁷⁹ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 7.

⁸⁰ Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 22–3.

⁸¹ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 7; Lord Turnbull quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 1; Sir John Major quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 36.

⁸² Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 9, 14; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 9–10; Powell quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 1; Sir John Major quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 30.

⁸³ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 9, 14; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 11–12; Professor King in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 2.

⁸⁴ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 14; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 13–14.

⁸⁵ John Willman, ‘Ears and Eyes in Business for No 10', Financial Times (London), 8 February 2008, 3.

⁸⁶ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 7.

⁸⁷ Ibid 7, 21; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 21.

⁸⁸ See Bagehot's theory of political apprenticeship, above n 32.

⁸⁹ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 37, 39, 40.

⁹⁰ Ibid 85.

⁹¹ Scotland Act 1998 (UK) c 46–7.

⁹² United Kingdom, Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 12 January 1998, vol 304, col 29 (Donald Dewar); United Kingdom, Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, 17 June 1998, vol 590, col 1571 (Lord Sewel).

⁹³ Rodney, Brazier, ‘The Scottish Government’ [1998] Public Law 212, 213Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ It is interesting to note that the UK Attorney General is generally a member of the House of Commons: House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee, Fifth Report: Constitutional Role of the Attorney General (2007).

⁹⁵ Scotland Act 1998 (UK) c 48(6), sch 9.

⁹⁶ See generally J L, Jamieson, ‘Devolution and the Scottish Law Officers’ (1999) 15 Scots Law Times 117Google Scholar. See also House of Commons Select Committee on Constitutional Affairs, Evidence submitted by the Lord Advocate, Scotland (April 2007).

⁹⁷ Scotland Act 1998 (UK) c 48(1).

⁹⁸ Ibid c 52(3)–(4).

⁹⁹ Ibid c 27.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid sch 6; Tony, Kelly, ‘Advocate General for Scotland: Informal Consultation on Devolution Jurisdiction’ (2010) 39 Scots Law Times 211, 211Google Scholar; United Kingdom, Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords, 28 October 1998, vol 593, col 1942 (Lord Drumadoon); Aidan, O'Neill, ‘Fundamental Rights and the Constitutional Supremacy of Community Law in the United Kingdom after Devolution and the Human Rights Act’ [2002] Public Law 724, 726–7Google Scholar; Stephen, Tierney, ‘Convention Rights and the Scotland Act: Re-defining Judicial Roles’ [2001] Public Law 38Google Scholar. See also Starrs v Ruxton [2000] SLT 42.

¹⁰¹ Scotland Act 1998 (UK) c 48(2).

¹⁰² Ibid c 44(1)(c).

¹⁰³ Christine O'Neill, The Constitutional Position of the Lord Advocate (1 March 2000) Journal Online <http://www.journalonline.co.uk/Magazine/45-3/1000843.aspx>. See also ‘Honey, we Shrunk the Lord Advocate', The Scotsman (online), 3 October 2006 <http://www.scotsman.com/news/scottish-news/edinburgh-east-fife/honey_we_shrunk_the_lord_advocate_1_1143014>; Liam McDougall, ‘Call to Remove Lord Advocate from Cabinet Politics', Sunday Herald (Glasgow), 8 October 2006.

¹⁰⁴ O'Neill, above n 103.

¹⁰⁵ Scotland, Parliamentary Debates, 24 May 2007, col 105 (Alex Salmond); Robbie Dinwoodie, ‘Salmond Keeps Angiolini as Lord Advocate – but Out of Cabinet', Herald Scotland (online), 23 May 2007 <http://www.heraldscotland.com/salmond-keeps-angiolini-as-lord-advocate-but-out-of-cabinet-1.842280>.

¹⁰⁶ Scotland, Parliamentary Debates, 24 May 2007, col 105 (Alex Salmond).

¹⁰⁷ Parliament of Canada, Ministers Named from Outside Parliament (18 May 2011) <http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Compilations/FederalGovernment/OutOfParliamentMinisters.aspx?Language=E>.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid.

¹⁰⁹ Constitution Act 1867 (Imp), 30 & 31 Vict, c 24 ('Constitution Act 1867’).

¹¹⁰ Ibid c 29.

¹¹¹ Ibid c 21.

¹¹² However, see c 26 of the Constitution Act 1867 which allows for the appointment of 4 to 8 additional Senators in exceptional circumstances. This provision has only been successfully used once: see Peter, W Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada (Thomson, 5th revised ed, 2009) 9-17Google Scholar.

¹¹³ Constitution Act 1867 c 23(5).

¹¹⁴ Ibid c 22.

¹¹⁵ ‘Canada Politics: Cutting Corners', EIU ViewsWire (online), 10 February 2006; ‘Canada: Senate Reform may be on Harper's Agenda', Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service (online), 7 April 2006. However, note that Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper, while endorsing an elected Senate, then appointed Michael Fortier to the Senate in 2006.

¹¹⁶ Canada, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 9 May 2006, 258 (Michael Fortier).

¹¹⁷ ‘Cabinet Includes Defector and Senator-to-be', CBC News (online), 6 February 2006, <http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2006/02/06/emerson-jumps060206.html>.

¹¹⁸ Ibid. See also ‘Canada Politics: Cutting Corners', above n 115.

¹¹⁹ Parliament of Canada, Fortier, The Hon Michael, P.C. <http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=eba06c09-3978-475a-92a4-0c80a0ede435&Language=E>.

¹²⁰ ‘Canada Politics: Cutting Corners', above n 115; Paul, Wells, ‘Guergis, Bernier, and the PM's secrets’ (2010) 123(6) Maclean's 22, 22–3Google Scholar; Andrew, Coyne, ‘The Issues: Time for a Truth in Politics Act: There's a Way to Stop Politicians from Lying, or at Least Reward the Honest Ones’ (2011) 124(14) Maclean's 26, 26Google Scholar; Murdoch Davis, ‘The West is In, and Already it Feels Offended', The Toronto Star (Toronto), 11 February 2006, 5; L Ian Macdonald, ‘A Staggering Start: Stephen Harper Used up a Lot of his Political Capital by Appointing a Senator and a Liberal Defector to Cabinet', Montreal Gazette (Montreal), 8 February 2006, 25.

¹²¹ See, eg, Wells, above n 120, 22–3.

¹²² See, eg, ‘Canada Politics: Cutting Corners', above n 115; Wells, above n 120, 22–3; Coyne, above n 120, 26; Davis, above n 120, 5; Macdonald, above n 120, 25.

¹²³ See generally George, Williams and David, Hume, People Power: The History and Future of the Referendum in Australia (University of New South Wales Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

¹²⁴ It is arguable that s 23 imposes an implied requirement that Ministers be appointed from the members of the Legislative Assembly.

¹²⁵ L J M, Cooray, Conventions, the Australian Constitution and the Future (Legal Book, 1979) 5Google Scholar.

¹²⁶ G S, Reid, ‘Commentaries’ in G, Evans (ed) Labor and the Constitution: Essays and Commentaries on Constitutional Controversies of the Whitlam Years in Australian Government (Heinemann, 1977) 244Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Sydney, 17 September 1897, 796 (James Walker).

¹²⁸ Charles, A Bernays, Notes on the Political History of Queensland – 1859–1917 (Government Printer, 1918) 203Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ Noeline V Hall, Raff, George (1815–1889), Australian Dictionary of Biography, <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/raff-george-4444/text7227>. See also B A Knox, Herbert, Sir Robert George Wyndham (1831–1905), Australian Dictionary of Biography <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/herbert-sir-robert-george-wyndham-3757/text5921>.

¹³⁰ R B Joyce, Bowen, Sir George Ferguson (1821–1899), Australian Dictionary of Biography <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bowen-sir-george-ferguson-3032/text4451>. See also Bernays, above n 128, 203; Hall, above n 129.

¹³¹ Bernays, above n 128, 204.

¹³² Scott Bennett, Lewis, Sir Neil Elliott (1858–1935), Australian Dictionary of Biography, <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lewis-sir-neil-elliott-7188>. Section 64 of the Australian Constitution, which provides a three month window in which Ministers may not be a member of Parliament, only commenced after the first general Commonwealth election, which was held on 29–30 March 1901. As a result, Sir Neil Elliott Lewis only held this position for a short period under s 64 before resigning.

¹³³ D. D. Cuthbert,. Dickson, Sir James Robert (1832–1901), Australian Dictionary of Biography, <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dickson-sir-james-robert-5979>.

¹³⁴ Griffiths, above n 1.

¹³⁵ See Part IIIC above.

¹³⁶ ABC Radio National, ‘Bob Carr “the Professional” Foreign Minister', The World Today, 22 March 2012 (Linda Jakobson) <http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2012/s3461035.htm>.

¹³⁷ Peter Costello, ‘Labor's Carr Trick Brings Australia within a Whisker of US Cabinet Model', Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney), 14 March 2012, 9.

¹³⁸ Geoff Anderson and Haydon Manning, ‘The South Australian Election: Implications for Democracy in the Festival State’ (Discussion Paper No 12, Democratic Audit of Australia, April 2006) 7; Hawker, above n 4, 9–10.

¹³⁹ Peter Beattie, ‘Rann Leaves us with Good Ideas', The Australian (Sydney), 8 October 2011, 22.

¹⁴⁰ Anderson and Manning, above n 138, 7; Roslyn, Ann Averis, Averting the Crisis – or Avoiding the Compromise? A Regulation Approach to Social Inclusion Policies and Practices in the Australian Context (PhD Thesis, The University of Adelaide, 2008) 28Google Scholar.

¹⁴¹ Hawker, above n 4, 9.

¹⁴² Editorial, ‘Good Premier who Fell Short of Greatness', The Advertiser (Adelaide), 20 October 2011, 20.

¹⁴³ Hawker, above n 4, 10; Christopher Pearson, ‘How the West is Being Lost', The Australian (Sydney), 11 October 2008, 28.

¹⁴⁴ John Colvin, ‘Political Gene Pool Needs Outsiders', The Australian (Sydney), 3 September 2010, 27.

¹⁴⁵ Catherine Hockley, ‘Cappo Steps Down as Commissioner for Social Inclusion to Head Mental Health Commission', The Advertiser (online), 7 September 2011 <http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/david-cappo-to-head-commission/story-e6frea83-1226130986795>; Letters to the Editor, ‘Letters: David Cappo Contribution an Ongoing Bone of Contention', The Advertiser (Adelaide), 9 September 2011, 22.

¹⁴⁶ ‘Rann Denies Cabinet Stint Helped Company Plan Power Plant', ABC News (online), 7 March 2007 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-03-07/rann-denies-cabinet-stint-helped-company-plan/2211094>; George Lekakis and Cameron England, ‘Bid to Build Nuclear Power Plant in SA', The Advertiser (Adelaide), 27 February 2007, 2.

¹⁴⁷ ABC Local Radio, ‘Church-State Links in SA Questioned', The World Today, 1 February 2006 <http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1559797.htm>.

¹⁴⁸ Pia Akerman, ‘Action on Gang of 49 “Going Backwards“', The Australian (Sydney), 19 October 2009, 7; Michael Owen, ‘David Cappo Quits Role with SA Government to Take Position in Canberra', The Australian (online), 7 September 2011 <http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/david-cappo-quits-role-with-sa-government-to-take-position-in-canberra/story-fn59niix-1226130925036>.

¹⁴⁹ Letters to the Editor, above n 145; Bryan Littley, ‘Cappo Vows to Get Jobs Done', The Advertiser (Adelaide), 8 September 2011, 13.

¹⁵⁰ David Nankervis, ‘Social Inclusion Commissioner Monsignor David Cappo in Spending Scandal', The Advertiser (online), 18 June 2011 <http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/high-priest-of-airline-travel/story-e6frea83-1226077685794>.

¹⁵¹ Imre Salusinszky, ‘Iemma joins Rann to Build Kitchen Cabinet', The Australian (Sydney), 14 November 2006, 6; NSW Government, NSW State Plan: A New Direction for NSW (November 2006), 142 <http://web.archive.org/web/20070207162458/http://www.nsw.gov.au/StatePlan/pdf/State_Plan_complete.pdf>.

¹⁵² Letter from Graeme Head to Russel Keith, 14 July 2008 <http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/38a29e3a87e02709ca2574030003c49a/$FILE/Follow-up%20response%20fm%20Dept%20of%20Premier%20&%20Cabinet.pdf>.

¹⁵³ Ibid.

¹⁵⁴ Ministerial Responsibilities - Seventh Assembly (22 November 2011) ACT Legislative Assembly <http://www.legassembly.act.gov.au/downloads/ministry.pdf>.

¹⁵⁵ See, eg, George Williams, ‘Time for New Numbers for the ACT', The Canberra Times (Canberra), 8 November 2008, B02.

¹⁵⁶ Ibid.

¹⁵⁷ The Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island, Executive Council (the Norfolk Island Government) <http://www.norfolkislandgovernment.com/assemblymembers/governmentministers.html>.

¹⁵⁸ See, eg, Constitution Act 1975 (Vic) s 87B; Constitution Act 1902 (NSW) ss 35C, 35E; Constitution of Queensland 2001 (Qld) s 43; Constitution Act 1934 (SA) s 65; Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899 (WA) s 43.

¹⁵⁹ Norfolk Island Act 1979 (Cth) s 13; Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978 (Cth) s 36.

¹⁶⁰ Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 (Cth) s 41.

¹⁶¹ Galligan, above n 10, 103. See also Hamer, above n 9, 6.

¹⁶² Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 22.

¹⁶³ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 7.

¹⁶⁴ Constitution Act 1902 (NSW) s 22D; Constitution Act 1934 (SA) s 13; Constitution Act 1975 (Vic) s 27A. In the Australian Capital Territory, if a vote recount is not possible, the vacancy will be filled by a person from the same political party as the vacating Member, as selected by the Legislative Assembly: Electoral Act 1992 (ACT) s 195.

¹⁶⁵ Constitution Act 1934 (SA) s 13(5); Constitution Act 1975 (Vic) s 27A(3)–(4); Constitution Act 1902 (NSW) s 22D(4).

¹⁶⁶ Scotland Act 1998 (UK) c 44(1)(c), 46.

¹⁶⁷ Ibid c 52(3)–(4).

¹⁶⁸ Ibid c 27.

¹⁶⁹ Hawke, above n 3, 24; Hawker, above n 4, 10–11.

¹⁷⁰ See, eg, Hawker, above n 4, 10–11.

¹⁷¹ Cf Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 19–20.

¹⁷² Egan v Willis (1998) 195 CLR 424; Egan v Willis (1996) 40 NSWLR 650.

¹⁷³ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 45; Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 22.

¹⁷⁴ Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 45.

¹⁷⁵ Ibid 20, 44.

¹⁷⁶ See, eg, Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, 16.

¹⁷⁷ See Yong and Hazell, above n 2, 20.

¹⁷⁸ Ibid.

¹⁷⁹ Ibid; Public Administration Select Committee, Government Responses to the Committee's Eighth and Ninth Reports of Session 2009–10: Goats and Tsars: Ministerial and Other Appointments from Outside Parliament and Too Many Ministers?, House of Commons Paper No 150, Session 2010–11 (2010) 5.

¹⁸⁰ Public Administration Select Committee, Government Responses, above n 179, 5.

¹⁸¹ Professor King quoted in Public Administration Select Committee, Goats and Tsars, above n 2, Ev 14.

¹⁸² See, eg, Hawke, above n 3; Hawker, above n 4, 10–11.

¹⁸³ Hawker, above n 4, 10–11.

¹⁸⁴ Hawke, above n 3, 24.

¹⁸⁵ Costello, above n 137, 9.