² Thompson, E P, Whigs and Hunters (1975) 264CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³ Jeunings, W I, The Law and the Constitution (5th ed 1933)Google Scholar.

⁴ Arthurs, H W, “Rethinking Administrative Law: A Slightly Dicey Business” (1979) 17 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Jonah and the Whale: The Appearance, Disappearance and Reappearance of Administrative Law” (1980) 30 University of Toronto Law Journal 225.

⁵ Prosser, T, “Towards a Critical Public Law” (1982) 9 Journal of Law and Society 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶ Stewart, R B, “The Reformation of American Administrative Law” (1975) 88 Harv L Rev 1669CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ McAuslan, P, 'Administrative Law and Administrative Theory: The Dismal Performance of Administrative Lawyers” (1978) 9 Cambrian L Rev 40Google Scholar.

⁸ IS Thynne and J L Goldring, “Government 'Responsibility' and Responsible Government” (1981) 16 Politics 197.

⁹ Goldring, J L, “The Accountability of Public Administration and the Rule of Law in Australia” (1981) 1 Lawasia (NS) 326Google Scholar; “The Foundations of the 'New Administrative Law' in Australia” (1981) 40 Australian Journal of Public Administration 79; “Business, Law and Public Administration” in R Tomasic (ed) Business Regulation in Australia (1984).

¹⁰ See especially per Barwick CJ in NSW v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 337, 364-365.

¹¹ B Boer, “Equity in the Resolution of Environmental Disputes”, paper delivered at SAANZ Conference (1982); D Craig, “Citizen Participation in Environmental Policy Decisions”, (LLM thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, Toronto, 1982).

¹² See Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs, Reformfog the Law (1979) 20-24.

¹³ D Petkovic, “Business and s 52 of the Trade Practices Act” (Legal Research Project, School of Law, Macquarie University, 1982).

¹⁴ 0 Mendelsohn and M Lippman, 'The Emergence of the Corporate Law Firm in Australia” (1979) 3 UNSWU 78. It is a matter of public knowledge that, like large business, large unions have their own body of legal advisers who operate in a generally similar way. Eg MG Sexton and L W Maher, The Legal Mystique (1982) 127-128.

¹⁵ Though, as the Chairman of the Public Service Board has observed, public servants have also used traditional judicial remedies in personnel matters. P Wilenski, “Impact of Administrative Law on Public Administration — the Interim View”, Administrative Law Seminar for Permanent Heads, Canberra, 7 February 1984. One wonders, however, whether this awareness by public servants, their unions and their lawyers might not be the result of a consciousness raised by the existence and impact of the new administrative law.

¹⁶ Notably Geoffrey Sawer, whose two volumes on Australian Federal Politics and Law (1956 and 1963) investigate the relationship between law and politics in Australia; and Leslie Zines, who in his examination of decisions of the High Court (The High Court and the Constitution, 1981), never ignores the political dimension of those decisions.

¹⁷ Weber, M, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (ed and trans by H H Gerth and C Wright Mills), (1976) 216-221Google Scholar.

¹⁸ A V Dicey, (E C S Wade ed) Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10th ed, 1960) Chs XI, XV, and Intro.

¹⁹ Gellhom, W, When Americans Complain (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ But cf A Karikas, “Solving Problems in Philadelphia: An Ethnography of a Congressional District Office” in L Nader (ed), No Access to Law (1980) 345.

²¹ Supra n 18.

²² Eg Arthurs, Jennings,supra (nn 3 and 4); see also J M Evans (ed) de Smith's Judicial Review of Administrative Action 4th ed (1980).

²³ In Australian terms, this political reaction is described in M Sawer (ed) Australia and the New Right (1982).

²⁴ Hawker, G, Who's Master, Who's Servant? (1981); PS Wilenski, “Political Problems of Administrative Responsibility and Reform” (1979) 38 Australian Journal of Public Administration 347Google Scholar.

²⁵ Miller, AS, “Public Interest Group Participation in Decisionmaking” (1979) 10 FL Rev 143Google Scholar; Cf B W Boer, D G Craig supra n 11.

²⁶ Eg C Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory (1970); S J Benn, Political Participation (1978).

²⁷ Spigelman, J J, Secrecy: Political Censorship in Australia (1972)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Commonwealth of Australia, Administrative Review Committee, Chairman, the Hon JR Kerr, Report PP 144/71 (1971) para 266.

²⁹ J L Goldring, supra n 9.

³⁰ G D S Taylor, “The New Administrative Law” (1977) 51 ALJ 804; F G Brennan, “The Future of Public Law — The Australian Administrative Appeals Tribunal” (1979) Otago L Rev 286; LJ Curtis, “Judicial Review of Administrative Acts” (1979) 53 ALJ 530; “Increasing Government Accountability” in G J Evans ed, Law, Politics and the Labour Movement (1980) 100; MD Kirby, “Administrative Law Reform in Action” (1978) 2 UNSW L J 203; “Administrative Review on the Merits: The Right or Preferable Decision” (1979) 6 Mon UL Rev 171; “Administrative Review: Beyond the Frontier Marked 'Policy-Lawyers Keep Out'” (1981) 12 FL Rev 121; J L Goldring, supra n 9 (AJPA article).

³¹ R C Davey, (1980) “The Administrative Impact of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal on the Australian Government Retirement Benefits Office” in J L Goldring (ed), The Workings of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (1980) 65.

³² J J Spigelman, supra n 27.

³³ The debate on freedom of information was carried on at great length, not least in official reports and learned journals, eg Australia, Report of Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration, Chairman H C Coombs, 1976; JD McMillan, “Making Government Accountable. A Comparative Analysis of Freedom oflnformation Statutes” [1977] NZLJ 248, 275, 286; Hawker supra n 24; Senate Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs, Freedom of Information (1979); L J Curtis, “Freedom of Information: The Australian Approach” (1980) 54 ALJ 525.

³⁴ Pearce, D C, “The Courts and Government Information” (1976) 50 ALJ 513Google Scholar.

³⁶ (1978) 142 CLR 1.

³⁶ J L Goldring, “'Crown Privilege', Security of the Administration and the 'Public Interest' — a Comment on Sankey v Whitlam” (1979) IO FL Rev 80.

³⁷ J L Goldring, supra n .9. Also, P S Wilenski, “Ministers, Public Servants and Public Policies” (1979) 51 Aust Q 231.

³⁸ PS Wilenski (1979) supra n 24. J L Goldring, “Scrutiny, Accountability and Democracy” (1979) Policy Studies Newsletter No 4, 7.

³⁹ For a full account, see G Sawer, Federation under Strain (1977); C Howard and C A Saunders, “The Blocking of the Budget and Dismissal of the Government” in G Evans (ed), Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975 (1977); L J M Cooray, Conventions, the Australian Constitution and the Future (1979).

⁴⁰ J W Hackett, National Australasian Convention, 1891, Debates 280.

⁴¹ New South Wales v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 337, 364-365.

⁴² RS Parker, “The Meaning of Responsible Government” (1976) 11 Politics 178; G S Reid, “The Changing Political Framework” (1980) (No 1 and 2) Quadrant 5; “Responsible Government and Ministerial Responsibility” (1980) 39 Aust Journal of Public Administration 301.

⁴³ G S Reid, “Responsible Government and Ministerial Responsibility: A Select Bibliography” in P Weller and D Jaensch, Responsible Government in Australia (1980) 264; and in (1980) Quadrant No. 1 and 2, 5 — also supra n 38.

⁴⁴ P S Wilenski, supra n 24, cf I Thynne and J L Goldring, supra n 8.

⁴⁵ H V Erny, “The Public Service & Political Control” in Coombs Report, supra n 33, Appendix J.B, 16.

⁴⁶ Eg A H Birch, Representative and Responsible Government (1964).

⁴⁷ B M Snedden, “Ministerial Responsibility in Modern Parliamentary Government” Record of the Third Commonwealth and Empire Law Conference (1966) 3, 8. Two occurrences in 1982 illustrate this. Two Ministers resigned after one of them admitted to importing a colour television set illegally, and the other, who had been Minister for Customs, admitted directing that no action be taken. Shortly afterwards two other members of the same ministry, faced respectively with evidence of corruption in the marketing of primary produce and failure to prosecute taxation offences by officers of their respective Departments, did not resign.

⁴⁸ P S Wilenski, supra n 24, 354.

⁴⁹ A H Birch, supra n 46 esp at 208.

⁵⁰ Supra n 28, para 19.

⁵¹ Supra n 34, Ch 5.

⁵² Eg R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598.

⁵³ T Carney, “Social Security Reviews and Appeals in Australia” (1982) 1 Aust Journal of Law and Society 32; Commonwealth of Australia, Administrative Review Council, Social Security Appeals (1980),54 Supra n 28.

⁵⁵ Commonwealth of Australia, Committee on Prerogative Writ Procedures, Chairman, R J Ellicott QC, Report (1973) 56-73.

⁵⁶ Cf New South Wales Law Reform Commission,Appeals in Administration (1973) paras 23-26.

⁵⁷ E G Henderson, Foundations of English Administrative Law (1963).

⁵⁸ B Osborne, Justices of the Peace 136/-1848 (1960).

⁵⁹ (1609) 8 Co Rep 113b; 77 ER 646.

⁶⁰ (1615) 11 Co Rep 93b; 77 ER 1271.

⁶¹ Ison, T, “The Intrusion of Private Law in Public Administration” (1976) 17 Cahiers de Droit 799CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶² R T E Latham, “The Law and the Commonwealth” in W K Hancock, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs Vol 1 (1937) 510; 0 Dixon “The Common Law as an Ultimate Constitutional Foundation'” (1957) 31 ALJ 240. See, for judicial approval, the majority decisions in China Ocean Shipping Co v South Australia (1979) 27 ALR 1; Southern Centre of Theosophy Inc v South Australia (1979) 27 ALR 59.

⁶³ A C Castles, “The Reception and Status of English Law in Australia” (1963) 2 Adelaide L Rev 1.

⁶⁴ Eg Imperial Acts Application Acts 1922 and 1980 (Vic); Imperial Acts Application Act 1969 (NSW).

⁶⁵ See text and works noted at n 39.

⁶⁶ Versions of this controversy appear in J T Main, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution 1731-1788 (Chicago 1961); M Jensen, The Articles of Confederation: An lnterpretaion of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1744-1781 (Madison, Wis. 1970); WA Williams, The Contours of American History (Chicago 1961); GS Wood, The Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787 (New York 1969). For many of the ideas which influenced this part of the paper, I am indebted to my colleague Andrew Fraser, whose materials on History and Philosophy of Law prepared for the Law School at Macquarie University have given me a totally new insight into the influence of American history on modem public law and on the development of the common law tradition generally.

⁶⁷ Ibid.

⁶⁸ JG A Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (1957).

⁶⁹ A C Castles, supra n 63.

⁷⁰ C M H Clark, “The People and the Constitution” in S Encel (ed), Change the Rules!(1977) 9.

⁷¹ Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway Company v Wauchope (1842) 8 Cl & Fin 710; 8 ER 279; Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 765. See also O Dixon, “Reply to Congratulatory Speeches” (1952) 85 CLR XI.

⁷² I Cranch 137 (1803); cf the predictions of J Quick & R R Garran, Annoted Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth (1901, reprinted 1976), 79 and two articles by B Galligan, “Judicial Review in the Australian Federal System” (1979) IO FL Rev 367, and “Legitimating Judicial Review on the Australian Political System” in Centre for Independent Studies, Constitutional Theory and Australian Practice (1979).

⁷³ The Engineers case (1920) 28 CLR 129; The Uniform Tax Cases (1942) 65 CLR 373 and (1957) 99 CLR 575; Tasmania v Commonwealth (the Franklin Dam cases) (1983) 46 ALR 625.

⁷⁴ The Petroleum and Minerals Authority case (1975) 134 CLR 81.

⁷⁵ (1906) 4 CLR 356.

⁷⁶ (1936) 55 CLR 1.

⁷⁷ (1956) 95 CLR 529; but on the question of the Privy Council's role in constitutional appeals — a much neglected subject — see Lord Wright, “Section 92 — A Problem Piece” (1954) 1 Syd L Rev 145, and the more recent attitude of the Privy Council (before the widespread abolition of appeals) in Geelong Harbor Trust Commissioners v Gibbs, Bright & Co (PC) (1974) 48 ALJR 1.

⁷⁸ (1936) 55 CLR 1, especially the Bank Nationalisation case (1949) 79 CLR 497.

⁷⁹ (1952) 85 CLR xi, xiv.

⁸⁰ L R Zines, “Sir Owen Dixon's Theory of Federalism” (1965) 1 FL Rev 221.

⁸¹ L R Zines, The High Cour(and the Constitution, supra n 16.

⁸² A M Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, (1962); PB Kurland, “Earl Warren, the 'Warren Court' and the Warren Myths” (1968) 67 Michigan L Rev 353 — ideas developed in Politics, the Constitution and the Warren Court (1970); A Cox, The Warren Court (1968). See also for an Australian overview, G Evans, “The Most Dangerous Branch? The High Court and the Constitution in a Changing Society” in AD Hambly & J L Goldring (eds), Australian Lawyers and Social Change (1976).

⁸³ Supra nn 16 and 39; see also Australian Federalism in the Courts (1967).

⁸⁴ Eg AR Blackshield, “Judges and the Court System” in G J Evans (ed) supra n 39.

⁸⁵ G Evans, supra n 82, 45-51.

⁸⁶ G Evans, The Politics of Justice (Tenth Annual John Curtin Memorial Lecture) (1980).

⁸⁷ Cf G S Reid, “The Changing Political Framework” supra n 42.

⁸⁸ Notably J A G Griffith The Politics of the Judiciary (1977) and R Stevens, Law and Politics: The House of Lords as a Judicial Body (1979).

⁸⁹ G J Lindell, “The Duty to Exercise Judicial Review” in L R Zines, Commentaries on the Australian Constitution (Sydney 1977); Cf B Galligan, “Judicial Review in the Australian Federal System” (1979) 1O F L Rev 367; “'Legitimating Judicial Review in the Australian Political System” supra n 72.

⁹⁰ So, it would seem, have other judges. See Hutley, F C, “The Legal Traditions of Australia as Contrasted with those of the United States” (1981) 55 ALJ 63Google Scholar.

⁹¹ A Watson, Legal Transplants (1974); RB Seidman, The State, Law and Development (1978) esp. Ch 2; RS O'Regan, “Pruning the English Oak” (1972) 5 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 281; D M Trubek, “Toward a Social Theory of Law: An Essay on the Study of Law and Development” (1972) 82 Yale L J 1: M Galanter and D M Trubek, “Scholars in Self-Estrangemenf' [1974] Wisconsin L Rev l062.

⁹² ER R W Connell and TH Irving, Class Structure in Australian History (1980).

⁹³ Eg Chayes, A, “The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation” (1976) Harv L Rev 89 1281CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁴ 1st ed (1972).

⁹⁵ ln re the Judiciary and the Navigation Acts (1921) 29 CLR 257.

⁹⁶ The Boilermakers' case (1956) 95 CLR 529.

⁹⁷ P Q Hirst, “Law, Socialism and Rights” in P Carlen and M Collinson (eds), Radical Issues in Criminology (1980) 58-59.

⁹⁸ E M Campbell and H Whitmore, Freedom in Australia (1973).

⁹⁹ Cf A T Denning, Freedom under the Law (1950); cf his The Discipline of Law (1979).

¹⁰⁰ See the remarks of various justices in Australian Conservation Foundation v Com- monwealth (1980) 28 ALR 257 and see infra n 163.

¹⁰¹ Cf N K F O'Neill, "Human Rights in the Courts”, Paper presented at “Law and Society” Conference, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, August 1983.

¹⁰² Supra n 28, Ch 3.

¹⁰³ Chief Constable of the North Wales Police v Evans [1982] 1 WLR 1155, 1173; but cf Lord Hailsham LC at 1160.

¹⁰⁴ Eg Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147; cf H W R Wade “Law, Opinion and Administration” (1962) 78 LQR 188; M D Kirby, .. Administrative Review: Beyond the Frontier Marked 'Policy Lawyers Keep Out'” (1981) 12 FL Rev 121.

¹⁰⁵ Eg Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578; and see other cases cited by 8 Galligan (1977) supra n 72 and his article (1979) supra n 89. See also E Young, “Developing a System of Administrative Law?” in P Robson and P Watchman (eds), Justice, Lord Denning and the Constitution (1981) 157 where he provides evidence that Lord Denning, at least, is not consistent in his approach to such issues.

¹⁰⁶ Re Becker and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1977) 15 ALR 696; cf G D S Taylor, “The New Administrative Law” (1977) 51 AU 804; Kirby, “Administrative Review on the Merits” (1979), “Administrative Review” (1981) supra n 30. Goldring (ed), The Workings of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal, supra n 31.

¹⁰⁷ K Ross, “The Workings of the Tribunal” in J Goldring (ed) ibid 23; A N Hall, “Administrative Review Before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal — a Fresh Approach to Dispute Resolution? Part I” (1981) 12 F L Rev 71; R K Todd, “Administrative Review Before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal — Part II” (1981) 12 F L Rev 95; A N Hall, “Aspects of Federal Jurisdiction: The Administrative Appeals Tribunal (Cth)” (1983) 57 ALJ 389.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid; but cf R V Gyles, “The Barrister's View” in J Goldring (ed) ibid.

¹⁰⁹ Eg C F Lindblom, “The Science of 'Muddling Through"' (1959) 19 Public Administration Review 79.

¹¹⁰ See G D S Taylor, “Access to Administrative Justice” in J Goldring et al (eds),Access to Law (1980) and the comments by J Sinclair on that paper.

¹¹¹ R A Kagan, Regulatory Justice (1978).

¹¹² Re Becker and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1977) 15 ALR 696; Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577.

¹¹³ Re Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALO 634; Nevistic v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981) 34 ALR 639; cf M D Kirby, supra n 30.

¹¹⁴ Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1981) 36 ALR 561.

¹¹⁵ Government Committees, and, indeed, a former Governor-General, have made suggestions along these lines: Commonwealth of Australia, Report, Review of Commonwealth Administration Chairman, J Reid (Jan 1983); Z Cowen, Address to National Judicial Conference (1982); B Jinks, “The New Administrative Law: Some Assumptions and Questions” (1982) 41 Australian Journal of Public Administration 209.

¹¹⁶ R C Davey, supra n 31.

¹¹⁷ Report, supra n 115.

¹¹⁸ Pearce, D C, “Courts, Tribunals and Government Policy” (1980) 11 FL Rev 203, 220Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ Venturini, V G, Malpractice (1980) 290Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ (1973) 1 ACTR 43; 2 ACTR 1; (sub nom Johnston v Kent) (1975) 5 ALR 201.

¹²¹ (1979) 24 ALR 118.

¹²² (1980) 28 ALR 257.

¹²³ Discussed in more general terms in L A Stein (ed) Locus Standi (1979).

¹²⁴ Eg Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1981) 36 ALR 425.

¹²⁵ Section 6(1)(b) of the Ombudsman Act does confer on the Ombudsman a discretion not to investigate certain complaints if they are found to be vexatious.

¹²⁶ Re Control Investment Ltd (1980) 3 ALD 74; Tooheys Ltd v Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs (1981) 36 ALR 64.

¹²⁷ J Goldring, “Scrutiny, Accountability and Democracy” supra n 38.

¹²⁸ Eg R F Cranston, Regulating Business (1979); Australian Consumers Association,Report on Self-Regulation in Advertising (1982).

¹²⁹ Eg B Schwartz and H W R Wade, Legal Control of Government (1972).

¹³⁰ Even in the 'socialist' legal systems of Eastern Europe, which appear different: see P Q Hirst, supra n 97.

¹³¹ Supra n 28 paras 61-67.

¹³² Campbell, E M, “The Choice between Judicial and Administrative Tribunals and the Separation of Powers” (1981) 12 FL Rev 24Google Scholar.

¹³³ R L Wettenhall, “Modes of Ministerialization Part I: Towards a Typology — The Australian Experience “ (1976) 54 Public Administration I; .. Modes of Ministerialization II: From Colony to State in the Twentieth Century” (1976) 54 Public Administration 425.

¹³⁴ Eg The Secretary of the Department of Transport: see Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1977) 17 ALR 513; or the Director-General of Social Security: see Green v Daniels (1976) 13 ALR 1.

¹³⁵ L J Curtis, “Increasing Government Accountability” supra n 30.

¹³⁶ McMillan, J D, “Freedom of Information in Australia: Issue Closed” (1976-77) 8 F L Rev 379Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ P S Wilenski, “Political Problems of Administrative Responsibility and Reform"' supra n 24.

¹³⁸ Ombudsman Act 1976 Part 2 Division 2.

¹³⁹ M Galanter, “Why the 'Haves' come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change"' (1974) 9 Law and Society Review 95; J F Keeler, “The Citizen and Welfare” and the comments by R Carman and Nilma Virtue in J Goldring et al (eds), supra n 110.

¹⁴⁰ Eg McWilliam's Wines Pty Ltd v McDonald's System of Australia Pty Ltd (1980) 33 ALR 394, where a hamburger business sought to prevent a wine business from marketing wine in packages described as “Big Mac”, on the ground that “Big Mac” was a name associated with hamburgers. To suggest an association between hamburgers and wines might be 'misleading or deceptive' to consumers. In practice, what McDonald's sought to protect was not primarily the consumer, but rather its own goodwill; cf Petkovic supra n 13.

¹⁴¹ Above pp 11-12.

¹⁴² A N Hall, “Aspects of Federal Jurisdiction: The Administrative Appeals Tribunal”.Supra n 107.

¹⁴³ Ibid; cf M D Kirby, “Administrative Review: Beyond the Frontier Marked 'Policy Lawyers Keep Out'” (1981) 12 FL Rev 121; MD Kirby, Reform the Law (1983) Ch 6; AN Hall, “Administrative Review Before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal”, supra n 107; R K Todd, “Administrative Review Before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal — a Fresh Approach to Dispute Resolution? Part II” (1981) 12 FL Rev 95.

¹⁴⁴ Commonwealth of Australia, Committee on Administrative Discretions, Chairman, Sir Henry Bland, Interim Report (P/P No 53/73) (1973), Final Report (P/P No 316/73) (1973).

¹⁴⁵ This role has been questioned: A Chayes, supra n 93.

¹⁴⁶ Australian Administrative Review Council, Social Security Appeals (1980) par 133.

¹⁴⁷ Booth v Dillon (No I) [1976] VR 291; Booth v Dillon (No 2) [1976] VR 434; Glenister v Dillon [1976] VR 550.

¹⁴⁸ Hamblin v Duffy (1981) 34 ALR 333; Finch v Goldstein (1981) 36 ALR 287; Evans v Friemann (1981) 35 ALR 428; Burns v Australian National University (1982) 40 ALR 707.

¹⁴⁹ Supra nn 28, 144.

¹⁵⁰ Committee on Administrative Tribunals and Enquiries (Franks Committee), Report (1957).

¹⁵¹ Final Report, supra n 144 paras 148-152.

¹⁵² Social Security Appeals. supra n 146 paras 132, 165-168.

¹⁵³ Phillips, A, “Social Work and the Delivery of Legal Services”(1972) 42 Mod L Rev 29CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McAuslan, P, “Administrative Law, Collective Consumption and Judicial Policy” (1983) 46 Mod L Rev 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵⁴ Final Report, supra n 144 par 172(e).

¹⁵⁵ R A Kagan, Regulatory Justice, supra n 111. Cf A Phillips, P McAuslan, supra n 153.

¹⁵⁶ J R Kerr, supra n 28, paras 33, 85.

¹⁵⁷ Eg J A G Griffith,supra n 88; R Stevens, supra n 88; P Robson and P Watchman,supra, n 105.

¹⁵⁸ Especially Brennan J in Re Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634; MD Kirby, “Administrative Review on the Merits” (1979), “Administrative Review” (1981), supra n 30; DC Pearce, supra n 118.

¹⁵⁹ M D Kirby, ibid.

¹⁶⁰ Collector of Customs (NSW) v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd (1979) 24 ALR 307;Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577.

¹⁶¹ Above p 22.

¹⁶² Eg Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109.

¹⁶³ Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth (1980) 54 AUR 176; but see Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1981) 36 ALR 425; J L Dwyer “Public Interest Litigation: Who can start proceedings” (1981) 6 Legal Service Bulletin 219.

¹⁶⁴ K P O'Connor, “Public Interest Litigation ” Standing Costs and Discretion”, Paper delivered at 3rd National Conference of Labor Lawyers in Melbourne, July 1981.

¹⁶⁵ (1980) 3 ALO 74.

¹⁶⁷ Ibid 79.

¹⁶⁸ G de Q Walker, “Recent Cases: Constitutional Law” (1980) 54 AU 356; cf M Coper,Freedom of Interstate Trade under the Australian Constitution (1983) Chs 34, 35.

¹⁶⁹ Eg E Kamenka & A E-S Tay, “Beyond Bourgeois Individualism: The Contemporary Crisis in Law and Legal Ideology” in E Kamenka & R S Neale (eds), Feudalism, Capitalism and Beyond (1975) 26.

¹⁷⁰ Eg Brown v Board of Education of Topeka. Kansas 347 US 483 (1954); deFunis v Odegaard 416 US 312 (1974) and Regents of the University of California v Bakke 438 US 265 (1978).

¹⁷¹ Golak Nath v State of Punjab (1967) ASC 1463, reversed in Kesavananda v State of Kera/a (1973) ASC 1461.

¹⁷² R Stevens, supra n 88 passim; Secretary of State for Education v Tameside Metr”, politan Borough Council [1977] AC 1014; Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1982] 2 WLR 62.

¹⁷³ [1968] AC 910.

¹⁷⁴ (1978) 142 CLR 1.

¹⁷⁵ (1982) 43 ALR 587.

¹⁷⁶ D C Pearce, “The Courts and Government Information' supra n 35; J Goldring, “Scrutiny, Accountability and Democracy” supra n 38.

¹⁷⁷ Above pp 8-10.

¹⁷⁸ Eg Re Webster (1975) 132 CLR 270; R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs; Ex parte Hosenball [1977] l WLR 766; Salemi v Mackellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396.

¹⁷⁹ (1616) 1 Hobb. 140; 80 E.R. 290.

¹⁸⁰ Eg B Jinks, supra n 115.

¹⁸¹ M Weber, supra n 17.

¹⁸² Supra n 169.