Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-2bdfx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-16T08:31:12.450Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Risk and Protective Factors in Schizotypy, Mistrust and Anomalous Perceptual Experience: a Network Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2025

P. Do Lan*
Affiliation:
Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich Department Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich
M. Schärer
Affiliation:
Department Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich
M. Müller
Affiliation:
Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
V. Ajdacic-Gross
Affiliation:
Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
W. Rössler
Affiliation:
The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
B. Kleim
Affiliation:
Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich Department Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich
A. Theodoridou
Affiliation:
Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP), Psychiatry University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
*
*Corresponding author.

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Introduction

A resilience-based approach should be more integrated in order to get a greater understanding of the psychopathological patterns and derive prevention or intervention implications from this (Kalisch et al. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 1(11) 784-790). In subthreshold psychopathology, so far there is a growing body of research focusing on potential risk and protective factors while most of these studies are following an isolated focus on either of those factors. Or are using statistical methods that are not often considered the dynamic interplay of those variables (Pereira-Morales et al. J Ment Health 2019; 28(2) 153-160; Schäfer et al. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13(1) 328). Scruitinizing the dynamic patterns enables the network approach. Mental disorders can be conceived as a complex network, involving a dynamic interplay between symptoms and protective factors (Boorsboom et al. Nat Rev Methods Primers 2021; 1:58).

Objectives

This study investigates the role of risk and protective factors in relation to subthreshold psychosis like-experience symptoms (schizotypy, mistrust and anomalous perceptual experience) in a network structure.

Methods

This cross-sectional analysis of the prospective longitudinal ZInEP Epidemiology Survey included n = 632 participants (general population), aged 20-41 years. Dynamic relationships between potential risk factors (child hood trauma, maladaptive coping, self-stigma, perceived stress, chronic stress), potntial protective factors (adaptive coping, self-efficacy, optimism, self-confidence, self-control, spirituality) and psychopathology (schizotypy, mistrust, anomalous perceptual experience) are investigated using network analysis at baseline.

Results

  • negative association of schizotypy with optimism and self-control

  • negative association between mistrust and self-control

  • positive association of schizotypy with perceived and chronic stress, maladaptive coping and childhood trauma

  • perceived stress highly negatively assiociated with optimism and self-efficacy

  • maladaptive coping as a bridge from potential protective factors to perceived and chronic stress and schizotypy

Image 1:

Image 2:

Conclusions

  • optimism and self-control as protective factors for schizotypy and mistrust

  • perceived and chronic stress, maladaptive coping and childhood trauma as risk factors associated with all psychopathological symptoms

  • protective factors might have more an indirect impact over risk factors on symptoms

  • interventions for optimism and self-control might reduce stress

Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

Information

Type
Abstract
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of European Psychiatric Association
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.