Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-v2cwp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-20T11:32:56.750Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Terrestrial protected areas do not fully shield their streams from exogenous stressors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 July 2022

Victor Hugo dos Santos Mollmann ,
Sandro Santos ,
Gracieli Fernandes ,
Emerson Contreira Mossolin ,
Marcelo Marchet Dalosto ,
Sônia Maria Vaz Sanches Cardoso ,
Osmar Damian Prestes ,
Renato Zanella  and
Marlise Ladvocat Bartholomei-Santos Open the ORCID record for Marlise Ladvocat Bartholomei-Santos [Opens in a new window]
Victor Hugo dos Santos Mollmann
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Sandro Santos
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Gracieli Fernandes
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Emerson Contreira Mossolin
Affiliation:
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão (UFCAT), Catalão, GO, Brazil
Marcelo Marchet Dalosto
Affiliation:
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Campus Alegrete, RS, Brazil
Sônia Maria Vaz Sanches Cardoso
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Osmar Damian Prestes
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Renato Zanella
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
Marlise Ladvocat Bartholomei-Santos*
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Prof Dr Marlise Ladvocat Bartholomei-Santos, Email: marliselbs@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Protected areas (PAs) represent a powerful refuge for maintaining and safeguarding biodiversity. Generally, PAs are delineated to protect terrestrial taxa, providing incidental protection to the aquatic ecosystems within their borders. Here, we compare water quality within PAs and non-PAs in southern Brazil, encompassing remnants of the Atlantic Forest biome, to assess whether PAs serve as a buffer from external pressures for aquatic ecosystems within their boundaries. In addition to physicochemical and microbiological water parameters, we analysed 147 pesticide and 31 pharmaceutical compounds in water samples from 33 sites within and outside PAs. The water quality did not differ between PAs and non-PAs but indicated clear pollution from sewage discharges. We found 19 pesticides and five pharmaceuticals in streams within the study area. We detected pesticides in all sampling sites, with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid present in 91% of them. Our data show that PAs are insufficient means to mitigate the impacts stemming from their catchments, and the running water that reaches their domains already shows signs of anthropogenic interference, which may affect aquatic biodiversity. Protection and management measures require consideration of the whole watershed to protect freshwater habitats and biota.

Keywords

aquatic pollutioncontaminating pharmaceuticalsimpact of pesticidesphysicochemical parameterswastewater dischargewater quality

Information

Type
Research Paper
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 49 , Issue 4 , December 2022 , pp. 215 - 224
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Foundation for Environmental Conservation

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abell, R, Allan, JD, Lehner, B (2007) Unlocking the potential of protected areas for freshwaters. Biological Conservation 134: 48–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acreman, M, Hughes, KA, Arthington, AH, Tickner, D, Duenas, MA (2020) Protected areas and freshwater biodiversity: a novel systematic review distils eight lessons for effective conservation. Conservation Letters 13: e12684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almasi, H, Takdastan, A, Jaafarzadeh, N, Babaei, AA, Birgani, YT, Cheraghian, B et al. (2020) Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk assessment and source identification of atrazine in Shadegan international wetland, Iran. Marine Pollution Bulletin 160: 111569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrade, VS, Gutierrez, MF, Regaldo, L, Paira, AR, Repetti, MR, Gagneten, AM (2021) Influence of rainfall and seasonal crop practices on nutrient and pesticide runoff from soybean dominated agricultural areas in Pampean streams, Argentina. Science of the Total Environment 788: 147676.Google ScholarPubMed
Ayres, M, Júnior, MA, Ayres, DL, Santos, AA (2007) BIOESTAT – Aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências bio-médicas. Belém, Brazil: Ong Mamiraua.Google Scholar
Barros, G, Brito, MTS, Peluso, LM, Faria, E, Izzo, TJ, Teixido, AL (2020) Biased research generates large gaps on invertebrate biota knowledge in Brazilian freshwater ecosystems. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 18: 190–196.Google Scholar
Bastos, MC (2017) Study of the environmental contamination of human and veterinary medicines in the south Brazil (doctoral dissertation, University of Santa Maria, Brazil) [www document]. URL http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/22378 Google Scholar
Battaglin, WA, Smalling, KL, Anderson, C, Calhoun, D, Chestnut, T, Muths, E (2016) Potential interactions among disease, pesticides, water quality and adjacent land cover in amphibian habitats in the United States. Science of the Total Environment 566–567: 320–333.Google ScholarPubMed
Bighiu, MA, Höss, S, Traunspurger, W, Kahlert, M, Goedkoop, W (2020) Limited effects of pesticides on stream macroinvertebrates, biofilm nematodes, and algae in intensive agricultural landscapes in Sweden. Water Resources 174: 115640.Google ScholarPubMed
Bio, S, Nunes, B (2020) Acute effects of diclofenac on zebrafish: Indications of oxidative effects and damages at environmentally realistic levels of exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 78: 103394.Google ScholarPubMed
Bonifacio, AF, Hued, AC (2019) Single and joint effects of chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and glyphosate based pesticides on structural biomarkers in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus . Chemosphere 236: 124311.Google ScholarPubMed
Borrini-Feyerabend, G, Dudley, N, Jaeger, T, Lassen, B, Pathak Broome, N, Phillips, A, Sandwith, T (2017) Governança de Áreas Protegidas: da compreensão à ação. Série Diretrizes para melhores Práticas para Áreas Protegidas, No. 20. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Bradley, PM, Battaglin, WA, Clark, JM, Henning, F, Hladik, ML, Iwanowicz, LR et al. (2017) Widespread occurrence and potential for biodegradation of bioactive contaminants in Congaree National Park, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 36: 3045–3056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, PM, Kulp, MA, Huffman, BJ, Romanok, KM, Smalling, KL, Breitmeyer, SE, Clark, JM (2021) Reconnaissance of cumulative risk of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park streams. Science of the Total Environment 781: 146711.Google ScholarPubMed
Bradley, PM, Journey, CA, Berninger, JP, Button, DT, Clark, JM, Corsi, SR et al. (2019) Mixed-chemical exposure and predicted effects potential in wadeable southeastern USA streams. Science of the Total Environment 655: 70–83.Google ScholarPubMed
Bradley, PM, Romanok, KM, Duncan, JR, Battaglin, WA, Clark, JM, Hladik, ML et al. (2020) Exposure and potential effects of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in protected streams of the US National Park Service southeast region. Science of the Total Environment 704: 135431.Google ScholarPubMed
Brasil, Fundação Nacional de Saúde (2001) Portaria nº 1.469/2000, de 29 de dezembro de 2000: aprova o controle e vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. Brasília, Brazil: Fundação Nacional de Saúde.Google Scholar
Brovini, EM, Deus, BCT, Vilas-Boas, JA, Quadra, GR, Carvalho, L, Mendonça, RF et al. (2021) Three-bestseller pesticides in Brazil: freshwater concentrations and potential environmental risks. Science of the Total Environment 771: 144754.Google ScholarPubMed
Caldas, SS, Arias, JLO, Rombaldi, C, Mello, LL, Cerqueira, MBR, Martins, AF, Primel, EG (2019) Occurrence of pesticides and PPCPs in surface and drinking water in southern Brazil: data on 4-year monitoring. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 30: 71–80.Google Scholar
Čelić, M, Gros, M, Farré, M, Barceló, D, Petrovic, M (2019) Pharmaceuticals as chemical markers of wastewater contamination in the vulnerable area of the Ebro Delta (Spain). Science of the Total Environment 652: 952–963.Google Scholar
Chen, C, Guo, W, Ngo, HH (2019) Pesticides in stormwater runoff – a mini review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 13: 1–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CONAMA (2000) Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente. Resolução CONAMA nº 274, de 29 de novembro de 2000 [www document]. URL http://pnqa.ana.gov.br/Publicacao/Resolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Conama_274_Balneabilidade.pdf Google Scholar
CONAMA (2005) Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente. Resolução n° 357 de 17 de março de 2005 [www document]. URL https://www.icmbio.gov.br/cepsul/images/stories/legislacao/Resolucao/2005/res_conama_357_2005_classificacao_corpos_agua_rtfcda_altrd_res_393_2007_397_2008_410_2009_430_2011.pdf Google Scholar
Cox, BA (2003) A review of dissolved oxygen modelling techniques for lowland rivers. Science of the Total Environment 314–316: 303–334.Google ScholarPubMed
Daneshvar, A, Aboulfadl, K, Viglino, L, Broséus, R, Sauvé, S, Madoux-Humery, AS, Weyhenmeyer, GA (2012) Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region. Chemosphere 88: 131–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donato, FF, Bandeira, NMG, Santos, GC, Prestes, OD, Adaime, MB, Zanella, R (2017) Evaluation of the rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) technique with polymeric sorbent for multiresidue determination of pesticides in water by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 1516: 54–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Donato, FF, Kemmerich, M, Facco, JF, Friggi, CA, Prestes, OD, Adaime, MB, Zanella, R (2012) Simultaneous determination of pesticides and antibiotic residues at trace levels in water samples by SPE and LC-MS/MS. Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 7: 331–340.Google Scholar
Dudgeon, D, Arthington, AH, Gessner, MO, Kawabata, Z-I, Knowler, DJ, Lévêque, C et al. (2006) Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews 81: 163–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebelle, AJ, Abdallah, MAE, Harrad, S (2017) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerging Contaminants 3: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, SM, VanderMeulen, DD (2017) A regional assessment of chemicals of concern in surface waters of four Midwestern United States national parks. Science of the Total Environment 579: 1726–1735.Google Scholar
Feng, C, Cao, M, Wang, W, Wang, H, Liu, F, Zhang, L, Du, J (2021) Which management measures lead to better performance of China’s protected areas in reducing forest loss? Science of the Total Environment 764: 142895.Google ScholarPubMed
Fernandes, G, Aparicio, V, Bastos, MC, Geronimo, E, Labanowski, J, Prestes, OD et al. (2019) Indiscriminate use of glyphosate impregnates river epilithic biofilms in southern Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 651: 1377–1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fick, J, Lindberg, RH, Tysklind, M, Larsson, DGJ (2010) Predicted critical environmental concentrations for 500 pharmaceuticals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 58: 516–523.Google ScholarPubMed
Franklin, PA (2014) Dissolved oxygen criteria for freshwater fish in New Zealand: a revised approach. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 112–126.Google Scholar
Frederic, O, Yves, P (2014) Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater: their ecotoxicity and contribution to the environmental hazard of the effluent. Chemosphere 115: 31–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, KJ, Jackson, SF, Cantú-Salazar, L, Cruz-Piñón, G (2008) The ecological performance of protected areas. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39: 93–113.Google Scholar
González, S (2007) Contaminación difusa de las aguas. INIA Tierra adentro [www document]. URL https://biblioteca.inia.cl/handle/123456789/6373 Google Scholar
Gothwal, R, Shashidhar, T (2014) Antibiotic pollution in the environment: a review. Clean – Soil, Air, Water 42: 1–11.Google Scholar
Gray, CL, Hill, SLL, Newbold, T, Hudson, LN, Börger, L, Contu, S et al. (2016) Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nature Communications 7: 12306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grignolio, S, Merli, E, Bongi, P, Ciuti, S, Apollonio, M (2011) Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area. Biological Conservation 144: 641–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, J, He, H, Yan, Z, Gao, F, Zheng, X, Fan, J, Wang, Y (2019). Comparative analysis of freshwater species sensitivity distributions and ecotoxicity for priority pesticides: implications for water quality criteria. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 176: 119–124.Google ScholarPubMed
Herbert, ME, McIntyre, PB, Doran, PJ, Allan, JD, Abell, R (2010) Terrestrial reserve networks do not adequately represent aquatic ecosystems. Conservation Biology 24: 1002–1011.Google Scholar
Hermoso, V, Abell, R, Linke, S, Boon, P (2016) The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26: 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iturburu, FG, Calderon, G, Amé, MV, Menone, ML (2019) Ecological risk assessment (ERA) of pesticides from freshwater ecosystems in the Pampas region of Argentina: legacy and current use chemicals contribution. Science of the Total Environment 691: 476–482.Google ScholarPubMed
Koskimäki, T, Eklund, J, Moulatlet, GM, Tuomisto, H (2021) Impact of individual protected areas on deforestation and carbon emissions in Acre, Brazil. Environmental Conservation 48: 217–224.Google Scholar
Lagesson, A, Fahlman, J, Brodin, T, Fick, J, Jonsson, M, Byström, P, Klaminder, J (2016) Bioaccumulation of five pharmaceuticals at multiple trophic levels in an aquatic food web – insights from a field experiment. Science of the Total Environment 568: 208–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefrancq, M, Jadas-Hécart, A, La Jeunesse, I, Landry, D, Payraudeau, S (2017) High frequency monitoring of pesticides in runoff water to improve understanding of their transport and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment 587–588: 75–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, S, Wen, J, He, B, Hu, X, Liu, J (2020) Occurrence of caffeine in the freshwater environment: implications for ecopharmaco vigilance. Environmental Pollution 263: 114371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z, Fantke, P (2022) Toward harmonizing global pesticide regulations for surface freshwaters in support of protecting human health. Journal of Environmental Management 301: 113909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maggi, F, Tang, FHM, Cecilia, D, Mcbratney, A (2019) Pest-chemgrids, global gridded maps of the top 20 crop specific pesticide application rates from 2015 to 2025. Scientific Data 6: 170.Google ScholarPubMed
Mandel, HG (2002) Update on caffeine consumption, disposition and action. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40: 1231–1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of Health, Brazil (2021) Portaria GM/MS Nº 888/2021 [www document] URL https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-gm/ms-n-888-de-4-de-maio-de-2021-318461562 Google Scholar
Mittermeier, RA, Turner, WR, Larsen, FW, Brooks, TM, Gascon, C (2011) Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. In: Biodiversity Hotspots, eds Zachos, FE, Habel, JC (pp. 1–22). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Moraes, RF (2019) Agrotóxicos no Brasil: padrões de uso, política da regulação e prevenção da captura regulatória. Textos para Discussão 2506: 1–76. Brasília, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA).Google Scholar
Muñoz-Peñuela, M, Moreira, RG, Gomes, ADO, Tolussi, CE, Branco, GS, Pinheiro, JPS, Zampieri, RA (2022) Neurotoxic, biotransformation, oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in Astyanax altiparanae (Teleostei, Characiformes) males exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of diclofenac and/or caffeine. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 91: 103821.Google ScholarPubMed
Noble, RT, Moore, DF, Leecaster, MK, McGee, CD, Weisberg, SB (2003) Comparison of total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcus bacterial indicator response for ocean recreational water quality testing. Water Research 37: 1637–1643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliveira, JA, Izeppi, LJP, Loose, RF, Muenchen, DK, Prestes, OD, Zanella, R (2019) A multiclass method for the determination of pharmaceuticals in drinking water by solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Methods 11: 2333–2340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira-Filho, AT, Budke, JC, Jarenkov, JA, Eisenlohr, PV, Neves, DRM (2013) Delving into the variations in tree species composition and richness across South American subtropical Atlantic and Pampean forests. Journal of Plant Ecology 8: 242–260.Google Scholar
Ondarza, PM, Haddad, SP, Avigliano, E, Miglioranza, KSB, Brooks, BW (2019) Pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in fish from Argentina: implications for protected areas influenced by urbanization. Science of the Total Environment 649: 1029–1037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PAN (2021) Pesticide Action Network. PAN International Consolidated List of Banned Pesticides [www document]. URL http://pan-international.org/pan-international-consolidated-list-of-banned-pesticides/ Google Scholar
Park, YK, Oh, JA, You, AS, Park, SJ, Jo, YM, Lee, JB, Kim, CS (2017) Acute toxicity of pesticides to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and changes of toxicity to the exposure time. Korean Journal of Pesticide Science 21: 453–492.Google Scholar
Pérez, DJ, Iturburu, FG, Calderon, G, Oyesqui, LAE, Gerónimo, E, Aparicio, VC (2021) Ecological risk assessment of current-use pesticides and biocides in soils, sediments and surface water of a mixed land-use basin of the Pampas region, Argentina. Chemosphere 263: 128061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pontes, PRM, Cavalcante, RBL, Sahoo, PK, Júnior, ROS, Silva, MS, Dall’Agnol, R, Siqueira, JO (2019) The role of protected and deforested areas in the hydrological processes of Itacaiúnas River Basin, eastern Amazonia. Journal of Environmental Management 235: 489–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qu, M, Li, H, Li, N, Liu, G, Zhao, J, Hua, Y, Zhu, D (2017) Distribution of atrazine and its phytoremediation by submerged macrophytes in lake sediments. Chemosphere 168: 1515–1522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quadra, GR, Teixeira, JRPVA, Barros, N, Roland, F, Amado, AM (2019) Water pollution: one of the main limnology challenges in the Anthropocene. Acta Limnologica Braziliensia 31: 203.Google Scholar
Quenta-Herrera, E, Crespo-Pérez, V, Mark, BG, Gonzales, AL, Kulonen, A (2022) Mountain freshwater ecosystems and protected areas in the tropical Andes: insights and gaps for climate change adaptation. Environmental Conservation 49: 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
R Core Team (2021) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing [www document]. URL https://www.R-project.org/ Google Scholar
Rasmussen, JJ, Baattrup-Pedersen, A, Wiberg-Larsena, P, McKnight, US, Kronvang, B (2011) Buffer strip width and agricultural pesticide contamination in Danish lowland streams: implications for stream and riparian management. Ecological Engineering 37: 1990–1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, AJ, Carlson, AK, Creed, IF, Eliason, EJ, Gell, PA, Johnson, PTJ et al. (2019) Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity. Biological Reviews 94: 849–873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Relyiea, RA (2009) A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia 159: 363–376.Google Scholar
Rheinheimer, DS, Lima, JAMC, Vargas, JPR, Bastos, MC, Santos, MAS, Mondamert, L, Labanoeski, J (2020) Pesticide bioaccumulation in epilithic biofilms as biomarkers of agricultural activities in a representative watershed. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192: 381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, MC, Metzger, JP, Martensen, AC, Ponzoni, FJ, Hirota, MM (2009) The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 142: 1141–1153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rico, A, Oliveira, R, Nunes, GSS, Rizzi, C, Villa, S, López-Heras, I et al. (2021) Pharmaceuticals and other urban contaminants threaten Amazonian freshwater ecosystems. Environment International 155: 106702.Google ScholarPubMed
Rocha, MC, Santos, MB, Zanella, R, Prestes, OD, Gonçalves, AS, Schuch, AP (2020) Preserved riparian forest protects endangered forest-specialists amphibian species against the genotoxic impact of sunlight and agrochemicals. Biological Conservation 249: 108746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreiner, VC, Szöcs, E, Bhowmik, AK, Vijver, MG, Schäfer, RB (2016) Pesticide mixtures in streams of several European countries and the USA. Science of the Total Environment 573: 680–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, IA, Dupas, FA, Costa, CW, Medeiros, GOR, Souza, AR (2021) Spatiotemporal changes in land cover land use in protected areas of Serra da Mantiqueira, southeastern Brazil. Environmental Challenges 4: 10019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slaby, S, Cor, FL, Dufour, V, Auger, L, Pasquini, L, Cardoso, O et al. (2022) Distribution of pesticides and some of their transformation products in a small lentic waterbody: fish, water, and sediment contamination in an agricultural watershed. Environmental Pollution 292: 118403 Google Scholar
Strayer, DL, Dudgeon, D (2010) Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29: 344–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Świacka, K, Maculewicz, J, Kowalska, D, Caban, M, Smolarz, K, Swiezak, J (2022) Presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in wild-living aquatic organisms – current state of knowledge. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424: 127350.Google ScholarPubMed
Thieme, ML, Rudulph, J, Higgins, J, Takats, JA (2012) Protected areas and freshwater conservation: a survey of protected area managers in the Tennessee and Cumberland river basins, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 109: 189–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tong, STY, Cheng, W (2002) Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality. Journal of Environmental Management 66: 377–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US EPA (1986) Quality Criteria for Water. EPA-440/5-86-001. Washington, DC, USA: Office of Water Regulations and Standards.Google Scholar
US EPA (2017) Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS) Volume 2. Sources, Stressors. Washington, DC, USA: Responses. Office of Research and Development [www document]. URL https://www.epa.gov/caddis-vol2 Google Scholar
Vörösmarty, C, McIntyre, P, Gessner, M, Dudgeon, D, Prusevich, A, Green, P et al. (2010) Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467: 555–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissinger, RH, Blackwell, BR, Keteles, K, Battaglin, WA, Bradley, PM (2018) Bioactive contaminants of emerging concern in national park waters of the northern Colorado Plateau, USA. Science of the Total Environment 636: 910–918.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, JL, Boxall, ABA, Kolpin, DW, Leung, KMY, Lai, RWS, Galbán-Malagón, C et al. (2022) Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119: e2113947119.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, H, Viña, A, Winkler, JA, Chung, MG, Huang, Q, Dou, Y, McShea, WJ (2021) A global assessment of the impact of individual protected areas on preventing forest loss. Science of the Total Environment 777: 145995.Google ScholarPubMed
Yorlano, MF, Demetrio, PM, Rimoldi, F (2022) Riparian strips as attenuation zones for the toxicity of pesticides in agricultural surface runoff: relative influence of herbaceous vegetation and terrain slope on toxicity attenuation of 2,4-D. Science of the Total Environment 807: 150655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Mollmann et al. supplementary material

Mollmann et al. supplementary material

Download Mollmann et al. supplementary material(File)
File 500.6 KB