Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-mx8w7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-31T23:41:08.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental Degradation and Some Economic Consequences in the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Norman Myers
Norman Myers
Affiliation:
Consultant in Environment and Development, Upper Meadow, Old Road, Headington, Oxford 0X3 8SZ, England, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

As this paper demonstrates, the Philippines is undergoing much environmental degradation—mainly in the form of deforestation, soil erosion, disruption of hydrological systems, over-exploitation of fisheries, destruction of coral reefs, and extinction of species. These problems are accentuated by the pressures of a large, fast-growing and impoverished population; and they may shortly start to be aggravated yet more by climatic change in the wake of the global ‘greenhouse effect’. Moreover, and as this paper further makes plain, the environmental degradation leads to adverse economic consequences that are pervasive and profound—as may be expected in a country where several salient sectors of development are dependent upon the natural-resource base. In the long run, indeed, environmental degradation could well preclude the Philippines' prospects for sustainable development.

Information

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 15 , Issue 3 , Autumn 1988 , pp. 205 - 214
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Agricultural Policy and Strategy Team (1986). Agenda for Action for the Philippine Rural Sector. Agricultural Policy Research Program, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: xiv + 595 pp.Google Scholar
Aguilar, F.V. (1982). Social Forestry for Upland Development. Institute of Philippines Culture, Quezon City, Philippines: 17 pp.Google Scholar
Bradley, R.S., Diaz, H.F., Eischard, J.K., Jones, P.D., Kelly, P.M. & Goodess, C.M. (1987). Precipitation fluctuations over the northern hemisphere land areas since the mid-19th century. Science, 237, pp. 171–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conkun, H.C. (1961). The study of shifting cultivation. Current Anthropology, 21(1), pp. 27–61.Google Scholar
Conservation of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Task Force (1987). Issues, Problems, and Recommendations in Management and Conservation of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila, Philippines: ix + 78 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Cruz, M.C.J. (1988). More People than Trees: The Philippine Case. Institute of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: 27 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Cruz, M.C.J., Cornistra, L.B. & Dayan, D.C. (1987). Legal and Institutional Issues of Irrigation Water Rights in the Philippines. Agrarian Reform Institute, University of Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: 88 pp.Google Scholar
Cruz, M.C.J. & Zosa-Feranil, I. (1987). Policy Implications of Population Pressure in the Philippine Uplands. Department of Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, and the Population Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines: vi + 71 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Cruz, M.C.J., Zosa-Feranil, I. & Goce, C. (1986). Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies and Center for Policy and Development Studies Working Paper No. 86–06: viii + 205 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Cruz, W. (1987). The Environmental Cost of Soil Erosion. Department of Economics, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: iii + 42 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
David, W.P. (1986). Erosion and Sediment Transport. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: vii + 125 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
David, W.P. (1987). Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Planning—Issues and Implications. College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: vii + 44 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
David, W.P. & Collado, C.U. (1987). An Assessment of Land and Water Resources, Present Management Practices and Problems, and Future Management Plans and Programmes for the Magat Watershed. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: viii + 140 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Finney, C.E. & Western, S. (1986). An economic analysis of environmental protection and management: an example from the Philippines. The Environmentalist, 6, pp. 45–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganapin, D.J. (1987). Forest resources and timber trade in the Philippines. Pp. 54–70 in Proceedings of the Conference on Forest Resources Crisis in the Third World, 6–8 09 1986, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Sahabat Alam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Not available for checking.]Google Scholar
Greathead, D.J. (1983). The multi-million dollar weevil that pollinates oil palm. Antenna (Royal Entomological Society of London), 7, pp. 105–7.Google Scholar
Harding, D. (1987). Land-use change and hydrological processes in upland forest areas in the tropics. Pp. 257–70 in Impact of Man's Activities on Tropical Upland Forest Ecosystems (Eds Hadu, Y., Awang, K., Majid, N.M. & Mohamed, S.). Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. [Not available for checking.]Google Scholar
Haribon Foundation (1987). Development of an Integrated Protected Areas System in the Philippines: Interim Report. Haribon Foundation, Makati, Manila, Philippines: v + 36 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hodgson, G. (1988). Sedimentation Damage to Corals Due to Coastal Logging. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Hodgson, G. & Dixon, J. (1987). Logging versus Fisheries and Tourism: Environmental and Economic Dimensions. Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. [Not available for checking.]Google Scholar
Kellogg, W.W. & Zhao, Z. (1988). Sensitivity of soil moisture to doubling of carbon dioxide in climate model experiments, Part II: the Asian monsoon region. Journal of Climate, 1, pp. 367–78.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinosita, T. (1983). Runoff and flood characteristics in some humid tropical regions. Pp. 53–62 in Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions with Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practices. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 140, Washington D.C, USA. [Not available for checking.]Google Scholar
Leong, B.T. & Serna, C.B. (1987). Status of Watersheds in the Philippines. National Irrigation Administration, Quezon City, Philippines: vi + 31 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA: viii + 203 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
McManus, J.E. & Arida, C.C. (1987). Philippine Coral Reef Fisheries Management. Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Visayas, Diliman, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Madulid, D.A. (1987). Plant Conservation in the Philippines. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 30, SEAMEO-BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia, pp. 21–6.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1986). Environmental repercussions of deforestation in the Himalayas. Journal of World Forest Resource Management, 2, pp. 63–72.Google Scholar
Myers, N. (1988). Faltering commitment to family planning in the Philippines? People (quarterly journal of International Planned Parenthood Federation), 15, p. 31.Google Scholar
National Environmental Protection Council (1986). Philippine Environment Report 1984–85. National Environmental Protection Council, Manila, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Olofson, H. (Ed.) (1981). Adaptive Strategies and Change in Philippines Swidden-based Societies. Forestry Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Pimentel, D. and 13 others (1987). World agriculture and soil erosion. BioScience, 37, pp. 277–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revilla, A.V. (1985). Fifty-year forestry development program for the Philippines. Pp. 1–20 in Proceedings of the Seminar on the Fifty Year Forestry Development Program of the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies and Forestry Development Center, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Revilla, A.V. (1987). Policy and Program Agenda for the Forest Resources Management Sub-sector. College of Forestry, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Revilla, A.V., Canonizado, J.A. & Gregorio, M.C. (1987). Forest Resources Management Report. Forest Resources Management Task Force, Resources Policy Group, Manila, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Sajise, P.E. (1987). Stable upland farming systems in the Philippines: problems and prospects. Pp. 633–44 in Impact of Man's Activities on Tropical Upland Forest Ecosystems (Eds Hadi, Y., Awang, K., Majid, N.M. & Mohamed, S.). Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Seymour, F. (1985). Ten Lessons Learned from Agroforestry Projects in the Philippines. US-AID, Manila, Philippines: iv + 20 pp.Google Scholar
Sfeir-Younis, A. (1986). Soil Conservation in Developing Countries: A Background Report. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA: xiii + 217 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Silvestre, G.T. (1987). Philippine Marine Capture Fisheries-Exploitation, Potential and Options for Sustainable Development. College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines, Visayas, Diliman, Philippines: vii + 77 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Silvestre, G.T. & Ganaden, S. (1987). Status of Philippine Demersal Stocks: An Overview. College of Fisheries, University of the Philippines, Visayas, Diliman, Philippines: iii + 24 pp.Google Scholar
Social Forestry/Agroforestry Task Force (1987). Social Forestry in the Philippines: Policy Issues, Problems and Recommendations. Social Forestry/Agroforestry Task Force, Department of the Environment and Natural Resources, Manila, Philippines: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Stocking, M. (1985). Erosion-induced Loss in Soil Productivity: Trends in Research and International Cooperation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Tan, B.C., Fernando, E.S. & Rojo, J.P. (1986). An updated list of endangered Philippine plants. Yushania (quarterly journal of the Biological Society of Tunghai University, Taiwan), 3(2), pp. 1–5.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, R. (1986). Sedimentation in Reservoirs: Magat Reservoir, Cagayan Valley, Luzon, Philippines. Hydraulics Research Ltd., Wallingford, Oxon., England, UK: vi + 78 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
World Bank (1988). World Development Report 1988. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA: xii + 307 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Zosa-Feranil, I. (1986). Upland Population and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines: vi + 64 pp.Google Scholar