Hostname: page-component-669899f699-ggqkh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-25T09:27:51.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The socialization of boys and men in the modern era: An evolutionary mismatch

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2019

Anthony Biglan ,
Mark J. Van Ryzin ,
Kevin J. Moore ,
Michelle Mauricci  and
Irin Mannan
Anthony Biglan*
Affiliation:
Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR
Mark J. Van Ryzin
Affiliation:
Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR
Kevin J. Moore
Affiliation:
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
Michelle Mauricci
Affiliation:
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
Irin Mannan
Affiliation:
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
*
Author for Correspondence: Anthony Biglan, Ph.D., Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace, Eugene, OR 97403. E-mail tony@ori.org
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper examines the misalignment between modern human society and certain male phenotypes, a misalignment that has been highlighted and explored in great detail in the work of Tom Dishion. We begin by briefly enumerating the ongoing developmental difficulties of many boys and young men and how these difficulties affect them and those around them. We then suggest that the qualities that have been advantageous for men and their families in our earlier evolution but that are often no longer functional in modern society are a source of these problems. Finally, we provide a brief review of prevention programs that can contribute to preventing this type of problematic development and eliciting more prosocial behavior from at-risk boys and men. We conclude with an overview of research and policy priorities that could contribute to reducing the proportion of boys and young men who experience developmental difficulties in making their way in the world.

Keywords

evolutionmale socializationmismatchprevention
Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 31 , Special Issue 5: Honoring the Contributions and Legacy of Thomas Dishion , December 2019 , pp. 1789 - 1799
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Arndt, J., Cook, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Cox, C. R. (2007). Cancer and the threat of death: The cognitive dynamics of death-thought suppression and its impact on behavioral health intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.12Google Scholar
Arndt, J., Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Vess, M., Routledge, C., Cooper, D. P., & Cohen, F. (2009). Blowing in the (social) wind: Implications of extrinsic esteem contingencies for terror management and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1191–1205. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015182Google Scholar
Avenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2015). Major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey–Adolescent Supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 37–44.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.010Google Scholar
Bank, L., Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., & Fetrow, R. A. (1993). Parenting practices of single mothers: Mediators of negative contextual factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 55, 371–384. https://doi.org/10.2307/352808Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885–908. doi:10.1037/a0017376Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48, 662–373. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0024454Google Scholar
Biglan, A. (2015). The nurture effect: How the science of human behavior can improve our lives and our world. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.Google Scholar
Botvin, G. J., Griffin, K. W., & Nichols, T. D. (2006). Preventing youth violence and delinquency through a universal school-based prevention approach. Prevention Science, 7, 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-006-0057-yGoogle Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). Translating research to practice in bullying prevention. American Psychologist, 70, 322–332. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0039114Google Scholar
Brody, G. H., Kogan, S. M., Chen, Y., & Murry, V. M. (2008). Long-term effects of the Strong African American Families program on youths' conduct problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43, 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.016Google Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019). The economics daily, employment by industry, 1910 and 2015. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2016/employment-by-industry-1910-and-2015.htm.Google Scholar
Burnette, M. L. (2013). Gender and the development of oppositional defiant disorder: Contributions of physical abuse and early family environment. Child Maltreatment, 18, 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513478144Google Scholar
Caldji, C., Diorio, J., & Meaney, M. J. (2003). Variations in maternal care alter GABA A receptor subunit expression in brain regions associated with fear. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1950–1959. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300237Google Scholar
Capaldi, D. M., Dishion, T. J., Stoolmiller, M., & Yoerger, K. (2001). Aggression toward female partners by at-risk young men: The contribution of male adolescent friendships. Developmental Psychology, 37, 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.1.61Google Scholar
Causadias, J. M., Telzer, E. H., & Gonzales, N. A. (2018). Introduction to culture and biology interplay. In Causadias, J. M., Telzer, E. H., & Gonzales, N.A. (Eds.), The handbook of culture and biology (pp. 3–29). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Champagne, D. L., Bagot, R. C., van Hasselt, F., Ramakers, G., Meaney, M. J., De Kloet, E. R., … & Krugers, H. (2008). Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: Evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 6037–6045. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0526-08.2008Google Scholar
Charles, K, Hurst, E, and Schwartz, M. (2018), “The Transformation of Manufacturing and the Decline in U.S. Employment”, NBER Working Paper 24468.Google Scholar
Cohn, A. M., Seibert, L. A., & Zeichner, A. (2009). The role of restrictive emotionality, trait anger, and masculinity threat in men's perpetration of physical aggression. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015151Google Scholar
Coleman, D. (2019). U.S. military personnel 1954–2014. Retrieved from https://historyinpieces.com/research/us-military-personnel-1954-2014Google Scholar
Courtenay, W. H., Mccreary, D. R., & Merighi, J. R. (2002). Gender and ethnic differences in health beliefs and behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105302007003216Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J. (2016). An evolutionary framework for understanding coercion and aggression. In Dishion, T. J. & Snyder, J. J. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of coercive relationship dynamics (pp. 53–68). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Capaldi, D., Spracklen, K. M., & Li, F. (1995). Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 803–824. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006854Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Dodge, K. A., & Lansford, J. E. (2006). Findings and recommendations: A blueprint to minimize deviant peer influence in youth interventions and programs. In Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., & Lansford, J. E. (Eds.), Deviant peer influences in programs for youth: Problems and solutions (pp. 366–394). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Eddy, J. M., Haas, E., Li, F., & Spracklen, K. (1997). Friendships and violent behavior during adolescence. Social Development, 6, 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00102.xGoogle Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Kavanagh, K. (2003). The Family Check-Up with high-risk young adolescents: Preventing early-onset substance use by parent monitoring. Behavior Therapy, 34, 553–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(03)80035-7Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., Stoolmiller, M., & Skinner, M. L. (1991). Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology, 27, 172–180. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.172Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Spracklen, K. M., Andrews, D. W., & Patterson, G. R. (1996). Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. Behavior Therapy, 27, 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80023-2Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Stormshak, E. A. (2007). Intervening in children's lives: An ecological, family-centered approach to mental health care. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412Google Scholar
Dolan, L.J., Kellam, S.G., Brown, C.H., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Rebok, G.W., Mayer, L.S., Laudolff, J., Turkkan, J., Ford, C., & Wheeler, L. (1993). The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 317–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(93)90013-LGoogle Scholar
Domitrovich, C. E., Cortes, R. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (2007). Improving young children's social and emotional competence: A randomized trial of the preschool “PATHS” curriculum. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 28, 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-007-0081-0Google Scholar
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA, 286, 3089–3096. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.24.3089Google Scholar
DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. (2002). Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 157–197.Google Scholar
DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011). How effective are mentoring programs for youth? A systematic assessment of the evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12, 57–91. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100611414806Google Scholar
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.xGoogle Scholar
Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Evans, S. C., Ng, T., & DuBois, D. L. (2008). Does mentoring matter? A multidisciplinary meta-analysis comparing mentored and non-mentored individuals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.005Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., Figueredo, A. J., Brumbach, B. H., & Schlomer, G. L. (2009). Fundamental dimensions of environmental risk. Human Nature, 20, 204–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Nederhof, E. (2017). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity: An empirical test in the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1001–1021. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000985Google Scholar
Embry, D. D., & Biglan, A. (2008). Evidence-based kernels: Fundamental units of behavioral influence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11(3), 75–113.Google Scholar
Evans, R. E. C., Brotherstone, H., Miles, A., & Wardle, J. (2005). Gender differences in early detection of cancer. The Journal of Men's Health & Gender, 2, 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.12.012Google Scholar
Evans, C. B., Fraser, M. W., & Cotter, K. L. (2014). The effectiveness of school-based bullying prevention programs: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 532–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.004Google Scholar
Farrell, A. D., Meyer, A. L., & White, K. S. (2001). Evaluation of Responding in Peaceful and Positive Ways (RIPP): A school-based prevention program for reducing violence among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3004_02Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2003). Family-based prevention of offending: A meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36, 127–151. https://doi.org/10.1375%2Facri.36.2.127Google Scholar
Fisher, P. A., Gunnar, M. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (2000). Preventive intervention for maltreated preschool children: Impact on children's behavior, neuroendocrine activity, and foster parent functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1356–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200011000-00009Google Scholar
Flay, B. R., & Allred, C. G. (2003). Long-term effects of the Positive Action® program. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27, S6–S21.Google Scholar
Granato, S. L., Smith, P. N., & Selwyn, C. N. (2015). Acquired capability and masculine gender norm adherence: Potential pathways to higher rates of male suicide. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 16, 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038181Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. D., Jenson, J. M., Catalano, R., Fraser, M. W., Botvin, G. J., Shapiro, V., … & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2016). Unleashing the power of prevention. American Journal of Medical Research, 3, 39–74.Google Scholar
Hawton, K., i Comabella, C. C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004Google Scholar
Hedegaard, H., Curtin, S. C., & Warner, M. (2018). Suicide rates in the United States continue to increase. NCHS data brief, no 309. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Hirsch, B. J. (2005). A place to call home: After school programs for urban youth. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, B. J., Deutsch, N., & DuBois, D. (2011). After-school centers and youth development: Case studies of success and failure. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holdcraft, L. C., & Iacono, W. G. (2004). Cross-generational effects on gender differences in psychoactive drug abuse and dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.11.016Google Scholar
Houle, J., Mishara, B. L., & Chagnon, F. (2008). An empirical test of a mediation model of the impact of the traditional male gender role on suicidal behavior in men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.016Google Scholar
Janda, M., Youl, P. H., Lowe, J. B., Elwood, M., Ring, I. T., & Aitken, J. F. (2004). Attitudes and intentions in relation to skin checks for early signs of skin cancer. Preventive Medicine, 39, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.019Google Scholar
Jiang, Y., Ekono, M., & Skinner, C. (2016). Basic facts about low-income children: Children under 3 years, 2014. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (1989). Cooperation and competition: Theory and research. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (2005). New developments in social interdependence theory. Psychology Monographs, 131, 285–358. https://doi.org/10.3200/MONO.131.4.285-358Google Scholar
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2007). A rapid evidence assessment of the impact of mentoring on re-offending: A summary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University (Home Office Online Report 11/07).Google Scholar
Kaplan, H. S., & Lancaster, J. B. (2003). An evolutionary and ecological analysis of human fertility, mating patterns, and parental investment. In Watcher, K.W. & Bulatao, R. A. (Eds.), Offspring: Human fertility behavior in a biodemographic perspective (pp. 170–122). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Kellam, S. G., Rebok, G. W., Ialongo, N., & Mayer, L. S. (1994). The course and malleability of aggressive behavior from early first grade into middle school: Results of a developmental epidemiologically-based preventive trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 359–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01161.xGoogle Scholar
Keyes, K. M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2008). Evidence for a closing gender gap in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in the United States population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.017Google Scholar
Khallad, Y. (2010). Health risk behaviors among college youths. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 925–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309359543Google Scholar
Kumpfer, K. L., Whiteside, H. O., Greene, J. A., & Allen, K. C. (2010). Effectiveness outcomes of four age versions of the Strengthening Families Program in statewide field sites. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14, 211–229. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0020602Google Scholar
Kuperminc, G. P., & Thomason, J. D. (2013). Group mentoring. In DuBois, D. L. & Karcher, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of youth mentoring (2nd ed., pp. 273–289). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. D. (2017). Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and juvenile delinquecy. In Child and adolescent psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 449–496). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Lee, J. K., Biglan, A., & Cody, C. (2018). The impact of poverty and discrimination on family interactions and problem development. In Sanders, M. R. & Morawska, Alina (Eds.), Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan (pp. 699–712). Springer.Google Scholar
Leslie, L. K., Mehus, C. J., Hawkins, J. D., Boat, T., McCabe, M. A., Barkin, S., … & Brown, R. (2016). Primary health care: Potential home for family-focused preventive interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51, S106–S118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.05.014Google Scholar
Levant, R. F., Hall, R. J., Weigold, I. K., & McCurdy, E. R. (2016). Construct validity evidence for the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form: A structural equation modeling approach using the bifactor model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 534–542.Google Scholar
Li, J., & Julian, M. M. (2012). Developmental relationships as the active ingredient: A unifying working hypothesis of “what works” across intervention settings. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 157–166. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01151.xGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, M. D. (2013). Social: Why our brains are wired to connect. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lipsey, M. W., Howell, J. C., Kelly, M. R., Chapman, G., & Carver, D. (2010). Improving the effectiveness of juvenile justice programs. Washington DC: Center for Juvenile Justice Reform at Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P. J., & McBurnett, K. (2000). Findings on disruptive behavior disorders from the first decade of the Developmental Trends Study. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009567419190Google Scholar
Mahalik, J. R., Burns, S. M., & Syzdek, M. (2007). Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2201–2209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.035Google Scholar
Martin, L. A., Neighbors, H. W., & Griffith, D. M. (2013). The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1100–1106.Google Scholar
Mathers, C. D., Sadana, R., Salomon, J. A., Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (2001). Healthy life expectancy in 191 countries, 1999. The Lancet, 357, 1685–1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04824-8Google Scholar
Menting, A. T., de Castro, B. O., & Matthys, W. (2013). Effectiveness of the Incredible Years parent training to modify disruptive and prosocial child behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 901–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.006Google Scholar
Merrell, K.W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S.W., & Isava, D. M. (2008). How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 26–42. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Rutter, M., & Silva, P. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behaviour: Conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511490057Google Scholar
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M. (2003). The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: Why are men so vulnerable? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 253, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-003-0397-6Google Scholar
Mordre, M., Groholt, B., Kjelsberg, E., Sandstad, B., & Myhre, A. M. (2011). The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records. BMC psychiatry, 11, article no. 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-57Google Scholar
Mosher, D. L., & Tomkins, S. S. (1988). Scripting the macho man: Hypermasculine socialization and enculturation. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 60–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551445Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R. C., & Lee, S. (2008). Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30, 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxn002Google Scholar
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 124–134. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01015.xGoogle Scholar
Oomen, C. A., Soeters, H., Audureau, N., Vermunt, L., Van Hasselt, F. N., Manders, E. M., … & Lucassen, P. J. (2011). Early maternal deprivation affects dentate gyrus structure and emotional learning in adult female rats. Psychopharmacology, 214, 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1922-8Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys (Vol. 4). Eugene, OR: Castalia Pub Co.Google Scholar
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330–366. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330Google Scholar
Reston, J. (1999). The last apocalypse: Europe at the year 1000 A. D. New York, NY: First Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Reyno, S. M., & McGrath, P. J. (2006). Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems—a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01544.xGoogle Scholar
Ringwalt, C. L., Ennett, S., Johnson, R., Rohrbach, L. A., Simons-Rudolph, A., Vincus, A., & Thorne, J. (2003). Factors associated with fidelity to substance use prevention curriculum guides in the nation's middle schools. Health Education & Behavior, 30, 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1090198103030003010Google Scholar
Roseth, C. J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008). Promoting early adolescents' achievement and peer relationships: The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 223–246. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.223Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1945) A history of western philosophy. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 337–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003Google Scholar
Shapiro, J. P., Burgoon, J. D., Welker, C. J., & Clough, J. B. (2002). Evaluation of the Peacemakers program: School-based violence prevention for students in grades four through eight. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10040Google Scholar
Spencer, R. (2007). “I just feel safe with him”: Emotional closeness in male youth mentoring relationships. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8, 185–198. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1524-9220.8.3.185Google Scholar
Steingrímsson, S., Carlsen, H. K., Sigfússon, S., & Magnússon, A. (2012). The changing gender gap in substance use disorder: A total population-based study of psychiatric in-patients. Addiction, 107, 1957–1962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03954.xGoogle Scholar
Syzdek, M. R., & Addis, M. E. (2010). Adherence to masculine norms and attributional processes predict depressive symptoms in recently unemployed men. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9290-6Google Scholar
Tierney, J. P., Grossman, J. B., & Resch, N. L. (1995, November). Making a difference: An impact study of Big Brothers Big Sisters. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures.Google Scholar
Tolan, P., Henry, D., Schoeny, M., & Bass, A. (2008). Mentoring interventions to affect juvenile delinquency and associated problems. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16.Google Scholar
Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., & Baldry, C. A. (2008). Effectiveness of programs to reduce school bullying: a systematic review. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC, 2010). Compilation of evidence-based family skills training programmes. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC).Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J. (2014). Exploring relationships among boys and men: A retrospective, qualitative study of a multi-year community-based group mentoring program. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.002Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2012). The impact of a family-centered intervention on the ecology of adolescent antisocial behavior: Modeling developmental sequelae and trajectories during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1139–1155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000582Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2013). From antisocial behavior to violence: A model for the amplifying role of coercive joining in adolescent friendships. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12017Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Dishion, T. J. (2014). Adolescent deviant peer clustering as an amplifying mechanism underlying the progression from early substance use to late adolescent dependence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12211Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., Fishbein, D., & Biglan, A. (2018). The promise of prevention science for addressing intergenerational poverty. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 24, 128–143. doi:10.1037/law0000138Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., Kumpfer, K. L., Fosco, G. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (Eds.). (2015). Family-based prevention programs for children and adolescents: Theory, research, and large-scale dissemination. New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., & Reiss, D. (2015). Genetic influences can protect against unresponsive parenting in the prediction of child social competence. Child Development, 86, 667–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12335Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Roseth, C. J. (2018a). Cooperative learning in middle school: A means to improve peer relations and reduce victimization, bullying, and related outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110, 1192–1201. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/edu0000265Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Roseth, C. J. (2018b). Peer influence processes as mediators of effects of a middle school substance use prevention program. Addictive Behaviors, 85, 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.016Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Roseth, C. J. (2019). Mediators of effects of cooperative learning on prosocial behavior in middle school. Manuscript under review.Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Roseth, C. J. (in press). Effects of cooperative learning on peer relations, empathy, and bullying in middle school. Aggressive Behavior.Google Scholar
Van Ryzin, M. J., Roseth, C. J., Fosco, G. M., Lee, Y. K., & Chen, I. C. (2016). A component-centered meta-analysis of family-based prevention programs for adolescent substance use. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.007Google Scholar
Webster-Stratton, C., Rinaldi, J., & Reid, J. M. (2011). Long-term outcomes of Incredible Years Parenting Program: Predictors of adolescent adjustment. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 16, 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00576.xGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., Joyce, P. R., … & Newman, S. C. (1999). Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries. Psychological Medicine, 29, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798007867Google Scholar
Whaley, R. B., Hayes-Smith, J., & Hayes-Smith, R. (2013). Gendered pathways? Gender, mediating factors, and the gap in boys’ and girls’ substance use. Crime & Delinquency, 59, 651–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710389581Google Scholar
Wheeler, M., Keller, T., & DuBois, D. L. (2010). Review of three recent randomized trials of school-based mentoring. Social Policy Report, 24, 1–21.Google Scholar
Williams, E., Johnson, J. L., & Bott, C. (2008). Evaluation of a program for reduction of childhood aggression. Psychological Reports, 103, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.103.2.347-357Google Scholar
Wilsnack, R. W., Wilsnack, S. C., Kristjanson, A. F., Vogeltanz-Holm, N. D., & Gmel, G. (2009). Gender and alcohol consumption: Patterns from the multinational GENACIS project. Addiction, 104, 1487–1500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02696.xGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2002). Self Directed Violence Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention,Google Scholar
Zimmermann, F., & Sieverding, M. (2010). Young adults’ social drinking as explained by an augmented theory of planned behaviour: The roles of prototypes, willingness, and gender. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 561–581. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910709X476558Google Scholar