Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-qhdkw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-10T23:52:54.579Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Latent classes of oppositional defiant disorder in adolescence and prediction to later psychopathology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2022

Sarah J. Racz Open the ORCID record for Sarah J. Racz [Opens in a new window] ,
Robert J. McMahon Open the ORCID record for Robert J. McMahon [Opens in a new window] ,
Gretchen Gudmundsen ,
Elizabeth McCauley  and
Ann Vander Stoep
Sarah J. Racz*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Robert J. McMahon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
Gretchen Gudmundsen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA St. Luke’s Children’s Hospital, Boise, ID, USA
Elizabeth McCauley
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
Ann Vander Stoep
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Sarah J. Racz, email: sracz@umd.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Current conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) place the symptoms of this disorder within three separate but related dimensions (i.e., angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, vindictiveness). Variable-centered models of these dimensions have yielded discrepant findings, limiting their clinical utility. The current study utilized person-centered latent class analysis based on self and parent report of ODD symptomatology from a community-based cohort study of 521 adolescents. We tested for sex, race, and age differences in the identified classes and investigated their ability to predict later symptoms of depression and conduct disorder (CD). Diagnostic information regarding ODD, depression, and CD were collected annually from adolescents (grades 6–9; 51.9% male; 48.7% White, 28.2% Black, 18.5% Asian) and a parent. Results provided evidence for three classes of ODD (high, medium, and low endorsement of symptoms), which demonstrated important developmental differences across time. Based on self-report, Black adolescents were more likely to be in the high and medium classes, while according to parent report, White adolescents were more likely to be in the high and medium classes. Membership in the high and medium classes predicted later increases in symptoms of depression and CD, with the high class showing the greatest risk for later psychopathology.

Keywords

adolescenceconduct disorderdepressionlatent class analysisoppositional defiant disorder
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 2 , May 2023 , pp. 730 - 748
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Burlington.Google Scholar
Aebi, M., Barra, S., Bessler, C., Steinhausen, H.-C., Walitza, S., & Plattner, B. (2016). Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions and subtypes among detained male adolescent offenders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12473 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aebi, M., Müller, U. C., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Ebstein, R., Eisenberg, J., Gill, M., Manor, I., Miranda, A., Oades, R. D., Roeyers, H., Rothenberger, A., Sergeant, J., Sonuga-Barke, E., Thompson, M., Taylor, E., Faraone, S. V., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (2010). Predictability of oppositional defiant disorder and symptom dimensions in children and adolescents with ADHD combined type. Psychological Medicine, 40, 2089–2100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000590 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aebi, M., Plattner, B., Metzke, C. W., Bessler, C., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (2013). Parent- and self-reported dimensions of oppositionality in youth: Construct validity, concurrent validity, and the prediction of criminal outcomes in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 941–949. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Althoff, R. R., Kuny-Slock, A. V., Verhulst, F. C., Hudziak, J. J., & van der Ende, J. (2014). Classes of oppositional-defiant behavior: Concurrent and predictive validity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1162–1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12233 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Google Scholar
Arbuckle, C., & Little, E. (2004). Teachers’ perceptions and management of disruptive classroom behaviour during the middle years (years five to nine). Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, 4, 59–70.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (1999). Adolescent storm and stress. reconsidered American Psychologist, 54, 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.54.5.317 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: 3-step approaches using Mplus (Mplus Web Notes: No. 15). Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2020). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Using the BCH method in Mplus to estimate a distal outcome model and an arbitrary secondary model (Mplus Web Notes: No. 21). Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Barry, T. D., Marcus, D. K., Barry, C. T., & Coccaro, E. F. (2013). The latent structure of oppositional defiant disorder in children and adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1932–1939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.016 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boylan, K., Rowe, R., Duku, E., Waldman, I., Stepp, S., Hipwell, A., & Burke, J. (2017). Longitudinal profiles of girls’ irritable, defiant and antagonistic oppositional symptoms: Evidence for group based differences in symptom severity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0231-z CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boylan, K., Vaillancourt, T., Boyle, M., & Szatmari, P. (2007). Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16, 484–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0624-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, J. D. (2012). An affective dimension within oppositional defiant disorder symptoms among boys: Personality and psychopathology outcomes in early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 1176–1183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02598.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, J. D., Boylan, K., Rowe, R., Duku, E., Stepp, S. D., Hipwell, A. E., & Waldman, I. D. (2014). Identifying the irritability dimensions of ODD: Application of a modified bifactor model across five large community samples of children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037898 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, J. D., Hipwell, A. E., & Loeber, R. (2010). Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder as predictors of depression and conduct disorder in preadolescent girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.016 Google ScholarPubMed
Burke, J. D., & Loeber, R. (2010). Oppositional defiant disorder and the explanation of the comorbidity between behavioral disorders and depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01223.x Google Scholar
Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Birmaher, B. (2002). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1275–1293. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200211000-00009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., Lahey, B. B., & Rathouz, P. J. (2005). Developmental transitions among affective and behavioral disorders in adolescent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1200–1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00422.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carragher, N., Krueger, R. F., Eaton, N. R., & Slade, T. (2015). Disorders without borders: Current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-1004-z CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2020). The Fast Track program for children at risk: Preventing antisocial behavior. Guilford Press, New York.Google Scholar
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, J., & Angold, A. (2009). Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 764–772. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (1988). Scales to assess child and adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 726–737. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198811000-00011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, E. J., Angold, A., & Burns, B. J. (1996). The Great Smoky Mountains Study of youth: Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120067012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, S. G., Hernandez, C. S., Moretti, M. M., & Pepler, D. J. (2021). The mediational effect of affect dysregulation on the association between attachment to parents and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 52, 818–828 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01059-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Los Reyes, A., Augenstein, T. M., Wang, M., Thomas, S. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Burgers, D. E., & Rabinowitz, J. (2015). The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 858–900. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038498 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.483 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demmer, D. H., Hooley, M., Sheen, J., McGillivray, J. A., & Lum, J. A. G. (2017). Sex differences in the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder during middle childhood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0170-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Déry, M., Lapalme, M., Jagiellowicz, J., Poirier, M., Temcheff, C., & Toupin, J. (2017). Predicting depression and anxiety from oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in elementary school-age girls and boys with conduct problems. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0652-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drabick, D. A. G., & Gadow, K. D. (2012). Deconstructing oppositional defiant disorder: Clinic-based evidence for an anger/irritability phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisner, N. L., Murray, A. L., Eisner, M., & Ribeaud, D. (2019). A practical guide to the analysis of non-response and attrition in longitudinal research using a real data example. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43, 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418797004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellickson-Larew, S., Escarfulleri, S., & Wolf, E. J. (2020). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Forensic considerations and recent controversies. Psychological Injury and Law, 13, 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-020-09381-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, S. C., Burke, J. D., Roberts, M. C., Fite, P. J., Lochman, J. E., de la Peña, F. R., & Reed, G. M. (2017). Irritability in child and adolescent psychopathology: An integrative review for ICD-11. Clinical Psychology Review, 53, 29–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, S. C., Pederson, C. A., Fite, P. J., Blossom, J. B., & Cooley, J. L. (2016). Teacher-reported irritable and defiant dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder: Social, behavioral, and academic correlates. School Mental Health, 8, 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-015-9163-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, S. C., Wei, M. A., Harmon, S. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2021). Modular psychotherapy outcomes for youth with different latent profiles of irritability and emotion dysregulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 618455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.618455 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezpeleta, L., Granero, R., de la Osa, N., Penelo, E., & Domènech, J. M. (2012). Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder in 3-year old preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 1128–1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02545.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezpeleta, L., Granero, R., de la Osa, N., Trepat, E., & Domènech, J. M. (2016). Trajectories of oppositional defiant disorder irritability symptoms in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 115–128. https://doi.org/10/1007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, P. J., & Nigg, J. T. (2012). Current issues in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 77–107. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143150 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez, R., & Stavropoulos, V. (2018). Maternal ratings of ODD symptoms: Subtypes versus severity in a general community sample of children. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 81, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych/2017.12.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudiño, O. G., Lau, A. S., Yeh, M., McCabe, K. M., & Hough, R. L. (2009). Understanding racial/ethnic disparities in youth mental health services: Do disparities vary by problem type? Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426608317710 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gustavson, K., von Soest, T., Karevold, E., & Røysamb, E. (2012). Attrition and generalizability in longitudinal studies: Findings from a 15-year population-based study and a Monte Carlo simulation study. BMC Public Health, 12, 918. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-918 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallquist, M. N., & Wright, A. G. C. (2014). Mixture modeling methods for the assessment of normal and abnormal personality I: Cross-sectional models. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96, 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.845201 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzhoff, K., & Tackett, J. L. (2016). Subfactors of oppositional defiant disorder: Converging evidence from structural and latent class analyses. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12423 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S., Feng, X., Burke, J., Battista, D. R., Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (2011). Impact of oppositional defiant disorder dimensions on the temporal ordering of conduct problems and depression across childhood and adolescence in girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 1099–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02448.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J., Chan, Y.-F., McCauley, E., & Vander Stoep, A. (2016). Parent-child discrepancies in reporting of child depression in ethnic groups. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12, 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2016.01.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2014). Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. In E. J. Mash, & R. A. Barkley, (Eds.), Child psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 145–179). Guilford Press, New York.Google Scholar
Krieger, F. V., Polanczyk, G. V., Goodman, R., Rohde, L. A., Graeff-Martins, A. S., Salum, G., & Stringaris, G. (2013). Dimensions of oppositionality in a Brazilian sample: Testing the DSM-5 proposal and etiological links. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuny, A. V., Althoff, R. R., Copeland, W., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Baer, J., & Hudziak, J. J. (2013). Separating the domains of oppositional behavior: Comparing latent models of the Conners’ oppositional subscale. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.10.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanza, S. T., & Collins, L. M. (2006). A mixture model of discontinuous development in heavy drinking from ages 18 to 30: The role of college enrollment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 552–561. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.552 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, A. S., Garland, A. F., Yeh, M., McCabe, K. M., Wood, P. A., & Hough, R. L. (2004). Race/ethnicity and inter-informant agreement in assessing adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(3), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634266040120030201 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavigne, J. V., Bryant, F. B., Hopkins, J., & Gouze, K. R. (2015). Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder in young children: Model comparisons, gender and longitudinal invariance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9919-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavigne, J. V., Gouze, K. R., Bryant, F. B., & Hopkins, J. (2014). Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder in young children: Heterotypic continuity with anxiety and depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 937–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9853-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leadbeater, B. J., & Homel, J. (2015). Irritable and defiant sub-dimensions of ODD: Their stability and prediction of internalizing symptoms and conduct problems from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9908-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leadbeater, B., Thompson, K., & Gruppuso, V. (2012). Co-occurring trajectories of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiance from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, 719–730. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.694608 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2003). Comorbidity between and within childhood externalizing and internalizing disorders: Reflections and directions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023229529866 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindhiem, O., Bennett, C. B., Hipwell, A. E., & Pardini, D. A. (2015). Beyond symptom counts for diagnosing oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 1379–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0007-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, R. J., & Rubin, D. B. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). Wiley Interscience, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochman, J. E., Evans, S. C., Burke, J. D., Roberts, M. C., Fite, P. J., Reed, G. M., de la Peña, F. R., Matthys, W., Ezpeleta, L., Siddiqui, S., & Garralda, M. E. (2015). An empirically based alternative to DSM-5’s disruptive mood dysregulation disorder for ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 14, 30–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20176 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Lahey, B. B., Winters, A., & Zera, M. (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1468–1484. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maughan, B., Rowe, R., Messer, J., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2004). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: Developmental epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00250.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayes, S. D., Waxmonsky, J. D., Calhoun, S. L., & Bixler, E. O. (2016). Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder symptoms and association with oppositional defiant and other disorders in a general population child sample. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 101–106. https://doi.org/10/1089 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masyn, K. E. (2013). Latent class analysis and finite mixture modeling. In T. D. Little, (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods: Statistical analysis (pp. 551–611). Oxford University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCutcheon, A. L. (1987). Latent class analysis. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K. R., He, J., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/jaac.2010.05.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikolajewski, A. J., Taylor, J., & Iacono, W. G. (2017). Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions: Genetic influences and risk for later psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 702–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12683 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2019). Mplus (version 8.4). Authors, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Nock, M. K., Kazdin, A. E., Hiripi, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). Lifetime prevalence, correlates, and persistence of oppositional defiant disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01733.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nylund, K. L. (2007). Latent transition analysis: Modeling extensions and an application to peer victimization (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nylund-Gibson, K., & Choi, A. Y. (2018). Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 4, 440–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000176 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nylund-Gibson, K., Grimm, R. P., & Masyn, K. E. (2019). Prediction from latent classes: A demonstration of different approaches to include distal outcomes in mixture models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 26, 967–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2019.1590146 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nylund-Gibson, K., Grimm, R., Quirk, M., & Furlong, M. (2014). A latent transition mixture model using the three-step specification. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ollendick, T. H., Booker, J. A., Ryan, S., & Greene, R. W. (2018). Testing multiple conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder in youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1286594 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pardini, D., Frick, A., P., J., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Building an evidence base for DSM-5 conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Introduction to the Special Section. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 683–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021441 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, K. J., Qualter, P., & Humphrey, N. (2019). The application of latent class analysis for investigating population child mental health: A systemic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1214. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01214 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piacentini, J. C., Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1992). Combining discrepant diagnostic information from multiple sources: Are complex algorithms better than simple ones? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00927116 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roetman, P. J., Siebelink, B. M., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Colins, O. F. (2021). Classes of oppositional defiant disorder behavior in clinic-referred children and adolescents: Concurrent features and outcomes. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66, 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720974840 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, R., Costello, J., Angold, A., Copeland, W. E., & Maughan, B. (2010). Developmental pathways in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 726–738. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020798 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M. K., Davies, M., Piacentini, J., Schwab-Stone, M. E., Lahey, B. B., Bourdon, K., Jensen, P. S., Bird, H. R., Canino, G., & Regier, D. A. (1996). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 865–877. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199607000-00012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74, 1869–1880. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringaris, A., & Goodman, R. (2009a). Longitudinal outcome of youth oppositionality: Irritable, headstrong, and hurtful behaviors have distinct predictions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181984f30 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stringaris, A., & Goodman, R. (2009b). Three dimensions of oppositionality in youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01989.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trepat, E., & Ezpeleta, L. (2011). Sex differences in oppositional defiant disorder. Psicothema, 23, 666–671.Google ScholarPubMed
van de Schoot, R., Sijbrandij, M., Winter, S. D., Depaoli, S., & Vermunt, J. K. (2017). The GRoLTS-checklist: Guidelines for reporting on latent trajectory studies. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 24, 451–467. https://doi.org/doi:10.1080.10705511.2016.1247646 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Stoep, A., McCauley, E., Thompson, K. A., Herting, J. R., Kuo, E. S., Stewart, D. G., Anderson, C. A., & Kushner, S. (2005). Universal emotional health screening at the middle school transition. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 13, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634266050130040301 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Hill, C., Danis, B., Keenan, K., McCarthy, K. J., & Leventhal, B. L. (2007). A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 976–987. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01786.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldman, I. D., Rowe, R., Boylan, K., & Burke, J. D. (2021). External validation of a bifactor model of oppositional defiant disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 26, 682–693. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0294-z CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisz, J. R., & Bearman, S. K. (2020). Principle-guided psychotherapy for children and adolescents: The FIRST program for behavioral and emotional problems. Guilford Press, New York.Google Scholar
Weisz, J. R., Chorpita, B. F., Palinkas, L. A., Schoenwald, S. K., Miranda, J., Bearman, S. K., Daleiden, E. L., Ugueto, A. M., Ho, A., Martin, J., Gray, J., Alleyne, A., Langer, D. A., Southam-Gerow, M. A., Gibbons, R. D., & Research Network on Youth Mental Health. (2012). Testing standard and modular designs for psychotherapy treating depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.147 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weller, B. E., Bowen, N. K., & Faubert, S. J. (2020). Latent class analysis: A guide to best practices. Journal of Black Psychology, 46, 287–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420930932 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselhoeft, R., Stringaris, A., Sibbersen, C., Kristensen, R. V., Bojesen, A. B., & Talati, A. (2019). Dimensions and subtypes of oppositionality and their relation to comorbidity and psychosocial characteristics. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1199-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelan, Y. M., Stringaris, A., Maughan, B., & Barker, E. D. (2013). Developmental continuity of oppositional defiant disorder subdimensions at ages 8, 10, and 13 years and their distinct psychiatric outcomes at age 16 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 961–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.06.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolke, D., Waylen, A., Samara, M., Steer, C., Goodman, R., Ford, T., & Lamberts, K. (2009). Selective drop-out in longitudinal studies and non-biased prediction of behavior disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.053751 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/ Google Scholar
Zachary, C., & Jones, D. J. (2019). The role of irritability in the treatment of behavior disorders: A review of theory, research, and a proposed framework. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22, 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-00272-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Racz et al. supplementary material

Racz et al. supplementary material

Download Racz et al. supplementary material(File)
File 25.6 KB