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The comparative and cumulative impact of different forms of violence exposure during childhood and adolescence on long-term adult outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 March 2021

Carla Oberth Open the ORCID record for Carla Oberth [Opens in a new window] ,
Natalie Goulter Open the ORCID record for Natalie Goulter [Opens in a new window]  and
Robert J. McMahon
Carla Oberth*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Natalie Goulter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Robert J. McMahon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
*
Author for Correspondence: Carla Oberth, Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, RCB 7220.1, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6; E-mail: carla_oberth@sfu.ca
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Abstract

Violence exposure during childhood and adolescence is associated with a range of negative psychosocial outcomes. Research examining the impact of violence exposure has been limited by the compartmentalization into separate bodies of research (e.g., community violence, domestic violence). There is also a paucity of research examining long-term adult outcomes. Using a large and racially diverse sample (n = 754; male = 58%; Black = 46%), the current longitudinal study aimed to elucidate the comparative and cumulative effect of different types of violence exposure (witnessing vs. victimization) across different locations (home, school, neighborhood) in childhood and adolescence (lifetime through Grade 8) on long-term internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems; substance use; and intimate partner violence in adulthood (age 25). Victimization, but not witnessing violence, predicted all five adult outcomes. Specifically, being victimized at home was associated with the widest range of negative outcomes (internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems), while school victimization was associated with substance use. Further, when youth experienced multiple types of violence across multiple locations (cumulative violence exposure), they experienced a more diverse range of negative outcomes in adulthood (composite score). The current study highlights the stronger effects of violence exposure in more proximal contexts, and how these locations are important for emotional and behavioral development.

Keywords

cumulative violence exposurepsychopathologyvictimizationwitnessing violence
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , October 2022 , pp. 1313 - 1328
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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