Hostname: page-component-669899f699-qzcqf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-27T05:56:16.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dolocretes and Associated Palygorskite Occurrences in Siliciclastic Red Mudstones of the Sariyer Formation (Middle Miocene), Southeastern Side of the Çanakkale Strait, Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Selahattin Kadir ,
Muhsin Eren  and
Eşref Atabey
Selahattin Kadir*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TR-26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
Muhsin Eren
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Mersin University, TR-33343 Mersin, Turkey
Eşref Atabey
Affiliation:
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), TR-06520 Ankara, Turkey
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: skadir_esogu@yahoo.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The origins of dolocrete and associated palygorskite in the Çanakkale region of Turkey have been little studied, but are of fundamental importance for a more complete understanding of the mineralogy of this region. The present study was undertaken in order to narrow this gap. Siliciclastic red mudstones within alluvial-fan deposits of the Middle Miocene Sariyer Formation locally contain dolocretes in various forms (powdery, nodular, and fracture-filling) and scarce matte-brown, authigenic clay lenses. The mineralogical characteristics of dolocrete and authigenic clay lenses were examined using polarized-light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetry, scanning-electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy, as well as by chemical and isotopic methods. These analyses indicate that the dolocretes are indeed predominantly dolomite, coexisting with variable amounts of palygorskite. The authigenic clay lenses are composed mainly of palygorskite. Dolomite appears as euhedral crystals, whereas palygorskite developed authigenically as interwoven fibers on and between resorbed dolomite crystals, rimming euhedral crystals, and as fiber bundles (where dolomite ± magnesite is absent). The stable-isotope values and some petrographic features, such as alveolar texture and dolomite needles, support a pedogenic origin for the dolocretes. In the initial stage, dolomite formed by replacement of siliciclastic red mudstones and/or by precipitation from percolating soil-derived water in a near-surface setting. Subsequently, palygorskite either precipitated on the dolomite crystals from relatively more evaporative water, replaced the host-rock mudstone in the presence of Al + Fe, or formed directly from solution where the Ca/Mg ratio decreased and the Al + Fe increased. In view of the large Cr and Ni contents of the bulk-rock samples, the elements required for the crystallization of dolomite and palygorskite (namely Mg, Ca, Si, Al, and Fe) may have been supplied by weathering of ophiolitic rocks that crop out in the area.

Keywords

DolocreteDolomiteGeochemistryMineralogyPalygorskiteSiliciclastic MudstoneStable IsotopesTurkey
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 205 - 219
Copyright
Copyright © Clays and Clay Minerals 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Akbulut, A. and Kadir, S., 2003 The geology and origin of sepiolite, palygorskite and saponite in Neogene lacustrine sediments of the Serinhisar-Acpayam basin, Denizli, SW Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 51 279–292 10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, M.A. and Riggs, S.R., 1994 Clay-mineral suites in cyclic Miocene sediments; a model for continental-margin deposition in a mixed siliciclastic-phosphatic-dolomitic-biogenic system Journal of Sedimentary Research 64 386–395.Google Scholar
Alonso-Zarza, A.M., 2003 Palaeoenvironmental significance of palustrine carbonates and calcretes in the geological record Earth Science Reviews 60 261–298 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00106-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso-Zarza, A.M. and Arenas, C., 2004 Cenozoic calcretes from the Teruel Graben, Spain: microstructure, stable isotope geochemistry and environmental significance Sedimentary Geology 167 91108 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.02.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arakel, A.V., 1986 Evolution of calcrete in palaeodrainages of the lake Naperby area, Central Australia Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 54 283–303 10.1016/0031-0182(86)90129-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aristarain, L.F., 1970 Chemical analyses of caliche profiles from the high plains, New Mexico Journal of Geology 78 201–212 10.1086/627501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atabey, E. Atabey, N. and Kara, H., 1998 Sedimentology of caliche (calcrete) occurrences of the Kirşehir region Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 120 6980.Google Scholar
Atabey, E. Ilgar, A. and Sakitaş, A., 2004 Çanakkale havzasnn Orta-Ust Miyosen stratigrafisi, Çanakkale, KB Türkiye Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey (MTA) 128 79–97.Google Scholar
Atalay, I., 1996 Paleosols as indicators of climatic changes during Quaternary Period in South Anatolia Journal of Arid Environments 32 23–35 10.1006/jare.1996.0003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bajnoczi, B. and Kovacs-Kis, V., 2006 Origin of pedogenic needle-fiber calcite revealed by micromorphology and stable isotope composition a case study of a Quaternary paleosol Chemie der Erde Geochemistry 66 203212 10.1016/j.chemer.2005.11.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, W.F., 1940 The structure scheme of attapulgite American Mineralogist 25 405–410.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, C.J.R., 1979 Crystal textures of recent fluvial pisolites and laminated crystalline crusts in Dyfed, South Wales Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 49 181–193.Google Scholar
Breitländer, , 1988 Pulverproben, Festproben Mineralische, Metallurgische Werkstoffe .Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., 1980 Quantitative X-ray analysis of clays Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification 411–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerling, T.E., 1984 The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate Earth and Planetary Science Letters 71 229240 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90089-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamley, H., 1989 Clay Sedimentology New York Springer Verlag 10.1007/978-3-642-85916-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christ, C.L. Hathaway, J.C. Hostetier, P.B. and Shepard, A.O., 1969 Palygorskite: new X-ray data American Mineralogist 54 198–205.Google Scholar
Colson, J. and Cojan, I., 1996 Groundwater dolocretes in a lake marginal environment: an alternative model for dolocrete formation in continental settings (Danian of the Provence Basin France) Sedimentology 43 175–188 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1996.tb01466.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çagatay, M.N., 1990 Palygorskite in the Eocene rocks of the Damam dome, Saudi Arabia Clays and Clay Minerals 38 299–307 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ece, O.I. Coban, F. Gungor, N. and Suner, F., 1999 Clay mineralogy and occurrence of ferrian smectites between serpentinite saprolites and basalts in Biga peninsula, northwest Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 47 241–251 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, M., 2007 Genesis of tepees in the Quaternary hardpan calcretes, Mersin, S Turkey Carbonates and Evaporites 22 123–134 10.1007/BF03176242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, M. Kadir, S. Hatipoglu, Z. and Gül, M., 2004 Caliche development in Mersin area, TÜBTAK Project .Google Scholar
Eren, M. Kadir, S. Hatipoglu, Z. and Gül, M., 2008 Quaternary calcrete development in the Mersin area, southern Turkey Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17 763–784.Google Scholar
Farmer, V C, Farmer, V.C., 1974 Layer silicates Infrared Spectra of Minerals 331–363 10.1180/mono-4.15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, V.C. Palmieri, F. and Gieseking, J.E., 1975 The characterization of soil minerals by infrared spectroscopy Soil Components, vol. 2, Inorganic Components New York Springer-Verlag 573–671 10.1007/978-3-642-65917-1_17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, V.C. and Russell, J.D., 1964 The infrared spectra of layer silicates Spectrochimica Acta 20 1149–1173 10.1016/0371-1951(64)80165-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehring, A.U. Keller, P. Frey, B. and Luster, J., 1995 The occurrence of spherical morphology as evidence for changing conditions during the genesis of a sepiolite deposit Clay Minerals 30 83–86 10.1180/claymin.1995.030.1.10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghazban, F. McNutt, R.H. and Schwarcz, H.P., 1994 Genesis of sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ba deposits in the Irankuh district, Esfahan area, west-central Iran Economic Geology 89 1262–1278 10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goudie, A.S., 1972 The chemistry of world calcrete deposits Journal of Geology 80 449–463 10.1086/627766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goudie, A.S., 1973 Duricrusts in Tropical Landscapes Oxford, UK Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S., Goudie, A.S. Pye, K., 1983 Calcrete Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology London Academic Press.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S., 1996 Organic agency in calcrete development Journal of Arid Environments 32 103–110 10.1006/jare.1996.0010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürel, A., 2008 Sedimentological and mineralogical investigation of the Late Miocene successions of Aktoprak Basin (Central Turkey): Implication for sediment source and palaeoclimates Clay and Clay Minerals 54 555–570 10.1346/CCMN.2006.0540503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R.S., 1977 Caliche profiles: indicators of near-surface subaerial Diagenesis, Barbados, West Indies Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 25 123–173.Google Scholar
Imai, N. Otsuka, R. and Kashide, H., 1969 Dehydration of palygorskite and sepiolite from the Kuzu District, Tochigi Pref., central Japan Proceedings, International Clay Conference 99–108.Google Scholar
Inglès, M. and Anadón, P., 1991 Relationship of clay minerals to depositional environment in the non-marine Eocene Pontils Group, SE Ebro basin (Spain) Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 61 926–939.Google Scholar
James, N.P. and Choquette, P.W., 1984 Diagenesis 9. Limestones — the meteoric diagenetic environment Geoscience Canada 11 161–194.Google Scholar
Jones, B.F. and Galán, E. (1988) Sepiolite and palygorskite. Pp. 631–374 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, BookCrafters, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan.Google Scholar
Jones, B. and Ng, K.C., 1988 The structure and diagenesis of rhizoliths from Cayman Brac, British West Indies Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58 457–467.Google Scholar
Kadir, S., 2007 Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of smectite in Pliocene volcaniclastic rocks of the Doǧanbey Formation, Beyşehir basin, Konya, Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 55 402–422 10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S. and Eren, M., 2008 The occurrence and genesis of clay minerals associated with Quaternary caliches in the Mersin area, southern Turkey Clays and Clay Minerals 56 244–258 10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, S. Çavuşgil, V.S. Fitzpatrick, E.A., Federoff, N. Bresson, L.M. Courty, M.A., 1987 Soil-calcrete (caliche) relationship on a Quaternary surface of the Cukurova Region, Adana (Turkey) Soil Micromorphology Paris Association Française pour L’Etude du Sol. 597–603.Google Scholar
Kapur, S. Çavuşgil, V.S. Şenol, M. Gürel, N. and Fitzpatrick, E.A., 1990 Geomorphology and pedogenic evolution of Quaternary calcretes in the northern Adana Basin of southern Turkey Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 34 4959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, S. Yaman, S. Gokçen, S.L. and Yetiş, C., 1993 Soil stratigraphy and Quaternary caliche in the Misis area of the Adana Basin, southern Turkey Catena 20 431445 10.1016/0341-8162(93)90041-M.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, S. Saydam, C. Akça, E. Çavuşgil, V.S. Karaman, C. Atalay, I. Özsoy, T., Lal, R. Kimble, J.M. Eswaran, H. Stewart, B.A., 2000 Carbonate pools in soil of the Mediterranean: A case study from Anatolia Global Climate Change and Pedogenic Carbonates Florida, USA Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton 187–212.Google Scholar
Khadkikar, A.S., 2005 Elemental composition of calcites in late Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from Gujarat, western India Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 25 893–902 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.09.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalaf, F.I., 1990 Occurrence of phreatic dolocrete within Tertiary clastic deposits of Kuwait, Arabian Gulf Sedimentary Geology 68 223–239 10.1016/0037-0738(90)90114-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalaf, F.I., 2007 Occurrences and genesis of calcrete and dolocrete in the Mio-Pleistocene fluviatile sequence in Kuwait, northeast Arabian Peninsula Sedimentary Geology 199 129–139 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klappa, C.F., 1980 Rhizoliths in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance Sedimentology 27 613–629 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01651.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krekeier, M.P.S. Morton, J. Lepp, J. Tselepis, C.M. Samsonov, M. and Kearns, L.E., 2008 Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of clay-rich mine tailing from a phosphate mine, Bartow Florida, USA Environmental Geology 55 123–147 10.1007/s00254-007-0971-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulbicki, G., 1959 High temperature phases in sepiolite, attapulgite and saponite American Mineralogist 44 752–764.Google Scholar
Land, L.S., Zenger, D.H. Ethington, R.L., 1980 The isotopic and trace-element geochemistry of dolomite: The state of the art Concept and Models of Dolomitization Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists 87–110 10.2110/pec.80.28.0087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, G.H. Cole, D.R. Giordano, T.H. Schaal, W.C. and Barcelos, J.H., 1991 Paleoclimatic controls on stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in caliche of the Abo Formation (Permian) South-central New Mexico, U.S.A Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 61 458–472.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, R.C. (1957) The Differential Thermal Investigation of Clays. Monograph 2, Mineralogical Society, London, 456 pp.Google Scholar
MBH Reference Material, 1998 An ISO 9002 accredited company .Google Scholar
McKeown, D.A. Post, J.E. and Etz, E.S., 2002 Vibrational analysis of palygorskite and sepiolite Clays and Clay Minerals 50 667–680 10.1346/000986002320679549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C., 1989 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals New York Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Newman, A.C.D. Brown, G., Newman, A.C.D., 1987 The chemical constitution of clays Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals 1–128.Google Scholar
Özer, A.M. Wieser, A. Göksu, H.Y. Müller, P. Regulla, D.F. and Erol, O., 1989 ESR and TL age determination of caliche nodules International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrument. Part A — Applied Radiation and Isotopes 40 1159–1162 10.1016/0883-2889(89)90057-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paquet, H., 1983 Stability, instability, and significance of attapulgite in the calcrete of Mediterranean and tropical areas with marked dry season Sciences Géologique Mémoire 72 131–140.Google Scholar
Purvis, K. and Wright, V.P., 1991 Calcretes related to phreatophytic vegetation from the Middle Triassic Ottar Sandstone of South West England Sedimentology 38 539–551 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb00366.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, CC Jr., 1970 Origin, classification, and geologic history of caliche on the Southern High Plains, Texas and Eastern New Mexico Journal of Geology 78 352362 10.1086/627521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roger, L.E.R. Martin, A.E. and Norrish, K., 1964 The occurrence of palygorskite, near Ipswich, Queensland Mineralogical Magazine 30 131–158.Google Scholar
Sancho, C. Melendez, A. Signes, M. and Bastida, J., 1992 Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Pleistocene caliche deposits from the central Ebro Basin, NE Spain Clay Minerals 27 293–308 10.1180/claymin.1992.027.3.03.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, S. Worden, R.H. and Fisher, Q.J., 2006 Sedimentary facies and the context of dolocrete in the Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone group: Corrib Field west of Ireland Sedimentary Geology 187 205–227 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.12.028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serratosa, J.M., 1962 Dehydration and rehydration studies of clay minerals by infrared absorption spectra Proceedings of the 9th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals New York Pergamon Press 412–418 10.1016/B978-1-4831-9842-2.50031-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, A., 1979 Palygorskite in sediments: detrital, diagenetic, or neoformed — a critical review Geologische Rundschau 68 996–1008 10.1007/BF02274683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, A., Singer, A. and Galán, E., 1984 Pedogenic palygorskite in the arid environment Palygorskite-sepiolite Occurrence, Genesis and Uses 169–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, A., Dixon, J.B. Weed, S.B., 1989 Palygorskite and sepiolite group minerals Minerals in Soil Environments Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 829–872.Google Scholar
Smykatz-Kloss, W., 1974 Differential Thermal Analysis, Application and Results in Mineralogy Berlin Springer-Verlag 10.1007/978-3-642-65951-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suchecki, R.K. Hubert, J.F. and De Birney Wet, C.C., 1988 Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58 801–811.Google Scholar
Van der Marel, H.W. and Beutelspacher, H., 1976 Atlas of IR Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and their Admixtures Amsterdam Elsevier.Google Scholar
Velde, B., 1977 Clays and Clay Minerals in Natural and Synthesic Systems New York Elsevier/North-Holland Inc..Google Scholar
Verrecchia, E.P. and Coustumer, M.L., 1996 Occurrence and genesis of palygorskite and associated clay minerals in Pleistocene calcrete complex, SDE Boqer, Negev Desert, Israel Clay Minerals 31 183–202 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.2.04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, T.L. Krüger, J.E. and Mackenzie, R.C., 1970 Carbonate Differential Thermal Analysis, volume 1, Fundamental Aspects London and New York Academic Press 303–341.Google Scholar
Wright, V.P., 1986 The role of fungal biomineralization in the formation of Early carboniferous soil fabrics Sedimentology 33 831–838 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb00985.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, V.P. and Tucker, M.E., 1991 Calcretes 10.1002/9781444304497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, V.P. Platt, N.H. and Wimbledon, W.A., 1988 Biogenic laminar calcretes: evidence of calcified root-mat horizons in paleosols Sedimentology 35 603–620 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1988.tb01239.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar