Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
Although the Chinese leadership and international observers disagree on many things about China, they share at least one assessment: corruption has penetrated China's public sector, and the state financial system is among the worst examples. In Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index released annually since the early 1990s, China has been placed either into the bottom group (“the most corrupt”) or at the lower tier (“more corrupt than the majority”). During the Asian financial crisis The Economist even called the Chinese state banks “the worst banking system in Asia.” The Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin, when addressing a 1996 general meeting on Party discipline, marked several domains as the “major problem area” where big corruption and crime cases concentrated, and the financial sector topped the list. The Prosecutor General, in his 1998 work report, urged law enforcers to pay special attention to the abuses of power by financial officials.
1. For details visit <http://www.transparency.de/documents/cpi/index.html>.
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14. Under government regulations, a licensed chop-maker must see a written authorization by a local government office when taking an order for organizations' chops. But since the mid-1980s many private operations, mostly run by a single artisan, have entered the chop-making business. They can make a good income largely by providing services to dubious customers. Chinese journalists informed the author that in south-east cities like Shenzhen and Haikou, one can even purchase sham chops of ministries at the price of 2,000–3,000 yuan per piece. The quality of these shams varies considerably.
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46. In February 1995, this legislation was extended to cover corporations with mixed ownership. Its fundamentals were further preserved in the 1997 amended criminal law (Sheng, Lang, Interpreting, p. 288Google Scholar; Renmin ribao, 15 03 1997, pp. 1–2).Google Scholar
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56. The author is indebted to an anonymous reviewer for suggesting this summary.
57. See the special issue of American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 101, No. 4 (1996).Google Scholar
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