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Staying Egalitarian and the Origins of Agriculture in the Middle East

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2022

Ian Hodder Open the ORCID record for Ian Hodder [Opens in a new window]
Ian Hodder*
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Stanford Archaeology Center Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6104 USA Email: ihodder@stanford.edu
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Abstract

This article uses results from the recent excavations at Çatalhöyük in Turkey to propose that continuous tensions between egalitarian and hierarchical impulses were dealt with in two principal ways during the Neolithic of the Middle East. A tendency towards overall balance and community (termed molar) is seen as in tension with more particulate and molecular tendencies, with both being brought into play in order to combat inequalities. It is also suggested that tendencies towards more molecular systems increased over time, at different rates and in different ways in different places, partly as a response to constraints associated with more molar articulations. Finally, it is proposed that a shift to molecular autonomy was associated with agricultural intensification. Staying egalitarian can be seen as an active process that contributed to the Neolithic transformations.

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Research Article
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Cambridge Archaeological Journal , Volume 32 , Issue 4 , November 2022 , pp. 619 - 642
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research

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