Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T09:26:35.891Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reliability and Validity of the Short Schema Mode Inventory (SMI)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2010

Jill Lobbestael ,
Michiel van Vreeswijk ,
Philip Spinhoven ,
Erik Schouten  and
Arnoud Arntz
Jill Lobbestael*
Affiliation:
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
Michiel van Vreeswijk
Affiliation:
Psychomedical Centre G-kracht, Delft, the Netherlands
Philip Spinhoven
Affiliation:
Leiden University, the Netherlands
Erik Schouten
Affiliation:
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
Arnoud Arntz
Affiliation:
Maastricht University, the Netherlands
*
Reprint requests to Jill Lobbestael, Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands. E-mail: jill.lobbestael@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background: This study presents a new questionnaire to assess schema modes: the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). Method: First, the construction of the short SMI (118 items) was described. Second, the psychometric properties of this short SMI were assessed. More specifically, its factor structure, internal reliability, inter-correlations between the subscales, test-retest reliability and monotonically increase of the modes were tested. This was done in a sample of N = 863 non-patients, Axis I and Axis II patients. Results: Results indicated a 14-factor structure of the short SMI, acceptable internal consistencies of the 14 subscales (Cronbach α's from .79 to .96), adequate test-retest reliability and moderate construct validity. Certain modes were predicted by a combination of the severity of Axis I and II disorders, while other modes were mainly predicted by Axis II pathology. Conclusions: The psychometric results indicate that the short SMI is a valuable measure that can be of use for mode assessment in SFT.

Keywords

Schema modesschema-focused therapyreliabilityvaliditypsychometrics
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 38 , Issue 4 , July 2010 , pp. 437 - 458
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. C. and Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 411–423.Google Scholar
Arntz, A. and Bögels, S. (2000). Schemagerichte cognitieve therapie voor persoonlijkheidsstoornissen. [Schema-Focused Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders]. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.Google Scholar
Arntz, A., Klokman, J. and Sieswerda, S. (2005). An experimental test of the schema mode model of borderline personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 226–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS: Structural Equations Program Manual. Los Angles: BMDP Statistical Software.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., Arntz, A. and de Vos, . (2007). Schema Focused Therapy in forensic settings: theoretical model and recommendations for best clinical practice. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6, 169–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, D. and Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: a retrospective self-report manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D. and Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 169–190.Google Scholar
Boomsma, A. (1982). Robustness of LISREL against small sample sizes in factor analysis models. In Joreskog, K. G. and Wold, H. (Eds.), Systems Under Indirect Observation: causality, structure, prediction (Part I) (pp. 149–173). Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T. and Grisham, J. R. (2002). Assessment of dysfunctional beliefs in borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1231–1240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L., Livesly, W. and Morey, L. (1997). Special feature: personality disorder assessment: the challenge of construct validity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 11, 205–231.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. and Harrison, J. A. (2000). Assessment instruments. In Livesly, W. (Ed.), Handbook of Personality Disorders. theory, research, and treatment (pp. 277–306). New York: the Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Cloninger, R. C., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M. and Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use. Washington University: Center for Psychobiology of Personality.Google Scholar
de Jong Gierveld, J. and van Tilburg, T. G. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam: Department of Social Research Methodology.Google Scholar
Dreessen, L. and Arntz, A. (1995). The Personality Disorder Beliefs Questionnaire. Maastricht: Author.Google Scholar
Duijsens, I., Spinhoven, P., Goekoop, J., Spermon, J. and Eurelings-Bontekoe, E. (2000). The Dutch temperament and character inventory (TCI): structure, reliability and validity in a normal and psychiatric outpatient population. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 487–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duijsens, I. and Spinhoven, P. (2000). Handleiding van de Nederlandse Temperament en Karakter Vragenlijst [TCI. Manual of the Dutch Temperament and Character Inventory]. Leiderdorp: Datec.Google Scholar
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. New York: Lyle-Stuart.Google Scholar
First, M., Spitzer, R., Gibbon, M., Williams, J. and Benjamin, L. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID II). New York: Biometric Research Department.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M. and Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I). New York: Biometric Research Department.Google Scholar
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M. and Arntz, A. (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of Schema-focused Therapy versus Transference-Focused Psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 649–658.Google Scholar
Griffin, D. W. and Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: the case of adult attachment. In Bartholomew, K. and Perlman, D. (Eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships: attachment processes in adult relationships (Vol. 5, pp. 17–52). London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Holzinger, K. J. (1944). A simple method of factor analysis. Psychometrika, 9, 247–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L. and Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453.Google Scholar
Jöreskog, K. G. and Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8.54. Chicago: Scientific Software International.Google Scholar
Koopmans, P. C., Sanderman, R., Timmerman, I. and Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1994). The Irrational Beliefs Inventory (IBI): development and psychometric evaluation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 10, 15–27.Google Scholar
Lobbestael, J. and Arntz, A. (2010). The influence of an abuse induction on direct and indirect schema modes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 48, 116–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A. and Sieswerda, S. (2005). Schema modes and childhood abuse in borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 240–253.Google Scholar
Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Cima, M. and Chakhssi, F. (2009). Effects of induced anger in patients with antisocial personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 557–568.Google Scholar
Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M. and Arntz, A. (in press). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy.Google Scholar
Lobbestael, J., van Vreeswijk, M. and Arntz, A. (2007). Shedding light on schema modes: a clarification of the mode concept and its current research status. Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 63, 76–85.Google Scholar
Lobbestael, J., van Vreeswijk, M. and Arntz, A. (2008). An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 854–860.Google Scholar
MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Hong, S. and Widaman, K. F. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Scher, C. D., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J. G., McCreary, D. R. and Forde, D. R. (2001). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a community sample: psychometric properties and normative data. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 843–857.Google Scholar
Schreurs, P. J. G., van de Willige, G. and Brosschot, J. F. (1993). De Utrechtse Coping Lijst: UCL [The Utrecht Coping List]. Lisse: Swets en Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G. A., Russel, S. F. and Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: the State Trait Anger Scale. In Butcher, J. and Spielberger, C. (Eds.), Advances in Personality Assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 112–134). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlblaum.Google Scholar
Timmerman, I., Sanderman, R., Koopmans, P. C. and Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1993). Het meten van irrationele cognities met de Irrational Belief Inventory (IBI-50): een handleiding. Groningen: Noordelijk Centrum voor Gezondheidsvraagstukken, NCG.Google Scholar
van Asselt, A. D. I., Dirksen, C. D., Arntz, A., Giesen-Bloo, J. H., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Kremers, I. P., Nadort, M. and Severens, J. L. (2008). Out-patient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: cost-effectiveness of schema-focused therapy versus transference-focused psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 450–457.Google Scholar
van de Ploeg, H., Defares, P. and Spielberger, C. (1982). Handleiding bij de Zelf Analyse Vragenlijst, ZAV. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Wang, W. L., Lee, H. L. and Fetzer, S. J. (2006). Challenges and strategies of instrument translation. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 28, 310–321.Google Scholar
Young, J. E., Arntz, A., Atkinson, T., Lobbestael, J., Weishaar, M. E., van Vreeswijk, M. F. and Klokman, J. (2007). The Schema Mode Inventory. New York: Schema Therapy Institute. http://www.schematherapy.com/id49.htmGoogle Scholar
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. and Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: a practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.