Hostname: page-component-669899f699-g7b4s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-27T01:21:45.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A pilot study of experiencing racial microaggressions, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and the role of psychological flexibility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2023

Morgan E. Browning Open the ORCID record for Morgan E. Browning [Opens in a new window] ,
Elizabeth E. Lloyd-Richardson Open the ORCID record for Elizabeth E. Lloyd-Richardson [Opens in a new window] ,
Sidney L. Satterfield  and
Akshay V. Trisal
Morgan E. Browning
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
Elizabeth E. Lloyd-Richardson*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
Sidney L. Satterfield
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
Akshay V. Trisal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
*
Corresponding author: Elizabeth E. Lloyd-Richardson, E-mail: elizabeth.richardson@umassd.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Experiencing racial microaggressions has clear effects on physical and psychological health, including obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (OCS). More research is needed to examine this link. Psychological flexibility is an important process to examine in this work.

Aims:

This study aimed to examine if, while controlling for depression and anxiety, experiences of microaggressions and psychological flexibility helped explain OCD symptoms within a university-affiliated sample (undergraduate, graduate and law students). This was a pilot exploration of the relationships across themes.

Method:

Initial baseline data from a longitudinal study of psychological flexibility, OCD symptoms, depression, anxiety and experience of microaggressions was utilized. Correlations and regressions were utilized to examine which OCD symptom dimensions were associated with experiencing racial microaggressions in addition to anxiety and depression, and the added role of psychological flexibility was examined.

Results:

OCD symptoms, experiences of microaggressions and psychological flexibility were correlated. Experiences of racial microaggressions explained responsibility for harm and contamination OCD symptoms above and beyond psychological distress. Exploratory results support the relevance of psychological flexibility.

Conclusion:

Results support other work that experiences of racial microaggressions help explain OCS and they add some support for psychological flexibility as a relevant risk or protective factor for mental health in marginalized populations. These topics should be studied longitudinally with continued consideration of all OCD themes, larger sample sizes, intersecting identities, clinical samples, and continued exploration of psychological flexibility and mindfulness and values-based treatments.

Keywords

Acceptance and commitment therapyMicroaggressionsObsessive-compulsive symptomsPsychological flexibilityRacism
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 51 , Issue 5 , September 2023 , pp. 396 - 413
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

AAI (2021). Demographics. Arab American Institute. Available at: https://www.aaiusa.org/demographics (accessed 13 February 2023).Google Scholar
Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., Olatunji, B. O., Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Losardo, D., Timpano, K. R., McGrath, P. B., Riemann, B. C., Adams, T., Björgvinsson, T., Storch, E. A., & Hale, L. R. (2010). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment, 22, 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018260 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Taylor, S., Deacon, B. J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. A. (2014). The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn, Text Revision). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Angelakis, I., & Pseftogianni, F. (2021). Association between obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and experiential avoidance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.062 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bluett, E. J., Homan, K. J., Morrison, K. L., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: an empirical review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 612–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action QuestionnaireII: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bybee, S., Cloyes, K., Baucom, B., Supiano, K., Mooney, K., & Ellington, L. (2021). Bots and nots: safeguarding online survey research with underrepresented and diverse populations. Psychology & Sexuality, 1–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Chien, W. T., Tse, M. K., Chan, H. Y., Cheng, H. Y., & Chen, L. (2022). Is mindfulness-based intervention an effective treatment for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 100712.10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd edn). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Rüsch, N. (2009). Self-stigma and the ‘why try’ effect: impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry, 8, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Williams, M. T. (2021). Increases in psychological flexibility mediate relationship between acute psychedelic effects and decreases in racial trauma symptoms among people of color. Chronic Stress, 5, 24705470211035607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, D. N., Jones, M. C., Fairbairn, C. E., & Laurent, H. K. (2022). Mindfulness and acceptance-based interventions with Black Americans: a meta-analysis of intervention efficacy for depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90, 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000706 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dela Cruz, G. A., Johnstone, S., Kim, H. S., & Castle, D. J. (2022). Review of third-wave therapies for substance use disorders in people of color and collectivist cultures: current evidence and future directions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000883 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLapp, R. C., & Gallo, L. (2022). A flexible treatment planning model for racism-related stress in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 1–13.Google Scholar
Farahani, H., Nepton, A., & Williams, M.T. (2022). Racial microaggressions. In Martin, C., Preedy, V.R., & Patel, V.B. (eds), Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_10-1 Google Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage.Google Scholar
Flanagin, A., Frey, T., & Christiansen, S. L. (2021). Updated guidance on the reporting of race and ethnicity in medical and science journals. Journal of the American Medical Association, 326, 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.13304 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, C., Lee, J. K., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013). Using mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatments with clients from nondominant cultural and/or marginalized backgrounds: clinical considerations, meta-analysis findings, and introduction to the special series. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.12.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, C. H., West, L. M., Graham, J. R., Kalill, K. S., Morgan, L. P.K., Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2016). Reactions to an acceptance-based behavior therapy for GAD: giving voice to the experiences of clients from marginalized backgrounds. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23, 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.09.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glazier, K., Wetterneck, C., Singh, S., & Williams, M. (2015). Stigma and shame as barriers to treatment for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4, 191.Google Scholar
Gloster, A. T., Block, V. J., Klotsche, J., Villanueva, J., Rinner, M. T., Benoy, C., …, & Bader, K. (2021). Psy-Flex: A contextually sensitive measure of psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 22, 13–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, J. R., Calloway, A., & Roemer, L. (2015). The buffering effects of emotion regulation in the relationship between experiences of racism and anxiety in a Black American sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 553–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, J. E., Drummond, L., Nicholson, T. R., Fagan, H., Baldwin, D. S., Fineberg, N. A., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2022). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the Covid-19 pandemic: a rapid scoping review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 1086–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.039 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, M., Martino, R. J., LoSchiavo, C., Comer-Carruthers, C., Krause, K. D., Stults, C. B., & Halkitis, P. N. (2022). Ensuring survey research data integrity in the era of internet bots. Quality & Quantity, 56, 2841–2852.10.1007/s11135-021-01252-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrell, S. P., Merchant, A. M., & Young, S. A. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Racism and Life Experiences Scale (RaLES). Presented at the 1997 Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, August 1997.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Himle, J. A., Muroff, J. R., Taylor, R. J., Baser, R. E., Abelson, J. M., Hanna, G. L., Abelson, J. L., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: results from the national survey of American life. Depression and Anxiety, 4, 993–1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20434 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Himmelstein, M. S., Young, D. M., Sanchez, D. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2015). Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychology & Health, 30, 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.966104 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, G., Faber, S. C., Faber, N., Bartlett, A., Ouimet, A. J., & Williams, M. T. (2022). A systematic review of Black people coping with racism: approaches, analysis, and empowerment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17456916221100509.Google Scholar
Kang, H. (2021). Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18, 17. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, J. A., Rufino, K. A., Werner, C., McIngvale, E., & Storch, E. (2020). OCD in ethnic minorities. Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 6, 1–6.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (2022). Expanding the scope, reach, and impact of evidence-based psychological treatments. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 76, 101744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593] CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, K. R. (2005). Why is discrimination stressful? The mediating role of cognitive appraisal. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.11.3.202 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kılıç, A., Görmez, A., Elbay, R. Y., & Özer, B. U. (2022). Internalized stigma in obsessive compulsive disorder: correlates and associations with quality of life. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 39, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 50, 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613 Google ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2010). The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 345–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D. B., Gaskin-Wasson, A. L., Jones, S. C. T., Harrell, S. P., Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L., Sellers, R. M., & Neblett, E. W. (2021). The Daily Life Experiences Scale: factor structure, reliability, validity, and measurement invariance for African American males and females. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 54, 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2020.1827436 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, S. R., & Modir, S. (2020). The outbreak that was always here: racial trauma in the context of COVID-19 and implications for mental health providers. Psychological Trauma, 12, 439–442. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000784 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lochner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2003). Heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11, 113–132.10.1080/10673220303949CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., …, & Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 86–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacIntyre, M. M., Zare, M., & Williams, M. T. (2023). Anxiety-Related disorders in the context of racism. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25, 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01408-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macy, A., Theo, J. N., Kaufmann, S. C. V., Ghazzaoui, R. B., Pawlowski, P. A., Fakhry, H. I., Cassmassi, B. J., & IsHak, W. W. (2013). Quality of life in obsessive compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums, 18, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852912000697 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, J. H., Eustis, E. H., Arbid, N., Graham-LoPresti, J. R., & Roemer, L. (2022a). The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between racial discrimination and negative mental health outcomes. Journal of American College health, 70, 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1754221 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, J. H., Suyemoto, K. L., Abdullah, T., Burnett-Zeigler, I., & Roemer, L. (2022b). Mindfulness and valued living in the face of racism-related stress. Mindfulness, 1–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Masuda, A., Barile, J. P., Spencer, S. D., Juberg, M., Martin, T. J., & Vibell, J. (2022). Mindful awareness moderates the association between psychological inflexibility and distress variables: a cross-sectional investigation. Journal of American College Health, 70, 607–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, A. N., & Orsillo, S. M. (2020). Values, acceptance, and belongingess in graduate school: perspectives from underrepresented minority students. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 15, 197–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NCES (2019). Indicator 19 Snapshot: College Participation Rates for Racial/Ethnic Subgroups. Indicator 19 snapshot: College participation rates for racial/ethnic subgroups. Available at: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_reas.asp (accessed 27 April 2023).Google Scholar
Neblett, E. W. Jr (2019). Racism and health: challenges and future directions in behavioral and psychological research. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25, 12–20. https://doi-org.libproxy.umassd.edu/10.1037/cdp0000253 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nota, J., Blakey, S. M., George-Denn, D. A., Jacoby, R. J., Schubert, J. R., Abramowitz, J. S., & Coles, M. E. (2014). The experience of OCD-related intrusive thoughts in African and European Americans: testing the generalizability of cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.03.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinciotti, C. M., & Fisher, E. K. (2022). Perceived traumatic and stressful etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research Communications, 100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psycom.2022.100044 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinciotti, C. M., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty and obsessive-compulsive disorder dimensions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 81, 102417.10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102417CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pozzar, R., Hammer, M. J., Underhill-Blazey, M., Wright, A. A., Tulsky, J. A., Hong, F., …, & Berry, D. L. (2020). Threats of bots and other bad actors to data quality following research participant recruitment through social media: cross-sectional questionnaire. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22, e23021 10.2196/23021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qualtrics (2023). Software, version X4 of Qualtrics. Copyright ©2023 Qualtrics. Qualtrics and all other Qualtrics product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of Qualtrics, Provo, UT, USA. https://www.qualtrics.com Google Scholar
Schleider, J. L., Dobias, M. L., Sung, J. Y., & Mullarkey, M. C. (2020). Future directions in single-session youth mental health interventions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 49, 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1683852 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schubert, C., Hilbert, S., Favreau, M., Wolstein, J., & Voderholzer, U. (2022). Psychological flexibility as a potential change factor in cognitive behavioural therapy of OCD. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 50, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelton, R. C., Adsul, P., & Oh, A. (2021). Recommendations for addressing structural racism in implementation science: a call to the field. Ethnicity & Disease, 31 (suppl 1), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.18865/ed.31.S1.357 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. A., Allen, W. R., & Danley, L. L. (2007). ‘Assume the position … you fit the description’ psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 551–578. https://doi-org.libproxy.umassd.edu/10.1177/0002764207307742 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosoo, E. E., Bernard, D. L., & Neblett, E. W. (2020). The influence of internalized racism on the relationship between discrimination and anxiety. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26, 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000320 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spanierman, L. B., Clark, D. A., & Kim, Y. (2021). Reviewing racial microaggressions research: documenting targets’ experiences, harmful sequelae, and resistance strategies. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16, 1037–1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211019944 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, J. M. (2020). A CBT approach to internalized racism among African Americans. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 42, 217–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trefethen, J. L. (2019). Representation of racial and ethnic minorities in acceptance and commitment therapy research: an examination of a recent meta-analysis (order no. 27540729). Ethnic NewsWatch; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global; ProQuest One Academic (2384545759). Available at: https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/representation-racial-ethnic-minorities/docview/2384545759/se-2 Google Scholar
Twohig, M. P., Hayes, S. C., Plumb, J. C., Pruitt, L. D., Collins, A. B., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Woidneck, M. R. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus progressive relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 705–716. https://doi-org.libproxy.umassd.edu/10.1037/a0020508 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UMass Dartmouth (n.d.). Fast facts. Available at: https://www.umassd.edu/about/facts/ (accessed 27 April 2023).Google Scholar
US Census Bureau (2020). Quick Facts. Available at: https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MA,US/POP010220.Google Scholar
Wadsworth, L. P., Potluri, S., Schreck, M., & Hernandez-Vallant, A. (2020). Measurement and impacts of intersectionality on obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms across intensive treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90, 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000447 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2011). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. J., Botanov, Y., Giovanetti, A. K., Perko, V. L., Sutherland, C. L., Youngren, W., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2022a). A metascientific review of the evidential value of acceptance and commitment therapy for depression. Behavior Therapy. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M., Osman, M., & Hyon, C. (2023). Understanding the psychological impact of oppression using the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale. Chronic Stress, 7, 24705470221149511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M., Rouleau, T., La Torre, J., & Sharif, N. (2020). Cultural competency in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: practitioner guidelines. the Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13, E48. doi: 10.1017/S1754470X20000501 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T. (2020). Psychology cannot afford to ignore the many harms caused by microaggressions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15, 38–43. https://doi-org.libproxy.umassd.edu/10.1177/1745691619893362 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Chapman, L. K., Simms, J. V., & Tellawi, G. (2017a). Cross-cultural phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In The Wiley Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (pp. 56–74). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118890233.ch4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Holmes, S., Zare, M., Haeny, A., & Faber, S. (2022b). An evidence-based approach for treating stress and trauma due to racism. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, M. T., Taylor, R. J., George, J. R., Schlaudt, V. A., Ifatunji, M. A., & Chatters, L. M. (2021). Correlates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among Black Caribbean Americans. International Journal of Mental Health, 50, 53–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2020.1826261 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, M. T., Taylor, R. J., Mouzon, D. M., Oshin, L. A., Himle, J. A., & Chatters, L. M. (2017b). Discrimination and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000285 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willis, H. A., & Neblett, E. W. Jr. (2018). OC symptoms in African American young adults: the associations between racial discrimination, racial identity, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 19, 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.09.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zvolensky, M. J., Rogers, A. H., Mayorga, N. A., Shepherd, J. M., Bakhshaie, J., Garza, M., …, & Peraza, N. (2022). Perceived discrimination, experiential avoidance, and mental health among Hispanic adults in primary care. Transcultural Psychiatry, 59, 337–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.