Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-mwwwr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-30T22:08:59.304Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Still PADing along: Perception and attention remain key factors in understanding complex visual hallucinations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2005

Daniel Collerton ,
Elaine Perry  and
Ian McKeith
Daniel Collerton*
Affiliation:
South of Tyne and Wearside Mental Health NHS Trust, Bensham Hospital, Gateshead NE8 4YL, United Kingdom
Elaine Perry*
Affiliation:
MRC Building, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, United Kingdom
Ian McKeith*
Affiliation:
Wolfson Research Unit, Institute for Aging and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE4 6BE, United Kingdom
*
daniel.collerton@ncl.ac.uk
e.k.perry@ncl.ac.uk
i.g.mckeith@ncl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Commentators agree that the Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model is a promising model for accounting for recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH) across several disorders, though with varying detailed criticisms. Its central tenets are not modified, but further consideration of generative models of visual processing and the relationship of proto-objects and memory systems allows the PAD model to deal with variations in phenomenology. The commentaries suggest new ways to generate evidence that will test the model.

Information

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 28 , Issue 6 , December 2005 , pp. 776 - 794
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aalto, S., Bruck, A., Laine, M., Nagren, K. & Rinne, J. O. (2005) Frontal and temporal dopamine release during working memory and attention tasks in healthy humans: A positron emission tomography study using the high-affinity dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11C] FLB 457. The Journal of Neuroscience 25:2471–77. [RK]Google Scholar
Aarsland, D., Ballard, C., Larsen, J. P. & McKeith, I. (2001a) A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. International Journal of GeriatricPsychiatry 16:528–36. [aDC]Google Scholar
Aarsland, D., Litvan, I. & Larsen, J. P. (2001b) Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease. Journalof Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 13:42–49. [aDC]Google Scholar
Abraham, H. D., Aldridge, A. M. & Gogia, P. (1996) The psychopharmacology of hallucinogens. Psychopharmacology 14:285–98. [aDC]Google Scholar
Adachi, N., Watanabe, T., Matsuda, H. & Onuma, T. (2000) Hyperperfusion in the lateral temporal cortex, the striatum and the thalamus during complex visual hallucinations: Single photon emission computed tomography findings in patients with Charles Bonnet syndrome. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 54:157–62. [aDC]Google Scholar
Aldrich, M. S. (1996) The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Neurology 46:393–401. [aDC]Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Bocker, K. B. E. & de Haan, E. H. F. (1999) Disposition towards hallucination and subjective versus objective vividness of imagery in normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences 27(4):707–14. [aDC, ID]Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Bocker, K. B. E., Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H. F. & Khan, R. S. (2003) Cognitive basis of hallucinations in schizophrenia: Role of top-down information processing. Schizophrenia Research 64:175–85. [DT]Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Nieuwenstein, M., Bocker, K. B. E. & de Haan, E. H. F. (2000) Mental imagery and perception in hallucination prone individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188:830–36. [aDC]Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual ofmental disorders, 4th edition. American Psychiatric Association. [aDC]Google Scholar
Anderson, S. W. & Rizzo, M. (1994) Hallucinations following occipital lobe damage: The pathological activation of visual representations. Journalof Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 16:651–63. [aDC]Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1983) The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms(SANS). University of Iowa Press. [KMS]Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1984) The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). University of Iowa Press. [KMS]Google Scholar
Araneda, R. & Andrade, R. (1991) 5-hydroxytryptamine2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors mediate opposing responses on membrane excitability in the association cortex. Neuroscience 40:399–412. [CG]Google Scholar
Arnulf, I., Bonnet, A. M., Damier, P., Bejjani, B.-P., Seilhean, D., Derenne, J.-P. & Agid, Y. (2000) Hallucinations, REM sleep and Parkinson's disease: A medical hypothesis. Neurology 55:281–88. [aDC]Google Scholar
Asaad, G. & Shapiro, B. (1986) Hallucinations; theoretical and clinical overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 143:1088–97. [R-PB, aDC, JM]Google Scholar
Aserinsky, E. & Kleitman, N. (1953) Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science 118:273–74. [CG]Google Scholar
Aston-Jones, G. & Bloom, F. E. (1981a) Activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. The Journal of Neuroscience 1:876–86. [CG]Google Scholar
Aston-Jones, G. & Bloom, F. E. (1981b) Norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rat exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli. The Journal of Neuroscience 1:887–900. [CG]Google Scholar
Au Eong, K.-G., Fujii, G. Y., Ng, E. W. M., Humanyun, M. S., Pieramici, D. J. & de Juan, E., (2001) Transient formed visual hallucinations following macular translocation for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to agerelated macular degeneration. American Journal of Ophthalmology 131:664–65. [aDC]Google Scholar
Badcock, J. C., Waters, F. A. V. & Maybery, M. (submitted) On keeping (intrusive) thoughts to one's self: Testing a cognitive model of auditory hallucinations in obsessive compulsive disorder. [JCB]Google Scholar
Badcock, J. C., Waters, F. A. V., Michie, P. T. & Maybery, M. (2005) Auditory hallucinations: Failure to inhibit irrelevant memories. CognitiveNeuropsychiatry 10(2):125–36. [JCB]Google Scholar
Balikova, M. (2002) Collective poisoning with hallucinogenous herbal tea. ForensicScience International 128:50–52. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C., Bannister, C., Graham, C., Oyebode, F. & Wilcock, G. (1995a) Associations of psychotic symptoms in dementia sufferers. British Journal of Psychiatry 167:537–40. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C., Holmes, C., McKeith, I., Neill, D., O’Brien, J., Cairns, M., Lantos, P., Perry, E., Ince, P. & Perry, R. (1999) Psychiatric morbidity in dementia with Lewy bodies: A prospective clinical and neuropathological comparative study with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1039–45. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C., Piggott, M., Johnson, M., Cairns, N., Perry, R., McKeith, I., Jaros, E., O’Brien, J., Holmes, C. & Perry, E. (2000) Delusions associated with elevated muscarinic binding in dementia with Lewy bodies. Annals of Neurology 48:868–76. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C. G., Aarsland, D., McKeith, I., O’Brien, J., Gray, A., Cormack, F., Burn, D., Cassidy, T., Starfeldt, R., Larsen, J.-P., Brown, R. & Tovee, M. (2002) Fluctuations in attention. PD dementia vs DLB with Parkinsonism. Neurology 59:1714–20. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C. G., O’Brien, J. T., Swann, A. G., Thompson, P., Neill, D. & McKeith, I. G. (2001) The natural history of psychosis and depression in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: Persistence and new cases over 1 year of follow-up. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62:46–49. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C. G., Saad, K., Patel, A., Gahir, M., Solis, M., Coope, B. & Wilcock, G. (1995b) The prevalence and phenomenology of psychotic symptoms in dementia sufferers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10:477–85. [aDC]Google Scholar
Barber, R., Scheltens, P., Gholkar, A., Ballard, C., McKeith, I., Ince, P., Perry, R. & O’Brien, J. (1999) White matter lesions in magnetic resonance imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and normal aging. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 67:66–72. [aDC]Google Scholar
Barnes, J., Boubert, L., Harris, J., Lee, A. & David, A. S. (2003) Reality monitoring and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 41:565–74. [aDC, JM]Google Scholar
Barnes, J. & David, A. S. (2001) Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: A review and phenomenological survey. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery,and Psychiatry 70:727–33. [aDC, JM]Google Scholar
Bathgate, D., Snowdon, J. S., Varma, A., Blackshaw, A. & Neary, D. (2001) Behaviour in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia 103:367–78. [aDC]Google Scholar
Batra, A., Bartels, M. & Wormstall, H. (1997) Therapeutic options in Charles Bonnet syndrome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 96:129–33. [aDC]Google Scholar
Beal, M. F., Clevens, R. A., Chattha, G. K., MacGarvey, U. M., Mazurek, M. F. & Gabriel, S. M. (1988) Galanin-like immunoreactivity is unchanged in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry 51:1935–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
Beck, D. M., Rees, G., Frith, C. D. & Lavie, N. (2001) Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness. Nature Neuroscience 4:645–50. [aDC]Google Scholar
Beck, M. R. & Levin, D. T. (2003) The role of representational volatility in recognising pre- and postchange objects. Perception & Psychophysics 65:458–68. [aDC]Google Scholar
Beelke, M. & Sannita, W. G. (2002) Cholinergic function and dysfunction in the visual system. Methods and Findings in Experimental and ClinicalPharmacology 24 (Suppl. D):113–17. [aDC]Google Scholar
Behrendt, R.-P. & Young, C. (2004) Hallucinations in schizophrenia, sensory impairment, and brain disease: A unifying model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(6):771–87. [R-PB, aDC, CG]Google Scholar
Behrmann, M., Winocur, G. & Moscovitch, M. (1995) Dissociation between mental imagery and object recognition in a brain-damaged patient. Nature 359:636–37. [aDC]Google Scholar
Bender, M. B., Feldman, M. & Sobin, A. J. (1968) Palinopsia. Brain 91:321–38. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Benoit, O. & Bloch, V. (1960) Seuil d’excitabilité réticulaire et sommeil profond chez le chat. Journal de Physiologie (Paris) 52:17–18. [CG]Google Scholar
Bentall, R. P. (1990) The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin 107:82–95. [aDC]Google Scholar
Bentley, P., Husain, M. & Dolan, R. J. (2004) Effects of cholinergic enhancement on visual stimulation, spatial attention, and spatial working memory. Neuron 41:969–82. [aDC]Google Scholar
Bergman, J., Brettholz, I., Shneidman, M. & Lerner, V. (2003) Donepezil as add-on treatment of psychotic symptoms in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Clinical Neuropharmacology 26:88–92. [aDC]Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1972) Perceiving real-world scenes. Science 177:77–80. [aDC]Google Scholar
Biederman, I., Glass, A. L. & Stacy, E. W. (1973) Searching for objects in real world scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology 97:22–27. [aDC]Google Scholar
Biederman, I., Mezzanotte, R. J. & Rabinowitz, J. C. (1982) Scene perception: Detecting and judging objects undergoing rotational violations. CognitivePsychology 14:143–77. [aDC]Google Scholar
Biederman, I., Rabinowitz, J. C., Glass, A. L. & Stacy, E. W. (1974) On the information extracted from a glance at a scene. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology 103:597–600. [aDC]Google Scholar
Biederman, I., Teitelbaum, R. C. & Mezzanotte, R. J. (1983) Scene perception: A failure to find a benefit from prior expectancy or familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9:411–29. [aDC]Google Scholar
Bierer, L. M., Haroutunian, V., Gabriel, S., Knott, P. J., Carlin, L. S., Purohit, D. P., Perl, D. P., Schmeidler, J., Kanof, P. & Davis, K. L. (1995) Neurochemical correlates of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease: Relative importance of the cholinergic deficits. Journal of Neurochemistry 64:749–60. [aDC]Google Scholar
Binns, K. K. & Salt, T. E. (2000) The functional influence of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the visual responses of neurons in the superficial superior colliculus. Visual Neuroscience 17:283–89. [JRS]Google Scholar
Blandini, F., Nappi, G., Tassorelli, C. & Martignoni, E. (2000) Functional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease. Progress in Neurobiology 62:63–88. [RK]Google Scholar
Bodis-Wollner, I. (1990) Visual deficits related to dopamine deficiency in experimental animals and Parkinson's disease patients. Trends in Neurosciences 13:296–302. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Bozikas, V. P., Kosmidis, M. H., Kourtis, A., Gamvrula, K., Melissidis, P., Tsolaki, M. & Karavatos, A. (2002) Clock drawing test in institutionalised patients with schizophrenia compared with Alzheimer's disease patients. Schizophrenia Research 59:173–79. [aDC]Google Scholar
Bracha, H. S., Cabrera, F. J. Jr., Karson, C. N. & Bigelow, L. B. (1985) Lateralization of visual hallucinations in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 20(10):1132–36. [DT]Google Scholar
Bracha, H. S., Wolkowicz, O. M., Lohr, J. B., Karson, C. N. & Bigilow, C. B. (1989) High prevalence of visual hallucinations in research subjects with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 146:526–28. [aDC]Google Scholar
Brailowsky, S. & Garcia, O. (1999) Ethanol, GABA and epilepsy. Archives of Medical Research 30:3–9. [aDC]Google Scholar
Brasic, J. R. (1998) Hallucinations. Perceptual and Motor Skills 86:851–77. [aDC]Google Scholar
Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesensten, N. J., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Selbie, S., Belenky, G. & Herscovitch, P. (1997) Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle: An H2150 PET study. Brain 120:1173–97. [CG, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J., Wesensten, N. J., Gwadry, F., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G. & Herscovitch, P. (1998) Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep. Science 279:91–95. [aDC, CG, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Brown, C. G. & Murphy, R. P (1992) Visual symptoms associated with choroidal neovascularisation. Photopsias and the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology 110:1251–56. [aDC]Google Scholar
Buffenstein, A., Heaster, J. & Ko, P. (1999) Chronic psychotic illness from amphetamine. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(4):662. [CG]Google Scholar
Bullock, R. & Cameron, A. (2002) Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: A case series. Current Medical Research and Opinion 18:258–64. [aDC]Google Scholar
Bunney, W. E. & Bunney, B. G. (2000) Evidence for a compromised dorsolateral prefrontal cortical parallel circuit in schizophrenia. Brain Research Reviews 31:138–46. [CG]Google Scholar
Burke, W. (2002) The neural basis of Charles Bonnet hallucinations: A hypothesis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 73:535–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
Burn, D. J. & Troster, A. I. (2004) Neuropsychiatric complications of medical and surgical therapies for Parkinson's disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 17:172–80. [RK]Google Scholar
Cadenhead, K. S., Serper, Y. & Braff, D. L. (1998) Transient versus sustained visual channels in the visual backward masking deficits of schizophrenia patients. Biological Psychiatry 43:132–38. [DT]Google Scholar
Cahill, C. & Frith, C. D. (1996) False perceptions and false beliefs? Hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia. In: Method in madness, ed. Halligan, P. W. & Marshall, J. C., pp. 267–91. Psychology Press. [AVS]Google Scholar
Caldwell, J. A., Stephens, R. L., Carter, D. J. & Jones, H. D. (1992) Effects of 2 mg and 4 mg atrophine sulphate on the performance of U.S. Army helicopter pilots. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 63:857–64. [aDC]Google Scholar
Callaway, C. W., Lydic, R., Baghdoyan, H. A. & Hobson, J. A. (1987) Pontogeniculo- occipital waves: Spontaneous visual system activation occurring in REM sleep. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 7:105–49. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Cannas, A., Spissu, A., Floris, G. L., Saddi, M. V., Cossu, G., Melis, M., Tacconi, P., Milia, A., Mascia, M. M. & Giagheddu, M. (2001) Chronic delusional hallucinatory psychosis in early-onset Parkinson's disease: Drug-induced complication or sign of an idiopathic psychiatric illness? Neurological Science 22:53–54. [aDC]Google Scholar
Caroff, S. N., Mann, S. C., Francis, A. & Fricchione, G. L. (2004) Catatonia: Frompsychopathology to neurobiology. American Psychiatric. [BTC]Google Scholar
Carroll, B. T., Anfinson, T. J., Kennedy, J. C., Yendrek, R., Boutros, M. & Bilon, A. (1994) Catatonic disorder due to general medical conditions. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 6:122–33. [BTC]Google Scholar
Carroll, B. T., Thomas, C., Jayanti, K., Hawkins, J. W. & Burbage, C. (2005) Treating persistent catatonia when benzodiazepines fail. Current Psychiatry 4:22–33. [BTC]Google Scholar
Castellanos, F. X. & Tannock, R. (2002) Neuroscience of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 3:617–28. [RK]Google Scholar
Castelo-Branco, M., Formisano, E., Backes, W., Zanella, F., Neuenschwander, S., Singer, W. & Goebel, R. (2002) Activity patterns in human motion-sensitive areas depend on the interpretation of global motion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99(21):13914–19. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Castelo-Branco, M., GoebelR, Neuenschwander, S. R, Neuenschwander, S. & Singer, W. (2000) Neural synchrony reflects surface segmentation rules. Nature 405(6787):685–89. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Chapman, F., Dickinson, J., McKeith, I. & Ballard, C. (1999) Association among visual hallucinations, visual acuity, and specific eye pathologies in Alzheimer’s disease: Treatment implications. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1983–85. [aDC]Google Scholar
Chemerinski, E & Robinson, R. G. (2000) The neuropsychiatry of stroke. Psychosomatics 41:5–14.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Palafox, G., Nakayama, K., Levy, D., Matthysse, S. & Holzman, P. S. (1999) Motion perception in Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56:149–54. [DT]Google Scholar
Cheng, S. W., Hu, W. H., Hung, D. Z. & Yang, D. Y. (2002) Anticholinergic poisoning from a large dose of Scopolia extract. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 44:222–23. [aDC]Google Scholar
Chun, M. M. & Nakayama, K. (2000) On the functional role of implicit visual memory for the adaptive deployment of attention across scenes. Visual Cognition 7:65–81. [aDC]Google Scholar
Churchill, W. (1947) Speech to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament. Hansard 444(11 November 1947):c. 206. [rDC]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (2002) Is seeing all it seems? Action, reason and the grand illusion. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9:181–877. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cogan, D. G. (1973) Visual hallucinations as a release phenomenon. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 188:139–50. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cole, M. (1999) When the left brain is not right, the right brain may be left: Report of personal experience of occipital hemianopia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 67:169–73. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cole, M. G. (1992) Charles Bonnet hallucinations: A case series. Canadian Journalof Psychiatry 37:267–70. [aDC]Google Scholar
Collerton, D. (1986) Cholinergic function and intellectual decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 19:1–28. [aDC]Google Scholar
Collerton, D., Burns, D., McKeith, I. & O’Brien, J. T. (2003) Systematic review and meta-analysis show dementia with Lewy bodies is a visual perceptual and attentional-executive dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 16:229–37. [aDC]Google Scholar
Collerton, D., Burns, D., McKeith, I. & O’Brien, J. T. (2004) Systematic review and meta-analysis show dementia with Lewy bodies is a visual perceptual and attentional-executive dementia. Dementia andGeriatric Cognitive Disorders 16:229–37. (Erratum Correction to Table 1 published in Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 19:56 [2005].) [aDC]Google Scholar
Collerton, D. & Dudley, R. (2004) A cognitive behavioural framework for the treatment of distressing visual hallucinations in older people. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 32:443–55. [arDC]Google Scholar
Collerton, D. & Perry, E. (2004) Thalamocortical dysfunction and complex visual hallucinations in brain disease – Are the primary disturbances in the cerebral cortex? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27(6):789–90. [aDC]Google Scholar
Corcoran, R., Cahill, C. & Frith, C. D. (1997) The appreciation of visual jokes in people with schizophrenia: A study of “mentalizing” ability. Schizophrenia Research 24:319–27. [AVS]Google Scholar
Corcoran, R., Mercer, G. & Frith, C. D. (1995) Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: Investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 17:5–13. [AVS]Google Scholar
Court, J. A., Ballard, C. G., Piggott, M. A., Johnson, M., O’Brien, J. T., Holmes, C., Cairns, N., Lantos, P., Perry, R. H., Jaros, E. & Perry, E. K. (2001) Visual hallucinations are associated with lower alpha bungarotoxin binding in dementia with Lewy bodies. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 70:571–79. [aDC]Google Scholar
Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K. & Haxby, J. V. (1997) Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386:608–11. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cuesta, M. J., Peralta, V. & Zarzuela, A. (1998) Illness duration and neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 33:141–50. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cui, H. & Malpeli, J. G. (2003) Activity in the parabigeminal nucleus during eye movements directed at moving and stationary targets. Journal of Neurophysiology 89(6):3128–42. [JRS]Google Scholar
Cummings, J. L. (1991) Behavioural complications of drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 39:708–16. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cummings, J. L., Miller, B., Hill, M. A. & Neshkes, R. (1987) Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Archives of Neurology 44:389–93. [aDC]Google Scholar
Cutting, J. (1997) Principles of psychopathology: Two worlds, two minds, two hemispheres. Oxford University Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Dalley, J. W., Theobald, D. E., Bouger, P., Chudasama, Y., Cardinal, R. N. & Robbins, T. W. (2004) Cortical cholinergic function and deficits in visual attentional performance in rats following 192 IgG-saporin-induced lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex. Cortex 14:922–32. [aDC]Google Scholar
Darley, J. M. & Gross, P. H. (1983) A hypothesis-confirming bias in labelling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44:20–33. [IED]Google Scholar
David, A. S. (1999) Auditory hallucinations: Phenomenology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging update. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 395:95–104. [DT]Google Scholar
David, A. S. & Howard, R. (1994) An experimental phenomenological approach to delusional memory in schizophrenia and late paraphrenia. Psychological Medicine 24:515–24. [JM]Google Scholar
Davidson, M., Harvey, P., Welsh, K. A., Powchik, P., Putnam, K. M. & Mohs, R. C. (1996) Cognitive functioning in late life schizophrenia: A comparison of elderly schizophrenic patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:1274–79. [aDC]Google Scholar
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., & Lavie, N., (2001) The role of working memory in visual selective attention. Science 291:1803–806. [aDC]Google Scholar
Deiker, T. & Chambers, H. E. (1978) Structure and content of hallucinations in alcohol withdrawal and functional psychosis. Journal of Studies in Alcohol 39:1831–40. [aDC]Google Scholar
del Mar Saez de Ocariz, M., Nader, J. A., Santos, J. A., & Bautista, M., (1996) Thalamic vascular lesions: Risk factors and clinical course for infarcts and hemorrhages. Stroke 27:1530–36. [aDC]Google Scholar
Delespaul, P., deVries, M. & van Os, J. (2002) Determinants of occurrence and recovery from hallucinations in daily life. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37:97–104. [aDC]Google Scholar
Delvenne, J.-F. & Bruyer, R. (2004) Does visual short-term memory store bound features? Visual Cognition 11:1–27. [aDC]Google Scholar
Dement, W. C. (1958). The occurrence of low voltage fast electroencephalogram patterns during behavioral sleep in the cat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysicology 10:291–96. [CG]Google Scholar
Desimone, R. & Duncan, J. (1995) Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience 18:193–222. [aDC]Google Scholar
Devanand, D. P. & Levy, S. R. (1995) Neuroleptic treatment of agitation and psychosis in dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 8 (Suppl. 1):S18–27. [aDC]Google Scholar
Diederich, N. J., Alesch, F. & Goetz, C. G. (2000) Visual hallucinations induced by deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology 23:287–89. [aDC]Google Scholar
Diederich, N. J., Goetz, C. G., Raman, R., Pappert, E. J., Leurgans, S. & Piery, V. (1998) Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology 21:289–95. [aDC]Google Scholar
Diederich, N. J., Goetz, C. G. & Stebbins, G. T. (2005) Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: Focused review and a new integrative model. Movement Disorders 20(2):130–40. [rDC, GH]Google Scholar
Diederich, N. J., Pieri, V. & Goetz, C. G. (2003) Coping strategies for visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 18:831–32. [aDC]Google Scholar
Dierks, T., Linden, D. E., Jandl, M., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Lanfermann, H. & Singer, W. (1999) Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations. Neuron. 22(3):615–21. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Digirolamo, G. J. & Posner, M. I. (1996) Attention and schizophrenia: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 1(2):95–102. [DT]Google Scholar
Di Lazzaro, V., Oliviero, A., Profice, P., Pennisi, M. A., Pilato, F., Zito, G., Dileone, M., Nicoletti, R., Pasqualetti, P. & Tonali, P. A., (2003) Ketamine increases human motor cortex excitability to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Physiology 547:485–96. [KMS]Google Scholar
Doody, G. A., Götz, M., Johnstone, E. C., Frith, C. D. & Cunningham-Owens, D. G. (1998) Theory of mind and psychoses. Psychological Medicine 28:397–406. [AVS]Google Scholar
Doricchi, F. & Violani, C. (1992) Dream recall in brain-damaged patients: A contribution to the neuropsychology of dreaming through a review of the literature. In: The neuropsychology of sleep and dreaming, ed. Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M., pp. 99–143. Erlbaum. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Dreher, J.-C. & Burnod, Y. (2002) An integrative theory of the phasic and tonic modes of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Neural Networks 15:583–602. [aDC]Google Scholar
Dringenberg, H. C. & Olmstead, M. C. (2003) Integrated contributions of basal forebrain and thalamus to neocortical activation elicited by pedunculopontine tegmental stimulation in urethane-anesthetized rats. Neuroscience 119:839–53. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Driver, J., Davis, G., Russell, C., Turatto, M. & Freeman, E. (2001) Segmentation, attention, and phenomenal visual objects. Cognition 80:65–85. [aDC]Google Scholar
Dror, I. E. & Dascal, M. (1997) Can Wittgenstein help free the mind from rules? The philosophical foundations of connectionism. In: The future of thecognitive revolution, ed. Johnson, D. & Erneling, C., pp. 293–305. Oxford University Press. [IED]Google Scholar
Dror, I. E. & Thomas, R. D. (2005) The cognitive neuroscience laboratory: A framework for the science of mind. In: The mind as a scientific object:Between brain and culture, ed. Erneling, C. & Johnson, D., pp. 283–92. Oxford University Press. [IED]Google Scholar
Dror, I. E., Ivey, C. & Rogus, C. (1997) Visual mental rotation of possible and impossible objects. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 4(2):242–47. [IED]Google Scholar
Dror, I. E., Peron, A., Hind, S. & Charlton, D. (2005) When emotions get the better of us: The effect of contextual top-down processing on matching fingerprints. Applied Cognitive Psychology 19(6):799–809. [IED]Google Scholar
Dudkin, K. N., Kruchinin, V. K. & Chueva, I. V. (1994) Participation of cholinergic structures in the prefrontal and inferotemporal cortex in the processes of visual recognition on monkeys. Neuroscience and Behavioural Physiology 24:341–50. [aDC]Google Scholar
Durstewitz, D. & Seamans, J. K. (2002) The computational role of dopamine D1 receptors in working memory. Neural Networks 15:561–72. [aDC]Google Scholar
Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J. & Davis, P. G. (2004) Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87:876–93. [IED]Google Scholar
Ebert, U. & Kirch, W. (1998) Scopolamine model of dementia: Electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 28:944–49. [aDC]Google Scholar
Edell, W. S. & Tunis, S. L. (2001) Antipsychotic treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in geropsychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 9:289–97. [aDC]Google Scholar
Eggermann, E., Serafin, M., Bayer, L., Machard, D., Saint-Mleux, B., Jones, B. E. & Muhlethaler, M. (2001) Orexins/hypocretins excite basal forebrain cholinergic neurones. Neuroscience 108:177–81. [aDC]Google Scholar
Eperjesi, F. & Akbarali, N. (2004) Rehabilitation in Charles Bonnet syndrome: A review of treatment options. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 87:149–52. [aDC]Google Scholar
Eriksen, J. L., Wszolek, Z. & Petrucelli, L. (2005) Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 62:353–57. [RK]Google Scholar
Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. (1997) Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 48:649–84. [aDC]Google Scholar
Fabbrini, , Barbanti, G., Aurilia, P., Pauletti, C., Lenzi, C., , G. L. & Meco, G. (2002) Donepezil in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson’s disease. Neurological Science 23:41–43. [aDC]Google Scholar
Farah, M. J. (2000) The cognitive neuroscience of vision. Blackwell. [aDC]Google Scholar
Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M. & Tanaka, J. N. (1998) What is “special” about face perception? Psychological Review 105:482–98. [aDC]Google Scholar
Fedorow, H., Tribl, F., Halliday, G., Gerlach, M., Riederer, P. & Double, K. L. (2005) Neuromelanin in human dopamine neurons: Comparison with peripheral melanins and relevance to Parkinson's disease. Progress in Neurobiology 75:109–24. [RK]Google Scholar
Fell, J., Staedtgen, M., Burr, W., Kockelmann, E., Helmstaedter, C., Schaller, C., Elger, C. E. & Fernandez, G. (2003) Rhinal-hippocampal EEG coherence is reduced during human sleep. European Journal of Neuroscience 18:1711–16. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Fénelon, G., Mahieux, F., Huon, R. & Zeigler, M. (2000) Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, phenomenology, and risk factors. Brain 123:733–45. [aDC, DHF]Google Scholar
Ferman, T. J., Boeve, B. F., Smith, G. E., Silber, M. H., Lucas, J. A., Graff- Radford, N. R., Dickson, D. W., Parisi, J. E., Petersen, R. C. & Ivnik, R. J. (2002). Dementia with Lewy bodies may present as dementia and REM sleep behavior disorder without Parkinsonism or hallucinations. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8:907–14. [aDC]Google Scholar
Fernandez, A., Lichtshein, G. & Vieweg, W. G. R. (1997) The Charles Bonnet syndrome: A review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185:195–200. [aDC]Google Scholar
Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 58:203–10. [IED]Google Scholar
ffytche, D. H., (2004) Visual hallucination and illusion disorders: A clinical guide. Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation 4:16–18. [DHff]Google Scholar
ffytche, D. H., (2005) Visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Current Psychiatry Reports 7:168–79. [DHff]Google Scholar
ffytche, D. H., & Howard, R. J., (1999) The perceptual consequences of visual loss: “Positive” pathologies of vision. Brain 122:1247–60. [aDC, JM]Google Scholar
ffytche, D. H., Howard, R. J., Brammer, M. J., David, A., Woodruff, P., & Williams, S., (1998) The anatomy of conscious vision: An fMRI study of visual hallucinations. Nature Neuroscience 1:738–42. [aDC, DHff, KMS]Google Scholar
ffytche, D. H., Lappin, J. M., & Philpot, M., (2004) Visual command hallucinations in a patient with pure alexia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 75:80–86. [rDC]Google Scholar
Fink, M. & Taylor, M. A. (2003) Catatonia: A clinician's guide to diagnosis and treatment. Cambridge University Press. [BTC]Google Scholar
Fisher, C. M. (1991) Visual hallucinations on eye closure associated with atropine toxicity. A neurological analysis and comparison with other hallucinations. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 18:18–27. [aDC]Google Scholar
Flacker, J. M. & Wei, J. Y. (2001) Endogenous anticholinergic substances may exist during acute illness in elderly medical patients. Journal of Gerontology A: Biological Science and Medical Science 56:M353–55. [aDC]Google Scholar
Fletcher, P. C. & Henson, R. N. A. (2001) Frontal lobes and human memory: Insights from functional imaging. Brain 124:849–81. [aDC]Google Scholar
Flicker, C., Serby, M. & Ferris, S. H. (1990) Scopolamine effects on memory, language, visuospatial praxis and psychomotor speed. Psychopharmacology 100:243–50. [aDC]Google Scholar
Flynn, W. R. (1962) Visual hallucinations in sensory deprivation Psychiatric Quarterly 36:55–65. [aDC]Google Scholar
Foote, S. L., Freedman, R. & Oliver, A. P. (1975) Effects of putative neurotransmitters on neuronal activity on monkey auditory cortex. Brain Research 86:229–42. [CG]Google Scholar
Fosse, M., Fosse, R., Hobson, J. A. & Stickgold, R. (2003) Dreaming and episodic memory: A functional dissociation? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15:1–9. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Fosse, R., Stickgold, R. & Hobson, J. A. (2001) Brain-mind states: Reciprocal variation in thoughts and hallucinations. Psychological Science 12:30–36. [RK]Google Scholar
Fosse, R., Stickgold, R. & Hobson, J. A. (2004) Thinking and hallucinating: Reciprocal changes in sleep. Psychophysiology 41:298–305. [RK]Google Scholar
Foxe, J. J., Doniger, G. M. & Javitt, D. C. (2001) Visual processing deficits in schizophrenia: Impaired P1 generation revealed by high-density electrical mapping. NeuroReport 12:3815–20. [DT]Google Scholar
Foxe, J. J., Murray, M. M. & Javitt, D. C. (in press) Filling-in in schizophrenia: A high-density electrical mapping and source-analysis investigation of illusory contour processing. Cerebral Cortex. [DT]Google Scholar
Frederickson, R. C. A., Jordan, L. M. & Phillis, J. W. (1971) The action of noradrenaline on cortical neurons: Effects of pH. Brain Research 35:556–60. [CG]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1925/1955) A note upon the “mystic writing-pad.” In: Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud 19, pp. 227–32. Hogarth Press. [CG]Google Scholar
Friedman, J. I., Adler, D. N. & Davis, K. L. (1999) The role of norepinephrine in the physiopathology of cognitive disorders: Potential applications to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Biological Psychiatry 46:1243–52. [CG]Google Scholar
Fries, P., Castelo-Branco, M., Engel, A. & Singer, W. (2005) The functional role of oscillatory neuronal synchronization for perceptual organization and selection. In: Binocular rivalry and perceptual ambiguity, ed. Blake, R. & Alais, D., pp. 259–81. MIT Press. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Friston, K. J. (1998) The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research 30:115–25. [KJF]Google Scholar
Friston, K. J. (2002a) Beyond phrenology: What can neuroimaging tell us about distributed circuitry? Annual Review of Neuroscience 25:221–50. [aDC]Google Scholar
Friston, K. J. (2002b) Functional integration and inference in the brain. Progress inNeurobiology 68:113–43. [arDC, KJF]Google Scholar
Friston, K. J. (2005) Disconnection and cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia. The AmericanJournal of Psychiatry 162:429–32. [KJF]Google Scholar
Frith, C. (2001) A framework for studying the neural basis of attention. Neuropsychologia 39:1367–71. [aDC]Google Scholar
Frith, C., Rees, G. & Friston, K. J. (1998) Psychosis and the experience of self: Brain systems underlying self-monitoring. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 843:170–78. [AVS]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. & Corcoran, R. (1996) Exploring “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 26:521–30. [AVS]Google Scholar
Frucht, S. J. & Bernsohn, L. (2002) Visual hallucinations in PD. Neurology 59:1965. [aDC]Google Scholar
Furey, M. L., Pietrini, P., AlexanderG. E. Schapiro, M. G. E. Schapiro, M. & Horwitz, B. (2000) Cholinergic enhancement improves performance on working memory by modulating the functional activity of distinct brain regions: A positron emission tomography regional cerebral blood flow study in healthy humans. Brain Research Bulletin 51:213–18. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gabrovska, V. S., Laws, K. R., Sinclair, J. & McKenna, P. J. (2002) Visual object processing in schizophrenia: Evidence for an associative agnostic deficit. Schizophrenia Research 59:277–86. [JCB, aDC, DT]Google Scholar
Gaffan, D., Easton, A. & Parker, A. (2002) Interaction of inferior temporal cortex with frontal cortex and basal forebrain: Double dissociation in strategy implementation and associative learning. Journal of Neuroscience 22:7288–96. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gallassi, R., Morreale, A., Montagna, P., Cortelli, P., Avoni, P., Castellani, R., Gambetti, R. & Lugaresi, E. (1996) Fatal familial insomnia: Behavioural and cognitive features. Neurology 46:935–39. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gandolfo, G., Arnaud, C. & Gottesmann, C. (1980) Transmission in the ventrobasal complex of rat during the sleep-waking cycle. Brain Research Bulletin 5:921–27. [CG]Google Scholar
Ganis, G., Thompson, W. L. & Kosslyn, S. M. (2004) Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: An fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research 20:226–41. [FWM]Google Scholar
Gao, W. J. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2003) Selective modulation of excitatory and inhibitory microcircuits by dopamine. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences USA 100:2836–41. [RK]Google Scholar
Gauntlett-Gilbert, J. & Kuipers, E. (2005) Visual hallucinations in psychiatric conditions: Appraisals and their relationship to distress. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44:77–87. [rDC]Google Scholar
Gauntlett-Gilbert, J. & Kuipers, E. (2003) Phenomenology of visual hallucinations in psychiatric conditions. Journalof Nervous and Mental Disease 191:203–205. [aDC, JM]Google Scholar
German, D. C., Manaye, K. F., Wu, D., Hersh, L. B. & Zweig, R. M. (1999) Mesopontine cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 94:33–38. [aDC]Google Scholar
Godwin-Austin, R. B. (1999) Psychosis and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. In: Parkinson's disease: Advances in neurology, vol. 80, pp. 401–402. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. [aDC]Google Scholar
Goetz, C. G. (1999) Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: The clinical syndrome. In: Parkinson's disease: Advances in neurology, vol. 80, pp. 419–23. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. [aDC]Google Scholar
Goetz, C. G., Burke, P. F., Leurgans, S., Berry-Kravis, E., Blasucci, L. M., Raman, R. & Zhou, L. (2001a) Genetic variation analysis in Parkinson's disease patients with and without hallucinations: Case-control study. Archives of Neurology 58:209–13. [aDC]Google Scholar
Goetz, C. G., Leurgans, S., Pappert, E. J., Raman, R. & Stemer, A. B. (2001b) Prospective longitudinal assessment of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 57:2078–82. [aDC, DHff, RK]Google Scholar
Goetz, C. G., Pappert, E. J., Blasucci, L. M. & Stebbins, G. T. (1997) Intravenous levodopa infusions in severely hallucinating Parkinson's disease patients: High dose pharmacological challenge does not precipitate hallucinations. Neurology 48:A370–71. [aDC]Google Scholar
Goetz, C. G., Pappert, E. J., Blasucci, L. M., Stebbins, G. T., Ling, Z. D., Nora, M. V. & Carvey, P. M. (1998a) Intravenous levodopa in hallucinating Parkinson’s disease patients: High-dose challenge does not precipitate hallucinations. Neurology 50:515–17. [aDC]Google Scholar
Goetz, C. G., Vogel, C., Tanner, C. M. & Stebbins, G. T. (1998b) Early dopaminergic drug induced hallucinations in Parkinsonian patients. Neurology 51:811–14. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gold, K. & Rabins, P. V. (1989) Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet Syndrome: A review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Comprehensive Psychiatry 30:90–98. [R-PB, aDC]Google Scholar
Gold, S., Arndt, S., Nopoulos, P., O’Leary, D. S. & Andreasen, N. (1999) Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(9):1342–48. [aDC]Google Scholar
Goldman, W. P., Baty, J. D., Buckles, V. D., Sahrmann, S. & Morris, J. C. (1998) Cognitive and motor functioning in Parkinson's disease. Subjects with and without questionable dementia. Archives of Neurology 55:674–80. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gopel, C., Laufer, C. & Marcus, A. (2002) Three cases of angel's trumpet teainduced psychosis in adolescent substance abusers. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 56:49–52. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gordon, A. G. (1995) Schizophrenia and the ear. Schizophrenia Research 17:289–90. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Gordon, A. G. (1996) Ear disease and schizophrenia – brain not needed? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93:409–10. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Gordon, A. G. (1987) Letter to the editor. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 75:664–68. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Gorji, A. & Ghadiri, K. (2002) History of headache in medieval Persian medicine. Lancet Neurology 1:510–15. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (1999) Neurophysiological support of consciousness during waking and sleep. Progress in Neurobiology 59:469–508. [RK]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2002) The neurochemistry of waking and sleeping mental activity. The disinhibition-dopamine hypothesis. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 56:345–54. [CG]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2004a) Brain inhibitory mechanisms involved in basic and higher integrated sleep processes. Brain Research Review 45:230–49. [CG, RK]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2004b) Find out about dreams and you will find out about insanity (Hughlings Jackson). In: Progress in Schizophrenia Research, ed. Pletson, J. E., pp. 23–43. Nova Science. [CG]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2005) Dreaming and schizophrenia: A common neurobiological background. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 3:64–74. [CG]Google Scholar
Grace, A. A. (1991). Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41:1–24. [CG]Google Scholar
Grill-Spector, K. (2003) The neural basis of object perception. Current Opinion inNeurobiology 13:159–66. [aDC]Google Scholar
Grill-Spector, K., Kushnir, T., Hendler, T., Edelman, S., Itzcak, Y. & Malach, R. (1998) A sequence of object-processing stages revealed by fMRI in the human occipital lobe. Human Brain Mapping 6:316–28. [IED]Google Scholar
Grimby, A. (1993) Bereavement among elderly people: Grief reactions, postbereavement hallucinations and quality of life. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 87:72–80. [aDC]Google Scholar
Grimby, A. (1998) Hallucinations following the loss of a spouse: Common and normal events among the elderly. Journal of Clinical Geropsychiatry 4:65–74. [aDC]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (2000) How hallucinations may arise from brain mechanisms of learning, attention, and volition. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6:583–92. [aDC]Google Scholar
Gu, Q. (2002) Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience 111:815–35. [RK]Google Scholar
Guillery, R. W., Feig, S. L. & Lozsadi, D. A. (1998) Paying attention to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Trends in the Neurosciences 21:28–32. [aDC]Google Scholar
Hammeke, T. A., McQuillan, M. P. & Cohen, B. A. (1983) Musical hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 46:570–72. [AVS]Google Scholar
Han, L., McCusker, J., Cole, M., Abrahamowicz, M., Primeau, F. & Elie, M. (2001) Use of medications with anticholinergic effects predicts the severity of delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients. Archives of Internal Medicine 161:1099–105. [aDC]Google Scholar
Harding, A. J., Broe, G. A. & Halliday, G. M. (2002) Visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease relate to Lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain 125:391–403. [aDC]Google Scholar
Harrison, S. A. & Wood, C. A. (1985) Hallucinations after preoperative baclofen discontinuation in spinal cord injury patients. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacology 19(10):747–49. [aDC]Google Scholar
Hart, R. P., Best, A. M., Sessler, C. N. & Levenson, J. L. (1997) Abbreviated cognitive test for delirium. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 43:417–23. [aDC]Google Scholar
Haxby, J. V., Petit, L., Ungerleider, L. G. & Courtney, S. M. (2000) Distinguishing the functional roles of multiple regions in distributed neural systems for visual working memory. NeuroImage 11:380–91. [aDC]Google Scholar
Henderson, J. M. & Hollingworth, A. (1999) High-level scene perception. Annual Review of Psychology 50:243–71. [aDC]Google Scholar
Henderson, J. M. & Hollingworth, A. (2003a) Eye movements and visual memory: Detecting change in saccade targets in scenes. Perception and Psychophysics 65:58–71. [aDC]Google Scholar
Henderson, J. M. & Hollingworth, A. (2003b) Eye movements, visual memory, and scene representation. In: Perception of faces, objects and scenes: Analytic and holistic processes, ed. Peterson, M. A. & Rhodes, G., pp. 356–83. Oxford University Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Henderson, J. M., Falk, R., Minur, S., Dyer, F. C. & Mahedevan, S. (2001) Gaze control for face learning and recognition by humans and machines. In: Fromfragments to objects. Segmentation and grouping in vision, ed. Shipley, T. F. & Kellman, P. J., pp. 463–81. Elsevier Science. [aDC]Google Scholar
Henkel, L. A., Johnson, M. K. & De Leonardis, D. M. (1998) Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 127:251–68. [aDC]Google Scholar
Henley, K. & Morrison, A. R. (1974) A re-evaluation of the effects of lesions of the pontine tegmentum and locus coeruleus on phenomena of paradoxical sleep in the cat. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 34:215–32. [CG]Google Scholar
Heresco-Levy, U. (2000) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-based treatment approaches in schizophrenia: The first decade. International Journal of Neuropharmacology 3:243–58. [CG]Google Scholar
Higo, S., Matsuyama, T. & Kawamura, S. (1996) Direct projections from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei to area 17 of the visual cortex in the cat. Neuroscience Research 26(2):109–18. [aDC, JRS]Google Scholar
Hirvonen, J., van Erp, T. G., Huttunen, J., Aalto, S., Nagren, K., Huttunen, M., Lonnqvist, J., Kaprio, J., Hietala, J. & Cannon, T. D. (2005) Increased caudate dopamine D2 receptor availability as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 62:371–78. [RK]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1988) The dreaming brain. Basic Books. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W. & Wyzinski, P. W. (1975) Sleep cycle oscillation: Reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science 189:55–58. [CG, RK]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F. & Stickgold, R. (2000) Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23(6):793–842; discussion 904–1121. [rDC, RK, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Hoff, A., Harris, D., Faustman, W. O., Beal, M., DeVilliers, D., Mone, R. D., Moses, J. A. & Csernansky, J. G. (1996) A neuropsychological study of early onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 20:21–28. [aDC]Google Scholar
Hoff, A., Sakuma, M., Weineke, M., Horon, R., Kushner, M. & DeLisi, L. (1999) Longitudinal neuropsychological follow up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1336–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
Hoffmann, A. (1983) LSD – My problem child: Reflections on sacred drugs,mysticism, and science, trans. Ott, J.. J. P. Tarcher. [AVS]Google Scholar
Hoffman, R. E., Hawkins, K. A., Gueorguieva, R., Boutros, N. N., Rachid, F., Carroll, K. & Krystal, J. H. (2003) Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex and medication-resistant auditory hallucinations. Archives of General Psychiatry 60:49–56. [KMS]Google Scholar
Hofle, N., Paus, T., Reutens, D., Fiset, P., Gotman, J., Evans, A. C. & Jones, B. E. (1997) Regional cerebral blood flow changes as a function of delta and spindle activity during slow wave sleep in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience 17:4800–808. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Currie, L. & Wooten, G. F. (2001) Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 70:734–38. [aDC, JM]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. & Rabins, P. V. (1996) A three year follow up study of visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184:188–89. [aDC, DHff]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1995) A study of visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 3:198–205. [aDC]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Rabins, P. V., Finkelstein, D., Nicholson, M. C., Chase, G. A. & Wisniewski, S. C. (1992) Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. American Journal of Psychiatry 149:1701–706. [R-PB, aDC]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Shepherd, M. L. & Downs, J. H. (2000) Occipital atrophy is associated with visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 12:25–28. [aDC]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. J. (1964) The imagery of visual hallucinations. Journal of Nervousand Mental Disease 138:513–23. [aDC]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. J. (1967) Visual imagery and cognitive organisation. American Journal of Psychiatry 123:938–46. [aDC]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. J. (1975) Hallucinations: An information-processing approach. In: Hallucinations.Behavior, experience and theory, ed. Siegel, R. K. & West, L. J., pp. 163–95. Wiley. [aDC]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. J., Adams, J. E. & Ruthkin, B. B. (1968) Visual imagery on brain stimulation. Archives of General Psychiatry 19:469–86. [aDC]Google Scholar
Howard, R. & Levy, R. (1994) Charles Bonnet syndrome plus: Complex visual hallucinations of Charles Bonnet syndrome type in late paraphrenia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 9:399–404. [JM]Google Scholar
Howard, R., Almeida, O. & Levy, R. (1994) Phenomenology, demography and diagnosis in late paraphrenia. Psychological Medicine 24:397–410. [aDC]Google Scholar
Howard, R., David, A., Woodruff, P., Mellers, J., Wright, I., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E. & Williams, S. (1997) Seeing visual hallucinations with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 8:73–77. [aDC]Google Scholar
Huber, S. J., Shuttleworth, E. C. & Paulson, G. W. (1986) Dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Archives of Neurology 43:987–90. [aDC]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. & Forde, E. M. E. (2001) Hierarchies, similarity, and interactivity in object recognition: “Category-specific” neuropsychological deficits. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:453–509. [aDC]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. & Riddoch, M. J. (2001/2002) Knowing what you need but not what you want: Affordances and action defined templates in neglect. Behavioural Neurology 13:75–87. [aDC]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Riddoch, M. J. & Price, C. J. (1997) Top-down processes in object identification: Evidence from experimental psychology, neuropsychology, and functional anatomy. Philosophical Transactions of theRoyal Society, London, 352:1275–82.Google Scholar
Huxley, A., (1959) The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell. Penguin Books. [AVS]Google Scholar
Hyson, H. C., Johnson, A. M. & Jog, M. S. (2002) Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to Parkinsonism: A pilot study. Movement Disorders 17:1318–20. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ichikawa, J., Li, Z., Dai, J. & Meltzer, H. Y. (2002) Atypical antipsychotic drugs, quetiapine, iloperidone, and melperone, preferentially increase dopamine and acetylcholine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex: Role of 5-HT1A receptor agonism. Brain Research 956:349–57. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ikeda, M., Dewar, D. & McCulloch, J. (1991) Preservation of [125I] galanin binding sites despite loss of cholinergic neurones to the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Research 24:303–306. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ikeguchi, K. & Kuroda, A. (1995) Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 244:320–24. [aDC]Google Scholar
Imamura, T., Ishii, K., Hirono, N., Hashimoto, M., Tanimukai, S., Kazuai, H., Hanihara, T., Sasaki, M. & Mori, E. (1999) Visual hallucinations and regional cerebral metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies. NeuroReport 10:1903–907. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ingle, D. (2005) Central visual persistences: II. Effects of hand and head rotations. Perception 35:1135–51. [DI]Google Scholar
Inouye, S. K., Viscoli, C. M., Horwitz, R. I., Hurst, L. D. & Tinetti, M. E. (1993) A predictive model for delirium in hospitalised elderly medical patients based on admission characteristics. Annals of Internal Medicine 119:474–81. [rDC]Google Scholar
Irwin, D. E. & Zelinski, G. J. (2002) Eye movements and scene perception: Memory for things observed. Perception and Psychophysics 64:882–95. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ishai, A., Haxby, J. V. & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002) Visual imagery of famous faces: Effects of memory and attention revealed by fMRI. Neuroimage 17:1729–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ishai, A., Ungerleider, L. G. & Haxby, J. V. (2000) Distributed neural systems for the generation of visual images. Neuron 28:979–90. [aDC, FWM]Google Scholar
Ishigaki, T. & Tanno, Y. (1999) The signal detection ability of patients with auditory hallucination: Analysis using the continuous performance test. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 53(4):471–76. [ID]Google Scholar
Jankowiak, J., Kinsbourne, M., Shalev, R. S. & Bachman, D. L. (1992) Preserved visual imagery and categorisation in a case of associative visual agnosia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4:119–31. [aDC]Google Scholar
Javoy-Agid, F. (1994) Cholinergic and peptidergic systems in PSP. Journal of Neural Transmission 42:205–18. [aDC]Google Scholar
Jones, B. E. (1993) The organization of central cholinergic systems and their functional importance in sleep-waking states. Progress in Brain Research 98:61–71. [aDC]Google Scholar
Jones, B. E. (2003) Arousal systems. Frontiers in Bioscience 8:S438–51. [aDC]Google Scholar
Jones, E. G. (1997) Cortical development and thalamic pathology in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 23:483–501. [aDC]Google Scholar
Joseph, J. E., Gathers, A. D. & Piper, G. A. (2003) Shared and dissociated regions for object and letter processing. Cognitive Brain Research 17:56–67. [DI]Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. & Delorme, F. (1965) Locus coeruleus et sommeil paradoxal. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie 159:895–99. [CG]Google Scholar
Jouvet, M., & Mounier, D. (1960) Effets des lésions de la formation réticulaire pontique sur le sommeil du chat. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie 154:2301–305. [CG]Google Scholar
Kahn, D. & Hobson, J. A. (1993) Self-organization theory of dreaming. Dreaming 3:151–78. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Kahn, D., Pace-Schott, E. F. & Hobson, J. A. (1997) Consciousness in waking and dreaming: The roles of neuronal oscillation and neuromodulation in determining similarities and differences. Neuroscience 78:13–38. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, H. J. & Chun, M. M. (1997) The human fusiform face area; a module in human extrastriate cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience 17:4302–11. [aDC]Google Scholar
Karson, C. N., Casanova, M. F., Kleinman, J. E. & Griffin, W. S. (1993) Choline acetyltransferase in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:454–59. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kastner, S. & Ungerleider, L. G. (2001) The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex. Neuropsychologia 39:1263–76. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A. & Opler, L. A. (1987) The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13:261–76. [KMS]Google Scholar
Kelly, P. H. (1998) Defective inhibition of dream event memory formation: A hypothesized mechanism in the onset and progression of symptoms of schizophrenia. Brain Research Bulletin 46:189–97. [CG]Google Scholar
Kish, S. J., Chang, L. J., Mirchandani, L., Shannak, K. & Hornykiewicz, O. (1985) Progressive supranuclear palsy: Relationship between extrapyramidal disturbances, dementia, and brain neurotransmitter markers. Annals of Neurology 18:530–36. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kishi, T., Uegaki, J., Kitani, M., Fujimoto, A. & Naganuma, R. (2000) The usefulness of single emission computed tomography in Charles Bonnet syndrome: A case with occipital lobe involvement. General Hospital Psychiatry 22:132–35. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kisley, M. A., Olincy, A., Robbins, E., Polk, S. D., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C. & Freedman, R. (2003) Sensory gating impairment associated with schizophrenia persists into REM sleep. Psychophysiology 40:29–38. [CG]Google Scholar
Kjaer, T. W., Law, I., Wiltschiotz, G., Paulson, O. B. & Madsen, P. L. (2002) Regional cerebral blood flow during light sleep – a H2 15O-PET study. Journalof Sleep Research 11:201–207. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Kleiser, R., Seitz, R. J. & Krekelberg, B. (2004) Neural correlates of saccadic suppression in humans. Current Biology 14:386–90. [rDC, JRS]Google Scholar
Kobrick, J. L., Johnson, R. F. & McMenemy, D. J. (1990) Effects of atropine/2- PAM chloride, heat and chemical protective clothing on visual performance. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 61:622–30. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kölmel, H. W. (1985) Complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 48:29–38. [DHff]Google Scholar
Kölmel, H. W. (1993) Visual illusions and hallucinations. Bailliere's Clinical Neurology 2:243–64. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. & Thompson, W. L. (2003) When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery? Psychological Bulletin 129:723–46. [FWM]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Chabris, C. F., Rauch, S. L. & Anderson, A. K. (1994) Identifying objects seen from different viewpoints: A PET investigation. Brain 117:1055–71. [IED]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Maljkovic, V., Weise, S. B., Chabris, C. F., Hamilton, S. E. & Buonano, F. S. (1993) Visual mental imagery activates topographically organized visual cortex: PET investigations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5:263–87. [IED]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L. & Alpert, N. M. (1997) Neural systems shared by visual imagery and visual perception: A positron emission tomography study. NeuroImage 6:320–34. [IED]Google Scholar
Krnjevic, K. & Phillis, J. W. (1963) Actions of certain amines on cerebral cortex neurons. British Journal of Pharmacology 20:471–90. [CG]Google Scholar
Kuhl, D. E., Minoshima, S., Fessler, J. A., Frey, K. A., Foster, N. L., Ficaro, E. P., Wieland, D. M. & Koeppe, R. A. (1996) In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology 40:399–410. [aDC]Google Scholar
Kumari, V., Zachariah, E., Galea, A., Jones, H. C., Das, M., Mehrotra, R., Taylor, D. & Sharma, T. (2003) Effects of acute procyclidine administration on prepulse inhibition of the startle response in schizophrenia: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 17:89–95. [aDC]Google Scholar
Lalla, D. & Primeau, F. (1993) Complex visual hallucinations in macular degeneration. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38:584–86. [aDC]Google Scholar
Land, E. (1964) The retinex. American Scientist 52:247–64. [IED]Google Scholar
Langdon, R., Michie, P., Ward, P. B., McConaghy, N., Catts, S. V. & Coltheart, M. (1997) Defective self and/or other mentalising in schizophrenia: A cognitive neuropsychological approach. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 2:167–93. [AVS]Google Scholar
Lange, R., Houran, J., Harte, T. M. & Havens, R. A. (1996) Contextual mediation of perceptions in hauntings and poltergeist-like experiences. Perceptual and Motor Skills 82:755–62. [aDC]Google Scholar
Laroi, F. & Van Der Linden, M., (2005) Nonclinical participants’ reports of hallucinatory experiences. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science – Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement 37(1):33–43. [ID]Google Scholar
Lee, K.-H., Williams, L. M., Breakspear, M. & Gordon, E. (2003) Synchronous gamma activity: A review and contribution to an integrative neuroscience model of schizophrenia. Brain Research Reviews 41:57–78. [aDC]Google Scholar
Léna, I., Muffat, S., Deschaux, O., Parrot, S., Sauvinet, V., Suaud-Chagny, M. F., Renaud, B. & Gottesmann, C. (2004) Dreaming and schizophrenia have the same neurochemical background. Journal of Sleep Research 13(Suppl. 1):141.Google Scholar
Léna, I., Parrot, S., Deschaux, O., Sauvinet, V., Renaud, B., Suaud-Chagny, M.F. & Gottesmann, C. (2005) Variations in the extracellular levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and glutamate across the sleep-wake cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Journal of Neuroscience Research 81:891–99. [CG]Google Scholar
Lepore, F. E. (1990) Spontaneous visual phenomena with visual loss. Neurology 40:444–47. [aDC]Google Scholar
Lessel, S. (1975) Higher disorders of visual function: Positive phenomena in neuroophthalmology, ed. Glaser, J. S. & Smith, J. L., pp. 27–44. Mosby. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Levine, D. N. & Finklestein, S. (1982) Delayed psychosis after right temperoparietal stroke or trauma: Relation to epilepsy. Neurology 32:267–73. [aDC]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. A. (2000). GABAergic local circuit neurons and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Brain Research Reviews 31:270–76. [CG]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. A., Hashimoto, T. & Volk, D. W. (2005) Cortical inhibitory interneurons and schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6:312–24. [KMS]Google Scholar
Lindal, E., Stefansson, J. G. & Stefansson, S. B. (1994) The qualitative difference of visions and visual hallucinations: A comparison of a general-population and clinical sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry 35:405–408. [aDC]Google Scholar
Linner, L., Wiker, C., Wadenberg, M. L., Schalling, M. & Svensson, T. H. (2002) Noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances the antipsychotic-like effect of raclopride and potentiates D2-blockade-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:691–98. [CG]Google Scholar
Lipowski, Z. J. (1990) Delirium: Acute confusional states. Oxford University Press. [JM]Google Scholar
Llinas, R. R. & Pare, D. (1991) Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience 44:521–35. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Llinas, R. R. & Ribary, U. (1993) Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:2078–81. [R-PB, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Looi, J. C. L. & Sachdev, P. S. (1999) Differentiation of vascular dementia from AD on neuropsychological tests. Neurology 53:670–78. [aDC]Google Scholar
Lu, Z.-L. & Dosher, B. A. (1998) External noise distinguishes attention mechanisms. Vision Research 38:1183–98. [aDC]Google Scholar
Lumer, E. D. & Rees, G. (1999) Covariation in activity in visual and prefrontal cortex associated with subjective visual perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:1669–73. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mach, J. R., Kabat, V., Olson, D. & Kuskowski, M. (1996) Delirium and righthemisphere dysfunction in cognitively impaired older persons. International Psychogeriatrics 8:373–82. [arDC]Google Scholar
MacKay, A. V., Iversen, L. L., Rossor, M., Spokes, E., Bird, E., Arregui, A. & Snyder, S. (1982) Increased brain dopamine and dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 39:991–97. [CG]Google Scholar
Maclean, L. E., Collins, C. C. & Byrne, E. J. (2001) Dementia with Lewy bodies treated with Rivastigmine: Effects on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and sleep. International Psychogeriatrics 13:277–88. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mahowald, M. W. & Schenck, C. H. (2004) REM sleep without atonia: From cats to humans. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 142:469–78. [CG]Google Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1930) Reasoning in humans, I: On direction. Journal of Comparative Psychology 10:115–43. [IED]Google Scholar
Manford, M. & Andermann, F. (1998) Complex visual hallucinations: Clinical and neurobiological insights. Brain 121:1819–40. [aDC, AVS]Google Scholar
Manni, R. & Mazzarello, P. (2001) Hallucinations, REM sleep, and Parkinson’s disease: A medical hypothesis. Neurology 57:1350. [aDC]Google Scholar
Manni, R., Pacchetti, C., Terzaghi, M., Sartori, I., Mancini, F. & Nappi, G. (2002) Hallucinations and sleep-wake cycle in PD: A 24-hour continuous polysomnographic study. Neurology 59:1979–81. [aDC]Google Scholar
Manunta, Y. & Edeline, J. M. (1999) Effects of noradrenaline on frequency tuning of auditory cortex neurons during wakefulness and slow wave sleep. European Journal of Neuroscience 11:2134–2150. [CG]Google Scholar
Maquet, P., Peters, J. M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A. & Franck, G. (1996) Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature 383:163–66. [CG, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Marel, A. M. H. & Marel, H. (1967) Gérard de Nerval. Bordas. [CG]Google Scholar
Markowitz, J. S. & Brewerton, T. D. (1996) Zolpidem-induced psychosis. Annals ofClinical Psychiatry 8:89–91. [aDC]Google Scholar
Marrosu, F., Portas, C., Mascia, M. F., Casu, M. A., Fa, M., Giagheddu, M., Imperato, A. & Gessa, G. L. (1995) Microdialysis measurement of cortical and hippocampal acetylcholine release during sleep-wake cycle in freely moving cats. Brain Research 671:329–32. [CG, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Mast, F. W. & Kosslyn, S. M. (2002) Visual mental images can be ambiguous: Insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities. Cognition 86:57–70. [FWM]Google Scholar
Masuda, R., Fukada, M., Ono, T. & Endo, S. (1997) Neuronal responses at the sight of objects in monkey basal forebrain subregions during operant visual tasks. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 67:181–96. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mattila, P. M., Roytta, M., Lonnberg, P., Marjamaki, P., Helenius, H. & Rinne, J. O. (2001) Choline acetyltransferase activity and striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease in relation to cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin) 102:160–66. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mayer, S. A., Chong, J. Y., Ridgway, E., Min, K. C., Commichau, C. & Bernardini, G. L. (2001) Delirium from nicotine withdrawal in neuro-ICU patients. Neurology 57:551–53. [aDC]Google Scholar
McCormick, D. A. (1992) Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity. Progress in Neurobiology 39:337–88. [CG]Google Scholar
McDougall, W. (1924) An outline of psychology, 2nd edition. Methuen. [R-PB]Google Scholar
McFadden, L., Mohr, E., Sampson, M., Mendis, T. & Grimes, J. D. (1996) A profile analysis of demented and nondemented Parkinson's disease patients. Advances in Neurology 69:339–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
McGinty, D. J., Harper, R. M. & Fairbanks, M. K. (1974) Neuronal unit activity and the control of sleep states. In: Advances in sleep research, vol. 1, ed. Weitzman, E. D., pp. 173–216. Spectrum. [CG]Google Scholar
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D. A., Wright, I., Murray, R. M., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Frith, C. D. (1996) The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: Relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 169:148–59. [aDC]Google Scholar
McKeith, I., Del Ser, T., Spano, P., Emre, M., Wesnes, K., Anand, R., Cicin-Sain, A., Ferrara, R. & Speigel, R. (2000) Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 356:2031–36. [aDC]Google Scholar
McKeith, I. G., Burn, D. J., Ballard, C. G., Collerton, D., Janos, E., Morris, C. M., McLaren, A., Perry, E. K., Perry, R., Piggot, M. & O’Brien, J. T. (2003) Dementia with Lewy bodies. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 8:46–57. [aDC]Google Scholar
McKeith, I. G., Wesnes, K. A., Perry, E. & Ferrara, R. (2004) Hallucinations predict attentional improvements with rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 18:94–100. [aDC]Google Scholar
McKellar, P. (1957) Imagination and thinking. Cohen and West. [aDC]Google Scholar
McKelvie, S. J. (1994) The vividness of visual imagery questionnaire as a predictor of visual recognition performance. British Journal of Psychology 85:93–104. [aDC]Google Scholar
McKelvie, S. J. (1995) Vividness of visual imagery. Measurement, nature, function and dynamics. Brandon Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Meador, K. J., Moore, E. E., Nichols, M. E., Abney, O. L., Taylor, H. S., Zamrini, E. Y. & Loring, D. W. (1993) The role of cholinergic systems in visuospatial processing and memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 15:832–42. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mellors, C. S. (1970) First rank symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 117:13–23. [ AVS]Google Scholar
Menon, G. J. (2005) Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: A structured history taking approach. Archives of Ophthalmology 123:349–35. [rDC]Google Scholar
Menon, G. J., Rahman, I., Menon, S. J. & Dutton, G. N. (2003) Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: The Charles Bonnet syndrome. Survey of Ophthalmology 48:58–72. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mentis, M. J., Sunderland, T., Lai, J., Connolly, C., Krasuki, J., Levine, B., Friz, J., Sobti, S., Schapiro, M. & Rapoport, S. J. (2001) Muscarinic versus nicotinic modulation of a visual task. A PET study using drug probes. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:555–64. [aDC]Google Scholar
Merabet, L. B., Kobayashi, M., Barton, J. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2003) Suppression of complex visual hallucinatory experiences by occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation: A case report. Neurocase 9:436–40. [aDC, KMS]Google Scholar
Merabet, L. B., Maguire, D., Warde, A., Alterescue, K., Stickgold, R. & Pascual- Leone, A. (2004) Visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding in sighted subjects. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 24:109–13. [rDC, DI]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M.-M. (1995) Structure and function of cholinergic pathways in the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, and thalamus of the human brain. In: Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress, ed. Bloom, F. E., Kupfer, D. J., pp. 135–46. Raven Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M.-M. (2000) Attentional networks, confusional states, and neglect syndromes. In: Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology, 2nd edition, ed. Mesulam, M.-M., pp. 174–256. Oxford University Press. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Poline, J. B., Kohn, P. D., Holt, J. L., Egan, M. F., Weinberger, D. R. & Berman, K. F. (2001) Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:1809–17. [CG]Google Scholar
Miller, E. K. & Cohen, J. D. (2001) An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24:167–202. [aDC]Google Scholar
Minzenberg, M. J., Poole, J. H., Benton, C. & Vinogradov, S. (2004) Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161:116–24. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mirmiran, M. (1983) “Oneiric” behavior during active sleep induced by bilateral lesions of the pontine tegmentum in juvenile rats. In: Sleep 1982, ed. Koella, W. P., pp. 236–39. Karger. [CG]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. L., Elliott, R. & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2001) fMRI and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5(2):71–81. [DT]Google Scholar
Molho, E. S. & Factor, S. A. (2001) Parkinson's disease: The treatment of druginduced hallucinations and psychosis. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1:320–28. [aDC]Google Scholar
Moll, G. H., Heinrich, H. & Rothenberger, A. (2003) Methylphenidate and intracortical excitability: Opposite effects in healthy subjects and attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107:69–72. [RK]Google Scholar
Moll, G. H., Heinrich, H., Trott, G., Wirth, S. & Rothenberger, A. (2000) Deficient intracortical inhibition in drug-naive children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is enhanced by methylphenidate. Neuroscience Letters 284:121–25. [RK]Google Scholar
Montague, P. R., Hyman, S. E. & Cohen, J. D. (2004) Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature 431:760–67. [RK]Google Scholar
Mori, E., Shimomura, T., Fujimori, M., Hirono, N., Imamura, T., HasimotoM. Tanimukai, S. M. Tanimukai, S., Kazui, H. & Hanihara, T. (2000) Visuoperceptual impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies. Archives of Neurology 57:489–93. [aDC]Google Scholar
Morrison, A. P. (2001) The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis: An integrative cognitive approach to hallucinations and delusions. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 29:257–76. [aDC]Google Scholar
Morrison, A. P., Frame, L. & Larkin, W. (2003) Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42:331–53. [aDC]Google Scholar
Morrison, A. P., Wells, A. & Nothard, S. (2002) Cognitive and emotional predictors of predisposition to hallucinations in non-patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41:259–70. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mosimann, U. P., Muri, R. M., Burn, D. J., Felblinger, J., O’Brien, J. T. & McKeith, I. G. (2005) Saccadic eye movement changes in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 128:1267–76. [rDC]Google Scholar
Mosimann, U. P., Rowan, E. N., Partington, C. E., Collerton, D., Littlewood, E., O’Brien, J. T., Burn, D. J., McKeith, I. G. (in press) Characteristics of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mouret, J. & Delorme, F. (1967) Lésions du tegmentum pontique et sommeil chez le rat. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie 161:1603–606. [CG]Google Scholar
Murgatroyd, C. & Prettyman, R. (2001) An investigation of visual hallucinosis and visual sensory status in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16:709–13. [aDC]Google Scholar
Mussi, C., Ferrari, R., Ascari, S. & Salvioli, G. (1999) Importance of serum anticholinergic activity in the assessment of elderly patients with delirium. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 12:82–86. [aDC]Google Scholar
Nayani, T. H. & David, A. S. (1996) The auditory hallucination: A phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine 26:177–89. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Ndetei, D. M. & Singhe, A. (1983) Hallucinations in Kenyan schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 67:144–47. [aDC]Google Scholar
Needham, W. E. & Taylor, R. E. (2000) Atypical Charles Bonnet hallucinations. An elf in the woodshed, a spirit of evil, and the cowboy malefactors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188:108–15. [aDC]Google Scholar
Neimark, D., Jackson, E., Rockwell, E. & Jeste, D. V. (1996) Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients with dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44:296–99. [aDC]Google Scholar
Nelson, C. N., Hoffer, B. J., Chu, N. S. & Bloom, F. E. (1973) Cytochemical and pharmacological studies on polysensory neurons in the primate frontal cortex. Brain Research 62:115–33. [CG]Google Scholar
Nesher, R., Nesher, G., Epstein, E. & Assia, E. (2001) Charles Bonnet syndrome in glaucoma patients with low vision. Journal of Glaucoma 10:396–400. [aDC]Google Scholar
Nielsen, T. A. (2000) Mentation in REM and NREM sleep: A review and possible reconciliation of two models. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:851–66. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Nieoullon, A. (2002) Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention. Progress in Neurobiology 67:53–83. [rDC, RK]Google Scholar
Nobili, L. & Sannita, W. G. (1997) Cholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia. Vision Research 37:3559–71. [aDC]Google Scholar
Noda, S., Mizoguchi, M. & Yamamoto, A. (1993) Thalamic experiential hallucinosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 56:1224–26. [aDC]Google Scholar
Nofzinger, E. A., Buysse, D. J., Miewald, J. M., Meltzer, C. C., Price, J. C., Sembrat, R. C., Ombao, H., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Hall, M., Kupfer, D. J. & Moore, R. Y. (2002) Human regional cerebral glucose metabolism during non-rapid eye movement sleep in relation to waking. Brain 125:1105–15. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Nomura, T., Inoue, Y., Mitani, H., Kawahara, R., Miyake, M. & Nakashima, K. (2003) Visual hallucinations as REM sleep behavior disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 18:812–17. [aDC]Google Scholar
Northoff, G. (2002) What catatonia can tell us about “top-down” modulation: A neuropsychiatric hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25:555–604. [BTC]Google Scholar
Obonsawin, M. C., Robertson, A., Crawford, J. R., Perera, C., Walker, S., Blackmore, L., Parker, D. M. & Besson, J. A. O. (1998) Non-mnestic cognitive function in the scopolamine model of Alzheimer's disease. Human Psychopharmacology 13:439–49. [aDC]Google Scholar
O’Brien, J., Ames, D. & Burns, A. (2000) Dementia, 2nd edition. Arnold. [aDC]Google Scholar
O’Donnell, P. (2003) Dopamine gating of forebrain neural assemblies. European Journal of Neuroscience 17:429–35. [aDC, RK]Google Scholar
Ohayon, M. M. (2000) Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Research 97:153–64. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ohayon, M. M., Priest, R. G., Caulet, M. & Guilleminault, C. (1996) Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: Pathological phenomena? British Journal of Psychiatry 169:459–67. [aDC]Google Scholar
Okada, K., Suyama, N., Oguro, H., Yamaguchi, S. & Kobayashi, S. (1999) Medication-induced hallucination and cerebral blood flow in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology 246:365–68. [aDC]Google Scholar
O’Keeffe, S. T. & Gosney, M. A. (1997) Assessing attentiveness in older hospital patients: Global assessment versus tests of attention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45:470–73. [aDC]Google Scholar
Onofrj, M., Thomas, A., D’Andreamatteo, G., Iacono, D., Luciano, A. L., Di Rollo, A., Di Mascio, R., Ballone, E. & Di Iorio, A. (2002) Incidence of RBD and hallucination in patients affected by Parkinson's disease: 8-year follow-up. Neurological Science 23 (Suppl. 2):S91–94. [aDC]Google Scholar
O’Regan, J. K., Deubel, H., Clark, J. J. & Rensink, R. A. (2000) Picture changes during blinks: Looking without seeing and seeing without looking. Visual Cognition 7:191–211. [aDC]Google Scholar
O’Reilly, R. & Chamberlaine, C. (1996) Charles Bonnet syndrome: Incidence and demographic and clinical features. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41:259–60. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ostling, S. & Skoog, I. (2002) Psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in a nondemented population-based sample of the very old. Archives of General Psychiatry 59:53–59. [aDC]Google Scholar
Pace-Schott, E. F. (2005) The neurobiology of dreaming. In: Principles andpractice of sleep medicine, 4th edition, ed. Kryger, M. H., Roth, T. & Dement, W. C., pp. 551–64. Elsevier. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Pace-Schott, E. F. & Hobson, J. A. (2002) The neurobiology of sleep: Genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 3:591–605. [RK]Google Scholar
Pace-Schott, E. F., Stickgold, R. & Hobson, J. A. (1997) Memory processes within dreaming: Methodological issues. Sleep Research 26:277. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Pappert, E. J., Goetz, C. G., Neiderman, F. G., Raman, R. & Leurgans, S. (1999) Hallucinations, sleep fragmentation, and altered dream phenomena in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 14:117–21. [aDC]Google Scholar
Park, S., Puschel, J., Sauter, B. H., Rentsch, M. & Hell, D. (2002) Visual object working memory function and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 59:261–68. [aDC]Google Scholar
Passingham, R. E. (1995) The frontal lobes and voluntary action. Oxford University Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Paulik, G., Badcock, J. C. & Maybery, M. (submitted) The multifactorial structure of the predisposition to hallucinate and associations with anxiety, depression and stress. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. [JCB]Google Scholar
Paulson, G. W. (1997) Visual hallucinations in the elderly. Gerontology 43:255–60. [aDC]Google Scholar
Pelaez, J. R. (2000) Towards a neural network based therapy for hallucinatory disorders. Neural Networks 13:1047–61. [aDC]Google Scholar
Peled, A., Geva, A. B., Kremen, W. S., Blankfeld, H. M., Esfandiarfard, R. & Nordahl, T. E. (2000) Functional connectivity and working memory in schizophrenia: An EEG study. International Journal of Neuroscience 106:47–61. [CG]Google Scholar
Penetar, D. M., Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G. & Jones, R. T. (1988) Combined atropine and 2-PAM CI effects on tracking performance and visual, physiological and psychological functions. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 59:1125–32. [aDC]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Perot, P. (1963) The brain's record of auditory and visual experience. Brain 86:596–696. [aDC, DI, AVS]Google Scholar
Perez-Garci, E., del Rio-Portilla, Y., Guevara, M. A., Arce, C. & Corsi-Cabrera, M. (2001) Paradoxical sleep is characterized by uncoupled gamma activity between frontal and perceptual cortical regions. Sleep 24:118–26. [CG]Google Scholar
Perry, E. (2002) Plants of the gods: Ethnic routes to altered consciousness. In: Neurochemistry of consciousness, ed. Perry, E., Ashton, H. & Young, A., pp. 295–28. John Benjamin. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K. & Perry, R. H. (1995) Acetylcholine and hallucinations: Disease related compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness. Brain and Cognition 28:240–58. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Curtis, M., Dick, D. J., Candy, J. M., Atack, J. R., Bloxham, C. A., Blessed, G., Fairbairn, A., Tomlinson, B. E. & Perry, R. H. (1985) Cholinergic correlates of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Comparisons with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 48:413–21. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Gibson, P. H., Blessed, G., Perry, R. H. & Tomlinson, B. E. (1977) Neurotransmitter enzyme abnormalities in senile dementia. Choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in necropsy brain tissue. Journal of Neurological Science 34:247–65. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Johnson, M., Kerwin, J. M., Piggott, M. A., Court, J. A., Shaw, P. J., Ince, P. G., Brown, A. & Perry, R. H. (1992) Convergent cholinergic activities in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 13:393–400. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Marshall, E., Perry, R. H., Irving, D., Smith, C. J., Blessed, G. & Fairbairn, A. F. (1990) Cholinergic and dopaminergic activities in senile dementia of Lewy body type. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders 4:87–95. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Marshall, E., Thompson, P., McKeith, I. G., Collerton, D., Fairbairn, A. F., Ferrier, I. N., Irving, D. & Perry, R. H. (1993) Monoaminergic activities in Lewy body dementia: Relation to hallucinosis and extrapyramidal features. Journal of Neural Transmission. Parkinson's Disease and Dementia Section 6:167–77. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Perry, R. H., Smith, C. J., Dick, D. J., Candy, J. M., Edwardson, J. A., Fairbairn, A. & Blessed, G. (1987) Nicotinic receptor abnormalities in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 50:806–809. [aDC]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K., Perry, R. H., Smith, C. J., Purohit, D., Bonham, J., Dick, D. J., Candy, J. M., Edwardson, J. A. & Fairbairn, A. (1986) Cholinergic receptors in cognitive disorders. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 13(Suppl. 4):521–27. [aDC]Google Scholar
Peterson, M. A. (1999) What's in a stage name? Comment on Vecera and O’Reilly (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25:276–86. [aDC]Google Scholar
Peterson, M. A. & Rhodes, G. (2003) Analytic and holistic processing – The view through different lenses. In: Perception of faces, objects and scenes. Analytic and holistic processes, ed. Peterson, M. A. & Rhodes, G., pp. 3–19. Oxford University Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Phillis, J. W., Lake, N. & Yarbrough, G. (1973) Calcium mediation of the inhibitory effects of biogenic amines on cerebral cortical neurons. Brain Research 53:465–69. [CG]Google Scholar
Piatt, A. L., Fields, J. A., Paolo, A. M., Koller, W. C. & Troster, A. I. (1999) Lexical, semantic, and action verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 21:435–43. [aDC]Google Scholar
Piggott, M., Ballard, C., Holmes, C., McKeith, I., Jaros, E., Perry, R. & Perry, E. (submitted) Selective loss of D2 receptors in temporal cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies: Correlation with cognition. [aDC]Google Scholar
Pliskin, N. H., Kiolbasa, T. A., Towle, V. L., Pankow, L., Ernest, J. T., Noronha, A. & Luchins, D. J. (1996) Charles Bonnet syndrome: An early marker for dementia. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 44:1055–61. [aDC]Google Scholar
Poewe, W. (2003) Psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 18(Suppl. 6):S80–S87. [RK]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1980) Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32:3–25. [DT]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Early, T. S., Reiman, E., Pardo, P. J. & Dhawan, M. (1988) Asymmetries in hemispheric control of attention in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:814–21. [DT]Google Scholar
Post, R. B., Welch, R. B. & Bridgeman, B. (2003) Perception and action: Two modes of processing visual information. In: Visual perception: The influence of H. W. Leibowitz, ed. Owens, D. & Jeffrey, A., pp.143–54. American Psychological Association. [ID]Google Scholar
Powchik, P., Davidson, M., Haroutunian, V., Gabriel, S. M., Purohit, D. P., Perl, D. P., Harvey, P. D. & Davis, K. L. (1998) Postmortem studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24:325–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
Pralong, E., Magistretti, P. & Stoop, R. (2002) Cellular perspectives on the glutamate-monoamine interactions in limbic lobe structures and their relevance for some psychiatric disorders. Progress in Neurobiology 67:173–202. [CG]Google Scholar
Pringle, H. L., Kramer, A. F. & Irwin, D. E. (2004) Individual differences in the visual representation of scenes. In: Thinking and seeing: Visual metacognition in adults and children, ed. Levin, D., pp.165–85. MIT Press. [ID]Google Scholar
Prinzmetal, W. (1995) Visual feature integration in a world of objects. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences 4:90–94. [IED]Google Scholar
Qu, Y., Eysel, U. T., Vandesande, F. & Arckens, L. (2000) Effect of partial sensory deprivation on monoaminergic neuromodulators in striate cortex of adult cat. Neuroscience 101(4):863–68. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Rabins, P. V., Starktein, S. E. & Robinson, R. G. (1991) Risk factors for developing a typical (schizophreniform) psychosis following stroke. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 3:6–9. [aDC]Google Scholar
Raedler, T. J., Knable, M. B., Jones, D. W., Urbina, R. A., Gorey, J. G., Lee, K. S., Egan, M. F., Coppola, R. & Weinberger, D. R. (2003) In vivo determination of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor availability in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:118–27. [aDC]Google Scholar
Rasmussen, K., Heym, J. & Jacobs, B. L. (1984) Activity of serotonin-containing neurons in nucleus centralis superior of freely moving cats. Experimental Neurology. 83:302–17. [CG]Google Scholar
Read, J., Agar, K., Argyle, N. & Aderhold, V. (2003) Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research andPractice 76:1–22. [aDC]Google Scholar
Reader, T. A., Ferron, A., Descarries, L. & Jasper, H. H. (1979) Modulatory role for biogenic amines in the cerebral cortex. Microiontopheric studies. Brain Research 160:219–29. [CG]Google Scholar
Reading, P. J., Luce, A. K. & McKeith, I. G. (2001) Rivastigmine in the treatment of Parkinsonian psychosis and cognitive impairment: Preliminary findings from an open trial. Movement Disorders 16:1171–74. [aDC]Google Scholar
Rees, G. (2001) Neuroimaging of visual awareness in patients and normal subjects. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:150–56. [aDC]Google Scholar
Rees, W. D. (1971) The hallucinations of widowhood. British Medical Journal 778:37–41. [aDC]Google Scholar
Reeves, M., Lindholm, D. E., Myles, P. S., Fletcher, H. & Hunt, J. O. (2001) Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery: A double-blind, randomized trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia 93:116–20. [CG]Google Scholar
Reikkinen, P. J., Soininen, H., Sirvio, J., Reinikainen, K., Helkala, E. L. & Paljarvi, L. (1987) Dementia without cholinergic deficit. Gerontology 33:268–72. [aDC]Google Scholar
Reisberg, D., Pearson, D. G. & Kosslyn, S. M. (2003) Intuitions and introspections about imagery: The role of imagery experience in shaping an investigator’s theoretical views. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17:147–60. [aDC]Google Scholar
Rensink, R. A. (2000a) Seeing, sensing, and scrutinizing. Vision Research 40(1):1469–87. [aDC, ID]Google Scholar
Rensink, R. A. (2000b) The dynamic representation of scenes. Visual Cognition 7:17–42. [aDC, ID]Google Scholar
Rensink, R. A. (2002) Change detection. Annual Review of Psychology 53:245–77. [arDC]Google Scholar
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2002) New visions of the aging mind and brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:394–400. [IED]Google Scholar
Risser, A. H. & Powell, F. C. (1993) L’Hermitte's peduncular hallucinosis. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, New York. Available at: www.geocities.com/ahris2/lhermitte.html. [aDC]Google Scholar
Rittenhouse, C. D., Stickgold, R. & Hobson, J. A. (1994) Constraints on the transformation of characters and objects in dream reports. Consciousness and Cognition 3:100–13. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T., Inoue, K. & Browning, A. (2003) Activity of primate subgenual cingulate cortex neurons is related to sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology 90:134–42. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Rosler, M., Retz, W., Retz-Junginger, P. & Dennler, H. J. (1998) Effects of two-year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer’ disease. Behavioural Neurology 11:211–16. [aDC]Google Scholar
Rowe, J. B., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Passingham, R. E. (2000) The prefrontal cortex: Response selection or maintenance within working memory. Science 288:1656–60. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ruberg, M., Mayo, W., Brice, A., Duyckaerts, C., Hauw, J. J., Simon, H., LeMoal, M. & Agid, Y. (1990) Choline acetyltransferase activity and [3H] binding in the temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and rats with basal forebrain lesions. Neuroscience 35:327–33. [aDC]Google Scholar
Ruberg, M., Ploska, A., Javoy-Agid, F. & Agid, Y. (1982) Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase activity in Parkinsonian subjects with reference to dementia. Brain Research 232:129–39. [aDC]Google Scholar
Saint-Cyr, J. A., Trepanier, L. L., Kumar, R., Lozano, A. M. & Lang, A. E. (2000) Neuropsychological consequences of chronic bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Brain 123:2091–108. [aDC]Google Scholar
Sakurada, T., Alufuzoff, I., Winblad, B. & Nordberg, A. (1990) Substance P-like immunoreactivity, choline acetyltransferase activity and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Brain Research 521:329–32. [aDC]Google Scholar
Samsonovich, A. V. & Nadel, L. (2005) Fundamental principles and mechanisms of the conscious self. Cortex 41(5):669–89. [AVS]Google Scholar
Sanchez-Ramos, J. R., Ortoll, R. & Paulson, G. W. (1996) Visual hallucinations associated with Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 53:1265–68. [aDC]Google Scholar
Sanfilipo, M., Lafargue, T., Rusinek, H., Arena, L., Loneragan, C., Lautin, A., Rotrosen, J. & Wolkin, A. (2002) Cognitive performance in schizophrenia: Relationship to regional brain volumes and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging 116:1–23. [aDC]Google Scholar
Sanford, L. D., Cheng, C. S., Silvestri, A. J., Tang, X., Mann, G. L., Ross, R. J. & Morrison, A. R. (2001) Sleep and behavior in rats with pontine lesions producing REM without atonia. Sleep Research Online 14:1–5. [CG]Google Scholar
Santhouse, A. M., Howard, R. J. & ffytche, D. H. (2000) Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the anatomy of the visual brain. Brain 123:2055–64. [aDC, DHff, AVS]Google Scholar
Sarfati, Y. & Hardy-Baylé, M.-C. (1999) How do people with schizophrenia explain the behaviour of others? A study of theory of mind and its relationship to thought and speech disorganisation in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 29:613–20. [AVS]Google Scholar
Sastre, J. P. & Jouvet, M. (1979) Oneiric behavior in cats. Physiology and Behavior 22:979–89. [CG]Google Scholar
Scheepmaker, A. J., Horstink, M. W., Hoefnagels, W. H. & Strijks, F. E. (2003) Dementia with Lewy bodies: 2 patients with exacerbation because of an atypical antipsychotic, but with a favorable response to the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 147:32–35. [aDC]Google Scholar
Schneck, J. M. (1990) Visual hallucinations as grief reaction without the Charles Bonnet syndrome. New York State Journal of Medicine 90:216–17. [aDC]Google Scholar
Scholl, B. J. (2001) Objects and attention: The state of the art. Cognition 80:1–46. [aDC]Google Scholar
Schopenhauer, A. (1844/1969) The world as will and representation. Dover. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (1998) Early shame experiences and infant brain development. In: Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture, ed. Gilbert, P. & Andrews, B., pp. 57–77. Oxford University Press. [BTC]Google Scholar
Schulman, C. A., Ricklin, M. & Weinstein, S. (1967) Hallucinations and disturbances of affect, cognition, and physical state as a function of sensory deprivation. Perception and Motor Skills 25:1001–24. [aDC]Google Scholar
Schultz, G. & Melzack, R. (1991) The Charles Bonnet syndrome: “Phantom visual images.” Perception 20:809–25. [aDC]Google Scholar
Schultz, G. & Melzack, R. (1993) Visual hallucinations and mental state. A study of 14 Charles Bonnet syndrome hallucinators. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181:639–43. [aDC]Google Scholar
Schultz, G., Needham, W., Taylor, R., Shindell, S. & Melzack, R. (1996) Properties of complex hallucinations associated with deficits in vision. Perception 25:715–26. [aDC]Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. & Maquet, P. (2002) Sleep imaging and the neuropsychological assessment of dreams. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:23–30. [aDC, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Schwitzgebel, E. (2002) How well do we know our own conscious experience? The case of visual imagery. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9:35–53. [aDC]Google Scholar
Scott, I. U., Schein, O. D., Feuer, W. J. & Folstein, M. F. (2001) Visual hallucinations in patients with retinal disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology 131:590–98. [aDC]Google Scholar
Seamans, J. K. & Yang, C. R. (2004) The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Progress in Neurobiology 74:1–58. [RK]Google Scholar
Selemon, L. D., Rajkowska, G. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Archives of General Psychiatry 52:805–18. [DT]Google Scholar
Servos, P. & Goodale, M. A. (1995) Preserved visual imagery in visual form agnosia. Neuropsychologia 33:1383–94. [aDC]Google Scholar
Shaibani, A. & Sabbagh, M. N. (1998) Pseudoneurologic syndromes: Recognition and diagnosis. American Family Physician. 57:2485–94. [aDC]Google Scholar
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M. & McCarley, R. W. (2001) A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 49(1–2):1–52. [DT]Google Scholar
Sherman, S. M. & Guillery, R. W. (2002) The role of the thalamus in the flow of information to the cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 357:1695–1708. [aDC]Google Scholar
Sherr, J. D., Myers, C., Avila, M. T., Elliott, A., Blaxton, T. A. & Thaker, G. K. (2002) The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 52:721–28. [aDC]Google Scholar
Shinoda, H., Hayhoe, M. M. & Shrivastava, A. (2001) What controls attention in natural environments? Vision Research 41:3535–45. [aDC]Google Scholar
Shinotoh, H., Namba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Fukushi, K., Nagatsuka, S., Iyo, M., Asahina, M., Hattori, T., Tanada, S. & Irie, T. (1999) Positron emission tomographic measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity reveals differential loss of ascending cholinergic systems in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Annals of Neurology 46:62–69. [aDC]Google Scholar
Shiraishi, Y., Terao, T., Ibi, K., Nakamura, J. & Tawara, A. (2004) The rarity of Charles Bonnet syndrome. Journal of Psychiatric Research 38:201–13. [aDC]Google Scholar
Siegel, R. K. & Jarvik, M. E. (1975) Drug-induced hallucinations in animals and man. In: Hallucinations: Behavior, experience and theory, ed. Siegel, R. K. & West, L. J., pp. 163–95. Wiley. [aDC]Google Scholar
Silbersweig, D. A., Stern, E., Frith, C., Cahil, C., Holmes, A., Grootoonk, S., Seaward, J., McKenna, P., Chua, S. E., Schnorr, L., Jones, T. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995) A functional anatomy of visual hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 378:176–79. [aDC, AVS]Google Scholar
Sillito, A. M. & Jones, H. E. (2002) Corticothalamic interactions in the transfer of visual information. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 357:1739–52. [aDC]Google Scholar
Silver, H., Barash, I., Aharon, N., Kaplan, A. & Poyurovsky, M. (2000) Fluvoxamine augmentation of antipsychotics improves negative symptoms in psychotic chronic schizophrenic patients: A placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 15:257–61. [CG]Google Scholar
Simard, M., van Reekum, R. & Mynan, D. (2003) Visuospatial impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: A process analysis approach. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18:387–91. [aDC]Google Scholar
Slade, P. D. & Bentall, R. P. (1988) Sensory deception. A scientific analysis of hallucination. Croom Helm. [aDC]Google Scholar
Slaghuis, W. L. & Bakker, V. J. (1995) Forward and backward visual masking of contour by light in positive-symptom and negative-symptom schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104:41–54. [DT]Google Scholar
Smith, C. J., Perry, E. K., Perry, R. H., Candy, J. M., Johnson, M., Bonham, J. R., Dick, D. J., Fairbairn, A., Blessed, G. & Birdsall, N. J. (1988) Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in hippocampus in human cognitive disorders. Journal of Neurochemistry 50:847–56. [aDC]Google Scholar
Smith, W. & Dror, I. E. (2001) The role of meaning and familiarity in mental transformations. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8:732–41. [IED]Google Scholar
Smythies, J. (2005) How the brain decides what we see. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98:18–20. [JRS]Google Scholar
Smythies, J., ed. (2004) Schizophrenia: A disorder of synaptic plasticity. Special volume (59) in the International Review of Neurobiology. Elsevier. [JRS]Google Scholar
Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D. & Bersheid, E. (1977) Social perception and interpersonal behaviour: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35:565–666. [IED]Google Scholar
Soininen, H., Helkala, E-L., Laulumaa, V., Soikkeli, R., Hartikainen, P. & Reikkinen, P. J. (1992) Cognitive profile of Alzheimer patients with extrapyramidal signs: A longitudinal study. Journal of Neural Transmission [P-D Sect] 4:241–54. [aDC]Google Scholar
Solms, M. (1997) The neuropsychology of dreams: A clinico-anatomical study. Erlbaum. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Solms, M. (2000) Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:843–50. [rDC, CG]Google Scholar
Soros, P., Vo, O., Husstedt, I.-W., Evers, S. & Gerding, H. (2003) Phantom eye syndrome: Its prevalence, phenomenology, and putative mechanisms. Neurology 60:1542–43. [aDC]Google Scholar
Spencer, K. M., Nestor, P. G., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Salisbury, D. F., Shenton, M. E. & McCarley, R. W. (2003) Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience 23:7407–11. [KMS]Google Scholar
Spencer, K. M., Nestor, P. G., Perlmutter, R., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Klump, M. C., Frumin, M., Shenton, M. E. & McCarley, R. W. (2004). Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101:17288–93. [rDC, KMS]Google Scholar
Starkstein, S. S. E., Sabe, L., Petracca, G., Chermerinski, E., Kuzis, G., Merello, M. & Leiguarda, R. (1996) Neuropsychological and psychiatric differences between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Journalof Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 61:381–87. [aDC]Google Scholar
Steriade, M. (1970) Ascending control of thalamic and cortical responsiveness. International Review of Neurobiology 12:87–144. [CG]Google Scholar
Steriade, M. (2000a) Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation. Neuroscience 101:243–76. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Steriade, M. (2000b) Neuronal basis of dreaming and mentation during slow wave (non- REM) sleep. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:1009–11. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Stevens, T., Livingston, G., Kitchen, G., Manela, M., Walker, Z. & Katona, C. (2002) Islington study of dementia subtypes in the community. British Journalof Psychiatry 80:270–76. [aDC]Google Scholar
Stickgold, R., Hobson, J. A., Fosse, R. & Fosse, M. (2001) Sleep, learning and dreams: Off-line memory reprocessing. Science 294:1052–57. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Stickgold, R., Malia, R., Maguire, D., Roddenberry, D. & O’Conner, M. (2000) Replaying the game: Hypnagogic images in normals and amnesiacs. Science 290:350–53. [DI]Google Scholar
Stoerig, P. (2001) The anatomy of phenomenological vision: A psychological perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 929:176–94. [aDC]Google Scholar
Sutton, J., Rittenhouse, C., Pace-Schott, E., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J.A. (1994) Graphing and quantifying discontinuity in narrative dream reports. Consciousness and Cognition 3:61–88. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Swanson, J. M., Sergeant, J. A., Taylor, E., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Jensen, P. S. & Cantwell, D. P. (1998) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder. Lancet 351:429–33. [RK]Google Scholar
Szymusiak, R., Alam, N. & McGinty, D. (2000) Discharge patterns of neurons in cholinergic regions of the basal forebrain during waking and sleep. Behavioural Brain Research 115:171–82. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tabernero, C., Polo, J. M., Sevillano, M. D., Munoz, R., Berciano, J., Cabello, A., Baez, B., Ricoy, J. R., Carpizo, R., Figols, J., Cuadrado, N. & Claveria, L. E. (2000) Fatal familial insomnia: clinical, neuropathological and genetic description of a Spanish family. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 68:774–77. [aDC]Google Scholar
Taheri, S., Zeitzer, J. M. & Mignot, E. (2002) The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy. Annual Review of Neuroscience 25:283–313. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tarr, M. J. (2003) Visual object recognition. Can a single mechanism suffice? In: Perception of faces, objects and scenes. Analytic and holistic processes, ed. Peterson, M. A. & Rhodes, G., pp. 177–211. Oxford University Press. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tass, P. (1995) Cortical pattern formation during visual hallucinations. Journal of Biological Physics 21:177–210. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Tass, P. (1997) Oscillatory cortical activity during visual hallucinations. Journal of Biological Physics 23:21–66. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Taylor, R. E., Mancil, G. L. & Kramer, S. H. (1986) Visual hallucinations: Meaning and management. Journal of the American Optometric Association 57:889–92. [aDC]Google Scholar
Teaktong, T., Piggott, M. A., McKeith, I. G., PerryR. H, Ballard, C. G. R. H, Ballard, C. G. & Perry, E. K. (2005) Muscarinic M2 and M4 receptors in anterior cingulate cortex: Relation to neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies. Behavioural Brain Research 161:299–305. [rDC]Google Scholar
Teuber, H. L., Battersby, W. S. & Bender, M. B. (1960) Visual field defects afterpenetrating missile wounds of the brain. Harvard University Press. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Craysberg, J. R., Hoefnagels, W. H., Kuin, Y., Verbeek, A. L. & Zitman, F. G. (1999) Social and psychological characteristics of elderly visually handicapped patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Comprehensive Psychiatry 40:315–19. [aDC]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Cruysberg, J. R. M., Hoefnagels, W. H., Van 't Hof, M. A., Verbeek, A. & Zitman, F. G. (1998) Risk indicators for the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 186:190–92. [aDC]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Craysberg, J. R., Hoefnagels, W. H., Verbeek, A. I. & Zitman, F. G. (1996) Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet syndrome. Lancet 347:794–97. [aDC, JM]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Cruysberg, J. R. M., Verbeek, A. I. & Zitman, F. G. (1995) The Charles Bonnet syndrome: A large prospective study in the Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry 166:254–57. [aDC]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Zitman, F. G. & Raes, D. C. (1994) Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations). Comprehensive Psychiatry 35:70–75. [R-PB]Google Scholar
Thomas, B. (2002) “Mushroom madness” in the Papua New Guinea Highlands: A case of nicotine poisoning? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 34:321–23. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tien, A. Y. (1991) Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 26:287–92. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tigges, M., Tigges, J., Rees, H., Rye, D. & Levey, A.I. (1997) Distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptor proteins m1 to m4 in area 17 of normal and monocularly deprived rhesus monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 388:130–45. [rDC]Google Scholar
Tiraboschi, P., Hansen, L. A., Alford, M., Merdes, A., Masliah, E., Thal, L. J. & Corey-Bloom, J. (2002) Early and widespread cholinergic losses differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease. Archives of General Psychiatry 59:946–51. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tiraboschi, P., Hansen, L. A., Alford, M., Sabbagh, M. N., Schoos, B., Masliah, E., Thal, L. J. & Corey-Bloom, J. (2000) Cholinergic dysfunction in diseases with Lewy bodies. Neurology 54:407–11. [aDC]Google Scholar
Treisman, A. M. & Gelade, G. (2001) A feature-integration theory of attention. In: Visual perception: Essential readings, ed. Yantis, S., pp. 345–58. Taylor and Francis. [aDC]Google Scholar
Trepanier, L. L., Kumar, R., Lozano, A. M., Lang, A. E. & Saint-Cyr, J. A. (2000) Neuropsychological outcome of GPi pallidotomy and GPi or STN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain and Cognition 42:324–47. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tsai, G. & Coyle, J. T. (2002) Glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 42:165–79. [KMS]Google Scholar
Tune, L. E. (2000) Serum anticholinergic activity levels and delirium in the elderly. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 5:149–53. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tune, L. E. & Egeli, S. (1999) Acetylcholine and delirium. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 10:342–55. [aDC]Google Scholar
Tzavara, E. T., Bymaster, F. P., Davis, R. J., Wade, M. R., Perry, K. W., Wess, J., McKinzie, D. L., Felder, C. & Nomikos, G. G. (2004) M4 muscarinic receptors regulate the dynamics of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission: Relevance to the pathophysiology and treatment of related CNS pathologies. FASEB Journal 18:1410–12. [rDC]Google Scholar
Ungerleider, L. G., Gaffan, D. & Pelak, V. S. (1989) Projections from inferior temporal cortex to prefrontal cortex via the uncinate fascicle in rhesus monkeys. Experimental Brain Research 76:473–84. [aDC]Google Scholar
Van Hes, R., Smid, P., Stroomer, C. N., Tipker, K., Tulp, M. T., Van der Heyden, J. A., McCreary, A. C., Hesselink, M. B. & Kruse, C. G., (2003) SL V310, a novel, potential antipsychotic, combining potent dopamine d2 receptor antagonism with serotonin reuptake inhibition. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 13:405–408. [CG]Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, R., Price, C., Wise, R., Josephs, O. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature 383:254–56. [aDC]Google Scholar
Vaphiades, M. S., Celesia, G. G. & Brigell, M. G. (1996) Positive spontaneous visual phenomena limited to the hemianopic visual field in lesions of central visual pathways. Neurology 47:408–17. [aDC]Google Scholar
Vazquez, J. & Baghdoyan, H. A. (2001) Basal forebrain acetylcholine release during REM sleep is significantly greater than during waking. American Journal of Physiological Regulation and Integrated Comparative Physiology 280:R598–R601. [aDC, CG, EFP-S]Google Scholar
Vecera, S. P. (2000) Towards a biased competition account of object-based segregation and attention. Brain and Mind 1:353–84. [aDC]Google Scholar
Vecera, S. P. & Behrmann, M. (2001) Attention and unit formation: A biased competition account of object based attention. In: From fragments to objects. Segmentation and grouping in vision, ed. Shipley, T. F. & Kellman, P. J., pp. 145–80. Elsevier Science. [aDC]Google Scholar
Vuilleumier, P., Henson, R. N., Driver, J. & Dolan, R. J. (2002) Multiple levels of visual object constancy revealed by event-related fMRI of repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience 5:491–99. [aDC]Google Scholar
Wallin, A., Alafuzoff, I., Carlsson, A., Eckernas, S. A., Gottfries, C. G., Karlsson, I., Svennerholm, L. & Winblad, B. (1989) Neurotransmitter deficits in a nonmulti- infarct category of vascular dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia 79:397–406. [aDC]Google Scholar
Waters, F. A. V., Badcock, J. C., Maybery, M. & Michie, P. (2003) Inhibition in schizophrenia: Association with auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research 62(3): 275–80. [JCB]Google Scholar
Waters, F. A. V., Badcock, J. C., Michie, P. T. & Maybery, M. (in press) Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: Intrusive thoughts and forgotten memories. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. [JCB, rDC]Google Scholar
Waters, F. A. V., Maybery, M., Badcock, J. C. & Michie, P. (2004) Context memory and binding in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 68(2–3):119–25. [JCB]Google Scholar
Webster, R. & Holroyd, S. (2000) Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in delirium. Psychosomatics 41:519–22. [aDC]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F. & Zec, R. F. (1986) Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. 1. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 43:114–24. [CG]Google Scholar
Wells, L. A. (1983) Hallucinations associated with pathological grief reaction. Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation 5:259–61. [aDC]Google Scholar
Wesnes, K. A., McKeith, I. M., Ferrara, R., Emre, M., Del Ser, T., Spano, P. F., Cicin-Sain, A., Anand, R. & Speigel, R. (2001) Cognitive function differences in hallucinating versus non-hallucinating dementia with Lewy bodies patients. Journal of Psychopharmacology 15(Suppl.):A52. [aDC]Google Scholar
West, C. J. (1962) Hallucinations. Grune and Stratton. [aDC]Google Scholar
Wheeler, M. E. & Treisman, A. M. (2002) Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131:48–64. [aDC]Google Scholar
Williams, J. A., Comisarow, J., Day, J., Fibinger, H. C. & Reiner, P. B. (1994) Statedependent release of acetylcholine in rat thalamus measured by microdialysis. The Journal of Neuroscience 14:5236–42. [EFP-S]Google Scholar
Wilson, F. A. W., Scalaidhe, S. O. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1993) Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260:1955–58. [aDC]Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S., Gilley, G. W., Bennett, D. A., Beckett, L. A. & Evans, D.A (2000) Hallucinations, delusions and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. JNNP 69:172–77. [aDC]Google Scholar
Winawer, N. (2001) Postoperative delirium. Medical Clinics of North America 85:1229–39. [aDC]Google Scholar
Winterer, G. & Weinberger, D. R. (2004) Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-tonoise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends in Neurosciences 27:683–90. [RK]Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. M., Butcher, S. J., Lee, C. & Hyle, M. (2003) Changing your mind: On the contributions of top down and bottom up guidance in visual search for feature singletons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29:483–502. [aDC]Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. M., Olivia, A., Horowitz, T. S., Butcher, S. J. & Bompas, A. (2002) Segmentation of objects from backgrounds in visual search tasks. Vision Research 42:2985–3004. [aDC]Google Scholar
Wunderlich, G., Suchan, B., Volkman, J., Herzog, H., Homberg, V. & Seitz, R. J. (2000) Visual hallucinations in recovery from cortical blindness. Archives of Neurology 57:561–63. [aDC]Google Scholar
Yarbus, A. L. (1967) Eye movements and vision. Plenum. [aDC]Google Scholar
Young, C. E., Beach, T. G., Falkai, P. & Honer, W. G. (1998) SNAP-25 deficit and hippocampal connectivity in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 8:261–68. [CG]Google Scholar
Yovel, G. & Kanwisher, N. (2004) Face perception: Domain specific, not process specific. Neuron 44:889–98. [DI]Google Scholar
Yu, A. J. & Dayan, P. (2002) Acetylcholine in cortical inference. Neural Networks 15:719–30. [aDC, KJF, JRS]Google Scholar
Zarroug, E.-T. A. (1975) The frequency of visual hallucinations in schizophrenic patients in Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Psychiatry 127:553–55. [aDC]Google Scholar
Zesiewicz, T. A., Barker, M. J., Dunne, P. B. & Hauser, R. A. (2001) Diffuse Lewy body disease. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 3:507–18. [aDC]Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Kerscher, N., Eysel, U. & Funke, K. (2001) Changes of contrast gain in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus by dopamine receptor agonists. NeuroReport 12(13):2939–45. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Zhao, Y., Kerscher, N., Eysel, U. & Funke, K. (2002) D1 and D2 receptor-mediated dopaminergic modulation of visual responses in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Physiology 539(Pt 1):223–38. [MC-B]Google Scholar
Zhou, F. M. & Hablitz, J. J. (1999) Dopamine modulation of membrane and synaptic properties of interneurons in rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 81:967–76. [RK]Google Scholar
Ziabreva, I., Larsen, J., Ballard, C., Perry, R., Perry, E. & Aarsland, D. (in preparation) Thalamic cholinergic activity in Lewy body dementias. [aDC]Google Scholar
Zolden, J., Friedberg, G., Livneh, M. & Melamed, E. (1995) Psychosis in advanced Parkinson's disease: Treatment with ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor agonist. Neurology 45:1305–308. [aDC]Google Scholar