Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-05T14:11:31.016Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychopathology of psychosis: Towards integration from an idealist perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2005

Ralf-Peter Behrendt  and
Claire Young
Ralf-Peter Behrendt*
Affiliation:
Department of Old Age Psychiatry, The Longley Centre, SheffieldS5 7JT, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Medicine for the Elderly, Barwise, Walton Hospital, Chesterfield, S40 3TH, United Kingdom
Claire Young*
Affiliation:
Department of Old Age Psychiatry, The Longley Centre, SheffieldS5 7JT, United Kingdom
*
rp.behrendt@btinternet.com
clairey@chsheff-tr.trent.nhs.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

The commentators provide a wealth of additional neurobiological data that ought to be integrated in a comprehensive model. This response article, however, focuses on clarification of conceptual queries, thereby outlining the proposed theory of hallucinations more sharply, discussing its relationship with schizophrenia, and explaining why underconstrained thalamocortical activation may well be a candidate mechanism responsible for acute schizophrenic symptoms other than hallucinations.

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 27 , Issue 6 , December 2004 , pp. 808 - 830
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarsland, D., Ballard, C., Larsen, J. P. & McKeith, I. (2001a) A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16:528–36. [DC]Google Scholar
Aarsland, D., Litvan, I. & Larsen, J. P. (2001b) Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 13:42–49. [DC]Google Scholar
Abi-Dargham, A. & Moore, H. (2003) Prefrontal DA transmission at D1 receptors and the pathology of schizophrenia. Neuroscientist 9:404–16. [CG]Google Scholar
Acerbo, M. J., Gargiulo, P. A., Krug, I. & Delius, J. D. (2002) Behavioural consequences of nucleus accumbens dopaminergic stimulation and glutamatergic blocking in pigeons. Behavioural Brain Research 136(1):171–77. [PAG]Google Scholar
Adler, L. A., Gerhardt, G. A., Franks, R., Baker, N., Nagamoto, H., Drebing, C. & Freedman, R. (1990) Sensory physiology and catecholamines in schizophrenia and mania. Psychiatry Research 31:297–309. [arR-PB]Google Scholar
Adler, L. E., Hoffer, L. J., Griffith, J., Waldo, M. C. & Freedman, R. (1992) Normalization by nicotine of deficient auditory sensory gating in the relatives of schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry 32:607–16. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Adler, L. E., Hoffer, L. D., Wiser, A. & Freedman, R. (1993) Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:1856–61. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Adler, L. E., Pachtman, E., Franks, R. D., Pecevich, M., Waldo, M. C. & Freedman, R. (1982) Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 17:639–54. [GAL, ACM]Google Scholar
Aggleton, J. P. & Brown, M. W. (1999) Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:425–89. [IJK]Google Scholar
Agulhon, C., Abitbol, M., Bertrand, D. & Malafosse, A. (1999) Localization of mRNA for CHRNA7 in human fetal brain. NeuroReport 10:2223–27. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Aizenberg, D., Modai, I., Roitman, M., Mendelson, E. & Wijsenbeek, H. (1987) Musical hallucinations, depression and old age. Psychopathology 20:220–23. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Böcker, K. B. E, Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H. F. & Kahn, R. S. (2003) Cognitive basis of hallucinations in schizophrenia: Role of top-down information processing. Schizophrenia Research 64:175–85. [AA]Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Böcker, K. B. E, Hijman, R., Kahn, R. S. & De Haan, E. H. F. (2002) Hallucinations in schizophrenia: Distorted balance between imagery and perception? Schizophrenia Research 57:315–16. [AA]Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Nieuwenstein, M., Böcker, K. B. E & De Haan, E. H. F. (2000) Mental imagery and perception in hallucination-prone individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188:830–36. [AA]Google Scholar
Almeida, O. P., Howard, R. J., Levy, R. & David, A. S. (1995) Psychotic states arising in late life (late paraphrenia). The role of risk factors. British Journal of Psychiatry 166:215–28. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Alpert, M. & Angrist, B. (2003) Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26:65–138. [ACM]Google Scholar
Amzica, F. & Steriade, M. (1996) Progressive cortical synchronization of pontogeniculo- occipital potentials during rapid eye movement sleep. Neuroscience 72:309–14. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Andersen, R. A. & Buneo, C. A. (2002) Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 25:189–220. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1999) A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler's “fragmented phrene” as schizencephaly. Archives of General Psychiatry 56:781–87. [GAL, DJLGS]Google Scholar
Angel, R. W. (1976) Efference copy in the control of movement. Neurology 26:1164–68. [REH]Google Scholar
Appel, J., West, W., Rolandi, W., Alici, T. & Pecheresky, K. (1999) Increasing the selectivity of hallucinogen drug discrimination procedures. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 64:353–58. [AJG]Google Scholar
Araneda, R. & Andrade, R. (1991) 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors mediate opposing responses on membrane excitability in the association cortex. Neuroscience 40:399–412. [CG]Google Scholar
Arnold, H. M., Burk, J. A., Hodgson, E. M., Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (2002) Differential cortical acetylcholine release in rats performing a sustained attention task versus behavioral control tasks that do not explicitly tax attention. Neuroscience 114:451–60. [MS]Google Scholar
Asaad, G. & Shapiro, B. (1986) Hallucinations: Theoretical and clinical overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 143:1088–97. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Aserinsky, E. & Kleitman, N. (1953) Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science 118:273–74. [CG]Google Scholar
Atienza, M. & Cantero, J. L. (2001) Complex sound processing during human REM sleep by recovering information from long-term memory as revealed by the mismatch negativity (MMN). Brain Research 901:151–60. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Bair, W., Zohary, E. & Newsome, W. T. (2001) Correlated firing in macaque visual area MT: Time scales and relationship to behavior. Journal of Neuroscience 21:1676–97. [KDH]Google Scholar
Baker, N. J., Staunton, M., Adler, L. E., Gerhardt, G. A., Drebing, C., Waldo, M., Nagamoto, H. & Freedman, R. (1990) Sensory gating deficits in psychiatric inpatients: Relation to catecholamine metabolites in different diagnostic groups. Biological Psychiatry 27:519–28. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Baldeweg, T., Spence, S., Hirsch, S. R. & Gruzelier, J. (1998) Gamma-band electroencephalographic oscillations in a patient with somatic hallucinations. Lancet 352:620–21. [aR-PB, REH]Google Scholar
Ballard, C., Holmes, C., McKeith, I., Neill, D., O’Brien, J., Cairns, N., Lantos, P., Perry, E., Ince, P. & Perry, R. (1999) Psychiatric morbidity in dementia with Lewy bodies: A prospective clinical and neuropathological comparative study with Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1039–45. [DC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C. G., O’Brien, J. T., Swann, A. G., Thompson, P., Neill, D. & McKeith, I. G. (2001) The natural history of psychosis and depression in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's disease: Persistence and new cases over 1 year of follow-up. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62:46–49. [DC]Google Scholar
Ballard, C. G., Saad, K., Patel, A., Gahir, M., Solis, M., Coope, B. & Wilcock, G. (1995) The prevalence and phenomenology of psychotic symptoms in dementia sufferers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10:477–85. [DC]Google Scholar
Ballard, D. H., Hayhoe, M. M., Pook, P. K. & Rao, R. P. (1997) Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:723–67. [WM]Google Scholar
Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W. III, Braver, T. S. & Cohen, J. D. (2003) Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4- week course, and relationships to clinical symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112:132–43. [SMS]Google Scholar
Barnes, J. & David, A. S. (2001) Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: A review and phenomenological survey. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 70:727–33. [DC]Google Scholar
Barr, A., Lehman-Masten, V., Paulus, M., Gainetdinov, R., Caron, M. & Geyer, M. (2004) The selective serotonin-2A receptor antagonist M100907 reverses behavioural deficits in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:221–28. [AJG]Google Scholar
Barrett, T. R. & Etheridge, J. B. (1992) Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: People who hear “voices.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 6:379–87. [JG]Google Scholar
Basar, E., Basar-Eroglu, C., Rahn, E. & Schurmann, M. (1991) Sensory and cognitive components of brain resonance responses. An analysis of responsiveness in human and cat brain upon visual and auditory stimulation. Acta Otolaryngologica Supplementum 491:25–34. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Basar, E., Rosen, B., Basar-Eroglu, C. & Greitschus, F. (1987) The associations between 40 Hz-EEG and the middle latency response of the auditory evoked potential. International Journal of Neuroscience 33:103–17. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Bathgate, D., Snowdon, J. S., Varma, A., Blackshaw, A. & Neary, D. (2001) Behaviour in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia 103:367–78. [DC]Google Scholar
Behrendt, R.-P. (1998) Underconstrained perception: A theoretical approach to the nature and function of verbal hallucinations. Comprehensive Psychiatry 39:236–48. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Behrendt, R.-P. (2003) Hallucinations: Synchronisation of thalamocortical gamma oscillations underconstrained by sensory input. Consciousness and Cognition 12:413–51. [AJG]Google Scholar
Benjamin, L. S. (1989) Is chronicity a function of the relationship between the person and the auditory hallucination? Schizophrenia Bulletin 15:291–310. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Bennett, M. R. & Hacker, P. M. S. (2003) Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. Blackwell. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Bentall, R. P. (1990) The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin 107:82–95. [AA, JG]Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T. & Sarter, M. (2003a) Bottom-up: Implications for neurobehavioral models of anxiety and autonomic regulation. In: Handbook of affective neuroscience, ed. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H., pp. 1105–16. Oxford University Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Sarter, M. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998) Anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity: The basal forebrain cholinergic link. Behavioural Brain Research 94:225–48. [MS]Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Sarter, M. & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003b) Ascending visceral regulation of cortical affective information processing. European Journal of Neuroscience 18:2103–109. [MS]Google Scholar
Berntson, G. G., Shafi, R., Knox, D. & Sarter, M. (2003c) Blockade of epinephrine priming of the cerebral auditory evoked response by cortical cholinergic deafferentation. Neuroscience 116:179–86. [MS]Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1990) Musical hallucinations: A historical and clinical study. British Journal of Psychiatry 156:188–94. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1991) Musical hallucinations: A statistical analysis of 46 cases. Psychopathology 24:356–60. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. & Dening, T. R. (1996) Pseudohallucinations: A conceptual history. Psychological Medicine 26:753–63. [JG]Google Scholar
Bick, P. A. & Kinsbourne, M. (1987) Auditory hallucinations and subvocal speech in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 144:222–25. [rR-PB, WM]Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Trower, P., Gilbert, P. & Plaistow, J. (2000) The power and omnipotence of voices: Subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine 30:337–44. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911/1950) Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias, trans. Zinkin, E.. International Universities Press. (Original work published in 1911.) [WM, SMS]Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1968) Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias, trans. Zinkin, E.. Reprint 2nd edition. International Universities Press. [EB]Google Scholar
Böcker, K. B., Hijman, R., Kahn, R. S., De Haan, E. H. (2000) Perception, mental imagery and reality discrimination in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 39(pt 4):397–406. [AA]Google Scholar
Bodner, M., Kroger, J. & Fuster, J. M. (1996) Auditory memory cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. NeuroReport 7:1905–908. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Boutros, N., Zouridakis, G., Rustin, T., Peabody, C. & Warner, D. (1993) The P50 component of the auditory evoked potential and subtypes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 47:243–54. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Bouyer, J. J., Montaron, M. F. & Rougeul, A. (1981) Fast fronto-parietal rhythms during combined focused attentive behaviour and immobility in cat: Cortical and thalamic localizations. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 51:244–52. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Bowers, M. B., Goodman, E. & Sim, V. M. (1964) Some behavioral changes in man following anticholinesterase administration. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 138:383–89. [MS]Google Scholar
Bracha, H. S., Wolkowicz, O. M., Lohr, J. B., Karson, C. N. & Bigilow, C. B. (1989) High prevalence of visual hallucinations in research subjects with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 146:526–28. [DC]Google Scholar
Braff, D. L. (1989) Sensory input deficits and negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 146:1006–11. [GAL]Google Scholar
Braff, D. L. (1999) Connecting the “dots” of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia: What does the picture look like? Archives of General Psychiatry 56:791–93. [GAL]Google Scholar
Braff, D. L., Stone, C., Callaway, E., Geyer, M., Glick, I. & Bali, L. (1978) Prestimulus effects on human startle reflex in normals and schizophrenics. Psychophysiology 15:339–43. [GAL]Google Scholar
Braun, A. R., Balkin, T. J. Wesensten, N. J. Gwardry, F., Carson, R. E., Varga, M., Baldwin, P., Belenky, G. & Herscovitch, P. (1998) Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during rapid eye movement sleep. Science 279:91–95. [CG]Google Scholar
Britten, K. H, Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. & Movshon, J. A. (1993) Responses of neurons in macaque MT to stochastic motion signals. Visual Neuroscience 10:1157–69. [KDH]Google Scholar
Brown, C. G. & Murphy, R. P. (1992) Visual symptoms associated with choroidal neovascularisation: Photopsias and the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology 110:1251–56. [DC]Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. & Wing, J. K. (1972) Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication. British Journal of Psychiatry 121:241–58. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Brown, P. & Marsden, C. D. (1998) What do the basal ganglia do? Lancet 351:1801–804. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Brunia, C. H. (1993) Waiting in readiness: Gating in attention and motor preparation. Psychophysiology 30:327–39. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Brust, J. C. & Behrens, M. M. (1977) “Release hallucinations” as the major symptom of posterior cerebral artery occlusion: A report of 2 cases. Annals of Neurology 2:432–36. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Buck, L. B. (2000) Smell and taste: The chemical senses. In: Principles of neural science, 4th edition, ed. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessell, T. M.. McGraw-Hill. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Buck, R. (1999) The biological affects: A typology. Psychological Review 106:301–36. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Butler, L. D., Duran, R. E. F., Jasiukaitis, P., Koopman, C. & Spiegel, D. (1996) Hypnotizability and traumatic experience: A diathesis-stress model of dissociative symptomatology. American Journal of Psychiatry 153:42–63. [JG]Google Scholar
Butler, P. D., DeSanti, L. A., Maddox, J., Harkavy-Friedman, J. M., Amador, X. F., Goetz, R. R., Javitt, D. C. & Gorman, J. M. (2002) Visual backward-masking deficits in schizophrenia: Relationship to visual pathway function and symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research 59:199–209. [ACM]Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G. (1996) The hippocampo-neocortical dialogue. Cerebral Cortex 6(2):81–92. [MAW]Google Scholar
Cambier, J., Decroix, J. P. & Masson, C. (1987) Auditory hallucinations in lesions of the brain stem. Revue Neurologique (Paris) 143:255–62 (in French). [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Carden, W. B. & Bickford, M. E. (1999) Location of muscarinic type 2 receptors within the synaptic circuitry of the cat visual thalamus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 410:431–43. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Carlsson, A., Waters, N., Waters, S. & Carlsson, M. L. (2000) Network interactions in schizophrenia-therapeutic implications. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 31:342–49. [PAG]Google Scholar
Carter, C. S., Robertson, L. C., Nordahl, T. E., Chaderjian, M. & Oshora-Celaya, L. (1996) Perceptual and attentional asymmetries in schizophrenia: Further evidence for a left hemisphere deficit. Psychiatry Research 62:111–19. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Cascino, G. D. & Adams, R. D. (1986) Brainstem auditory hallucinosis. Neurology 36:1042–47. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Catania, K. (1999) A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: The unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole. Journal of Comparative Physiology 185:367–72. [WM]Google Scholar
Chadwick, P., Birchwood, M. J. & Trower, P. (1996) Cognitive therapy for delusions, voices, and paranoia. Wiley. [SMS]Google Scholar
Chapman, F. M., Dickinson, J., McKeith, I. & Ballard, C. (1999) Association among visual hallucinations, visual acuity, and specific eye pathologies in Alzheimer's disease: Treatment implications. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1983–85. [aR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Chapman, J. (1966) The early symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:225–51. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Chen, C.-H., Ninomiya, H. & Onitsuka, T. (1997) Influence of reference electrodes, stimulation characteristics and task paradigms on auditory P50. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 51:139–43. [ACM]Google Scholar
Chiba, A. A., Bucci, D. J., Holland, P. C. & Gallagher, M. (1995) Basal forebrain cholinergic lesions disrupt increments but not decrements in conditioned stimulus processing. Journal of Neuroscience 15:7315–22. [MS]Google Scholar
Clementz, B. A., Blumenfeld, L. D. & Cobb, S. (1997) The gamma band response may account for poor P50 suppression in schizophrenia. NeuroReport 8:3889–93. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Clementz, B. A., Geyer, M. A. & Braff, D. L. (1998) Poor P50 suppression among schizophrenia patients and their first-degree biological relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry 155(12):1691–94. [aR-PB, ACM]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992) Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review 99:45–77. [SMS]Google Scholar
Collerton, D., Perry, E. K. & McKeith, I. (in press) Why people see things that are not there: A novel perception and attention deficit model for recurrent complex visual hallucinations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [DC]Google Scholar
Colpaert, F. (2003) Discovering risperidone: The LSD model of psychopathology. Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery 2:315–20. [AJG]Google Scholar
Conrad, K. (1966) Die beginnende Schizophrenie. Versuch einer Gestaltanalyse des Wahnsinns. (Incipient schizophrenia: An attempt at a gestaltic analysis of insanity.) Thieme. [PAG]Google Scholar
Constantinidis, C., Franowicz, M. N. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2001) Coding specificity in cortical microcircuits: A multiple-electrode analysis of primate prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 21:3646–55. [KDH]Google Scholar
Cooklin, R., Sturgeon, D. & Leff, J. (1983) The relationship between auditory hallucinations and spontaneous fluctuations of skin conductance in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 142:47–52. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Cooper, A. F., Curry, A. R., Kay, D. W., Garside, R. F. & Roth, M. (1974) Hearing loss in paranoid and affective psychoses of the elderly. Lancet 2(7885):851–54. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Cooper, A. F., Garside, R. F. & Kay, D. W. (1976) A comparison of deaf and nondeaf patients with paranoid and affective psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 129:532–38. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Cooper, A. F. & Porter, R. (1976) Visual acuity and ocular pathology in the paranoid and affective psychoses of later life. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 20:107–14. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Cormack, F. K., Tovee, M. & Ballard, C. (2000) Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 15:614–20. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Costello, C. G., ed. (1993) Symptoms of schizophrenia. Wiley. [PAG]Google Scholar
Court, J., Spurden, D., Lloyd, S., McKeith, I., Ballard, C., Cairns, N., Kerwin, R., Perry, R. & Perry, E. (1999) Neuronal nicotinic receptors in dementia with Lewy bodies and schizophrenia: Alpha-bungarotoxin and nicotine binding in the thalamus. Journal of Neurochemistry 73:1590–97. [aR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Cramer, A. (1889) Halluzinationen im Muskelsinn. Mohr. [WM]Google Scholar
Crawford, H. J., Brown, A. M. & Moon, C. E. (1993a) Sustained attentional and disattentional abilities: Differences between low and highly hypnotizable persons. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102:534–43. [JG]Google Scholar
Crawford, H. J., Gur, R. C., Skolnick, B., Gur, R. E. & Benson, D. M. (1993b) Effects of hypnosis on regional cerebral blood flow during ischemic pain with and without suggested hypnotic analgesia. International Journal of Psychophysiology 15:181–95. [JG]Google Scholar
Crick, F. H. C. & Koch, C. (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:263–75. [IJK]Google Scholar
Crook, J. M., Tomaskovic-Crook, E., Copolov, D. L. & Dean, B. (2000) Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in subjects with schizophrenia: A study of the human hippocampal formation. Biological Psychiatry 48:381–88. [MS]Google Scholar
Crook, J. M., Tomaskovic-Crook, E., Copolov, D. L. & Dean, B. (2001) Low muscarinic receptor binding in prefrontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia: A study of Brodmann's areas 8, 9, 10, and 46 and the effects of neuroleptic drug treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:918–25. [MS]Google Scholar
Csicsvari, J., Hirase, H., Czurko, A. & Buzsaki, G. (1998) Reliability and state dependence of pyramidal cell–interneuron synapses in the hippocampus: An ensemble approach in the behaving rat. Neuron 21:179–89. [KDH]Google Scholar
Cummings, J. L., Miller, B., Hill, M. A. & Neshkes, R. (1987) Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Archives of Neurology 44:389–93. [DC]Google Scholar
Curio, G., Neuloh, G., Numminen, J., Jousmaki, V. & Hari, R (2000) Speaking modifies voice-evoked activity in the human auditory cortex. Human Brain Mapping 9:183–91. [REH]Google Scholar
Curró Dossi, R., Paré, D. & Steriade, M. (1991) Short-lasting nicotinic and longlasting muscarinic depolarizing responses of thalamocortical neurons to stimulation of mesopontine cholinergic nuclei. Journal of Neurophysiology 65(3):393–406. [aR-PB, MSt]Google Scholar
Cutting, J. (1997) Principles of psychopathology: Two worlds, two minds, two hemispheres. Oxford University Press. [rR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1994) Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. Putnam Press. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1999) The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. Harcourt Brace. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Danos, P., Baumann, B., Kramer, A., Bernstein, H. G., Stauch, R., Krell, D., Falkai, P. & Bogerts, B. (2003) Volumes of association thalamic nuclei in schizophrenia: A postmortem study. Schizophrenia Research 60:141–55. [IJK]Google Scholar
Daprati, E., Franck, N., Georgieff, N., Proust, J., Pacherie, E., Dalery, J. & Jeannerod, M. (1997) Looking for the agent: An investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients. Cognition 65:71–86. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
David, A., Malmberg, A., Lewis, G., Brandt, L. & Allbeck, P. (1995) Are there neurological and sensory risk factors for schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research 14:247–51. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
David, A. S. (1994) The neuropsychological origin of auditory hallucinations. In: Neuropsychology of schizophrenia, ed. David, A. S. & Cutting, J.. Erlbaum. [arR-PB]Google Scholar
David, A. S., Woodruff, P. W., Howard, R., Mellers, J. D., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E., Wright, I., Andrew, C. & Williams, S. C. (1996) Auditory hallucinations inhibit exogenous activation of auditory association cortex. NeuroReport 7:932–36. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Davis, K. L., Kahn, R. S., Ko, G. & Davidson, M. (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization. American Journal of Psychiatry 148:1474–86. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. E., Nuechterlein, K. H. & Schell, A. M. (1992) Electrodermal anomalies in recent-onset schizophrenia: Relationships to symptoms and prognosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 18:295–311. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. E., Nuechterlein, K. H., Schell, A. M., Gitlin, M. & Ventura, J. (1994) Autonomic abnormalities in schizophrenia. State or trait indicators? Archives of General Psychiatry 51:813–24. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
de Morsier, G. (1936) Les automatismes visuels. (Hallucinations visuelles rétrochiasmiatiques). Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 66:700–703. [WM]Google Scholar
DeCharms, R. C. & Merzenich, M. M. (1996) Primary cortical representation of sounds by the coordination of action-potential timing. Nature 381:610–13. [KDH]Google Scholar
del Mar Saez de Ocariz, M., Nader, J. A., Santos, J. A. & Bautista, M. (1996) Thalamic vascular lesions: Risk factors and clinical course for infarcts and hemorrhages. Stroke 27:1530–36. [DC]Google Scholar
Del Vecchio, S. & Gargiulo, P A. (1992) Visual and motor function in schizophrenic patients. Acta Psiquiátrica y Psicológica de América Latina 38:317–22. [PAG]Google Scholar
Delespaul, P. A., deVries, M. & van Os, J. (2002) Determinants of occurrence and recovery from hallucinations in daily life. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37(3):97–104. [IM-G]Google Scholar
Deller, T. & Sarter, M. (1998) Effects of repeated administration of amphetamine on behavioral vigilance: Evidence for “ensitized” attentional impairments. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 137:410–14. [MS]Google Scholar
Dement, W. & Kleitman, N. (1957) The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. Journal of Experimental Psychology 53:339–46. [CG]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown. [WAP]Google Scholar
Destexhe, A. (2000) Modelling corticothalamic feedback and the gating of the thalamus by the cerebral cortex. Journal of Physiology (Paris) 94:391–410. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Destexhe, A., Contreras, D. & Steriade, M. (1999) Cortically-induced coherence of a thalamic-generated oscillation. Neuroscience 92:427–43. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Destun, L. M. & Kuiper, N. A. (1999) Phenomenal characteristics associated with real and imagined events: The effects of event valence and absorption. Applied Cognitive Psychology 13:175–86. [JG]Google Scholar
Diederich, N. J., Goetz, C. G., Raman, R., Pappert, E. J., Leurgans, S. & Piery, V. (1998) Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology 21:289–95. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Diederich, N. J., Pieri, V. & Goetz, C. G. (2003) Coping strategies for visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 18:831–32. [DC]Google Scholar
Disney, A. A. & Aoki, C. (2003) Nicotinic, but not muscarinic, acetylcholine receptors are expressed by thalamic afferents and their terminals in layer IVC of macaque V1. Paper presented at the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans. [AAD]Google Scholar
Dolu, N., Sueer, C. & Oezesmi, C. (2001) A comparison of the different interpair intervals in the conditioning – testing P50 paradigms. International Journal of Psychophysiology 41(3):265–70. [ACM]Google Scholar
Donoghue, J. P. & Carroll, K. L. (1987) Cholinergic modulation of sensory responses in rat primary somatic sensory cortex. Brain Research 408:367–71. [MS]Google Scholar
Douen, A. G. & Bourque, P. R. (1997) Musical auditory hallucinosis from Listeria rhombencephalitis. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 24:70–72. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Dunn, D. W., Weisberg, L. A. & Nadell, J. (1983) Peduncular hallucinations caused by brainstem compression. Neurology 33(10):1360–61. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Dykes, R. W. (1997) Mechanisms controlling neuronal plasticity in somatosensory cortex. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 75:535–45. [MS]Google Scholar
Edeline, J. M. (2003) The thalamo-cortical auditory receptive fields: Regulation by the states of vigilance, learning and the neuromodulatory systems. Experimental Brain Research 153:554–72. [MS]Google Scholar
Elsner, B. & Hommel, B. (2001) Effect anticipation and action control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27:229–40. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Epstein, J., Stern, E. & Silbersweig, D. (1999) Mesolimbic activity associated with psychosis in schizophrenia. Symptom-specific PET studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 877:562–74. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Evans, C. L., McGuire, P. K. & David, A. S. (2000) Is auditory imagery defective in patients with auditory hallucinations? Psychological Medicine 30:137–48. [AA, rR-PB]Google Scholar
Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. (1997) Central cholinergic systems and cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 48:649–84. [MS]Google Scholar
Feinberg, I. (1978) Efference copy and corollary discharge: Implications for thinking and its disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 4:636–40. [REH]Google Scholar
Felleman, D. J. & Van Essen, D. C. (1991) Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex 1:1–47. [WM]Google Scholar
ffytche, D. H. & Howard, R. J. (1999) The perceptual consequences of visual loss: “Positive” pathologies of vision. Brain 122:1247–60. [WM]Google Scholar
Ford, J. M., Gray, M., Whitfield, S. L., Turken, A. U., Glover, G., Faustman, W. O. & Mathalon, D. H. (2004) Acquiring and inhibiting prepotent responses in schizophrenia: Event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 61(2):119–29. [GAL]Google Scholar
Ford, J. M. & Mathalon, D. H. (2004) Electrophysiological evidence of corollary discharge dysfunction during talking and thinking. Journal of Psychiatric Research 38:37–46. [REH]Google Scholar
Foss, J. E. (2000) Science and the riddle of consciousness: A solution. Kluwer. [JF]Google Scholar
Francesconi, W., Muller, C. M. & Singer, W. (1988) Cholinergic mechanisms in the reticular control of transmission in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Journal of Neurophysiology 59:1690–718. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Franks, R. D., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C., Alpert, J. & Freedman, R. (1983) Neurophysiological studies of sensory gating in mania: Comparison with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 18:989–1005. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Freedman, R., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C., Pachtman, E. & Franks, R. D. (1983) Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in inhibitory pathways in schizophrenia: Comparison of medicated and drug-free patients. Biological Psychiatry 18:537–51. [aR-PB, ACM]Google Scholar
Freedman, R., Coon, H., Myles-Worsley, M., Orr-Urtreger, A., Olincy, A., Davis, A., Polymeropoulos, M., Holik, J., Hopkins, J., Hoff, M., Rosenthal, J., Waldo, M. C., Reimherr, F., Wender, P., Yaw, J., Young, D. A., Breese, C. R., Adams, C., Patterson, D., Adler, L. E., Kruglyak, L., Leonard, S. & Byerley, W. (1997) Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94:587–92. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. (1987) The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action. Psychological Medicine 17:631–48. [REH]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. & Dolan, R. (1996) The role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions. Cognitive Brain Research 5:175–81. [MS]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. & Dolan, R. (1997) Brain mechanisms associated with top-down processes in perception. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B: Biological Sciences 352:1221–30. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. & Done, D. J. (1989) Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action. Psychological Medicine 19:359–63. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Fujii, D. E. & Ahmed, I. (1996) Psychosis secondary to traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 9:133–38. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1991) The prefrontal cortex and its relation to behavior. Progress in Brain Research 87:201–11. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Gabbard, G. O. (1990) Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice. American Psychiatric Press. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Gallagher, S. (2000) Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:14–21. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Gallassi, R., Morreale, A., Montagna, P., Cortelli, P., Avoni, P., Castellani, R., Gambetti, R. & Lugaresi, E. (1996) Fatal familial insomnia: Behavioural and cognitive features. Neurology 46:935–39. [DC]Google Scholar
Galton, F. (1883) Inquiries into human faculty and its development. McMillan. [AA]Google Scholar
Gandolfo, G., Arnaud, C. & Gottesmann, C. (1980) Transmission in the ventrobasal complex of rat during the sleep-waking cycle. Brain Research Bulletin. 5:921–27. [CG]Google Scholar
Garcia-Rill, E., Biedermann, J. A., Chambers, T., Skinner, R. D., Mrak, R. E., Husain, M. & Karson, C. N. (1995) Mesopontine neurons in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 66:321–35. [aR-PB, MSt]Google Scholar
Gargiulo, P. A. (2003) Experimental approaches to perceptual dysfunction in schizophrenia. Revista de Neurología (Spain) 6:545–51. [PAG]Google Scholar
Gargiulo, P. A. & Del Vecchio, S. (1997) Gestaltic visual motor function in schizophrenic patients. Göttingen Neurobiology Report 1997. In: Proceedings of the 25th Göttingen Neurobiology Conference 1997, vol. II, ed. Elsner, N. & Wässle, H.. Thieme. [PAG]Google Scholar
Gargiulo, P. A., Martinez, G., Ropero, C., Funes, A. & Landa, A. I. (1999) NMDA glutamatergic blockade of nucleus accumbens disrupts acquisition but not consolidation in a passive avoidance task. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 877:717–22. [PAG]Google Scholar
Gargiulo, P. A., Siemann, M. & Delius, J. D. (1998) Visual discrimination in pigeons impaired by glutamatergic blockade of nucleus accumbens. Physiology and Behavior 63:705–709. [PAG]Google Scholar
Gerber, D. J., Sotnikova, T. D., Gainetdinov, R. R., Huang, S. Y., Caron, M. G. & Tonegawa, S. (2001) Hyperactivity, elevated dopaminergic transmission, and response to amphetamine in M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-deficient mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98:15312–17. [MS]Google Scholar
German, D. C., Manaye, K. F., Wu, D., Hersh, L. B. & Zweig, R. M. (1999) Mesopontine cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 94:33–38. [DC, MSt]Google Scholar
Gershon, S. & Shaw, F. H. (1961) Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorus insecticides. Lancet 1:1371–74. [MS]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin. [WM]Google Scholar
Gil, Z., Connors, B. W. & Amitai, Y. (1997) Differential regulation of neocortical synapses by neuromodulators and activity. Neuron 19(3):679–86. [AAD]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J. (1987) Hypnotic behavior revisited: A trait-context interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:774–75. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J. (1991) The induction of an altered state of consciousness as a function of sensory environment and experience seeking. Personality and Individual Differences 12:1057–66. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J. (1993) Altered sensory environments, altered states of consciousness and altered-state cognition. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 14:1–12. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J. (1998) States of consciousness and symbolic cognition. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 19:105–18. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J. & Barrett, T. R. (2003) Absorption and hallucinatory experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology 17:833–49. [JG]Google Scholar
Glicksohn, J., Steinbach, I. & Elimalach-Malmilyan, S. (1999) Cognitive dedifferentiation in eidetics and synaesthesia: Hunting for the ghost once more. Perception 28:109–20. [JG]Google Scholar
Globus, G. (1987) Dream life, wake life. State University of New York Press. [EB]Google Scholar
Globus, G. (2003) Quantum closures and disclosures. John Benjamins. [EB]Google Scholar
Globus, G. & Bezzubova, E. (2001) Postmodern implications of quantum brain dynamics, In: Dimensions of conscious experience, ed. Pylkkanen, P.. John Benjamins. [EB]Google Scholar
Gold, K. & Rabins, P. V. (1989) Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet Syndrome: A review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Comprehensive Psychiatry 30:90–98. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Gonon, F. G. (1988) Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow and dopamine released by rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons as studied by in vivo electrochemistry. Neuroscience 24:19–28. [CG]Google Scholar
Gordon, A. G. (1987) Letter to the editor. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 75:664–68. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Gordon, A. G. (1995) Schizophrenia and the ear. Schizophrenia Research 17:289–90. [aRPB]Google Scholar
Gordon, A. G. (1996) Ear disease and schizophrenia – brain not needed? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93:409–10. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (1999) Neurophysiological support of consciousness during waking and sleep. Progress in Neurobiology 59:469–508. [CG]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2000) Hypothesis for the neurophysiology of dreaming. Sleep Research Online 3:1–4. [CG]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2002) The neurochemistry of waking and sleeping mental activity. The disinhibition-dopamine hypothesis. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 56:345–54. [CG]Google Scholar
Gottesmann, C. (2004) Brain inhibitory mechanisms involved in basic and higher integrated sleep processes. Brain Research Reviews 45:230–49. [CG]Google Scholar
Gould, L. N. (1948) Verbal hallucinations and activity of vocal musculature: An electromyographic study. American Journal of Psychiatry 105:367–72. [WM]Google Scholar
Gould, L. N. (1949) Auditory hallucinations and subvocal speech: Objective study in a case of schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 109:418–27. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Grace, A. A. (2000) Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Research Reviews 31:330–41. [CG, PAG]Google Scholar
Gray, C. M., Engel, A. K., Konig, P. & Singer, W. (1992) Synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in cat striate cortex: Temporal properties. Visual Neuroscience 8(4):337–47. [MAW]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R. & Smith, A. D. (1991) The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:1–84. [SMS]Google Scholar
Green, M. F. (1996) What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry 153:321–30. [GAL]Google Scholar
Green, M. F. (1998) Schizophrenia from a neurocognitive perspective: Probing the impenetrable darkness. Allyn and Bacon. [GAL]Google Scholar
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L. & Mintz, J (2000) Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophrenia Bulletin 26:119–36. [GAL]Google Scholar
Green, M. F., Mintz, J., Salveson, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., Breitmeyer, B., Light, G. A. & Braff, D. L. (2003) Visual masking as a probe for abnormal gamma range activity in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 53(12):1113–19. [GAL]Google Scholar
Green, M. F. & Nuechterlein, K. H. (1999) Cortical oscillations and schizophrenia: Timing is of the essence. Archives of General Psychiatry 56:1007–1008. [GAL]Google Scholar
Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H. & Breitmeyer, B. (1997) Backward masking performance in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients. Evidence for a vulnerability indicator. Archives of General Psychiatry 54:465–72. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H., Breitmeyer, B. & Mintz, J. (1999) Backward masking in unmedicated schizophrenic patients in psychotic remission: Possible reflection of aberrant cortical oscillation. American Journal of Psychiatry 156:1367–73. [arR-PB, PAG]Google Scholar
Gresch, P., Strickland, L. & Sanders-Bush, E. (2002) Lysergic acid diethylamideinduced Fos expression in rat brain: Role of serotonin-2A receptors. Neuroscience 114:707–13. [AJG]Google Scholar
Grezes, J. & Decety, J. (2001) Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: A meta analysis. Human Brain Mapping 12:1–19. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Griffith, J. M., O’Neill, J. E., Petty, F., Garver, D., Young, D. & Freedman, R. (1998) Nicotinic receptor desensitization and sensory gating deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 44:98–106. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Griffith, J. M., Waldo, M., Adler, L. E. & Freedman, R. (1993) Normalization of auditory sensory gating in schizophrenic patients after a brief period for sleep. Psychiatry Research 49:29–39. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (2000) The imbalanced brain: From normal behavior to schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 48:81–98. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Gruzelier, J. (1999) Implications of early sensory processing and subcortical involvement for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Schizophrenia in a molecular age, ed. Tamminga, C. A.. American Psychiatric Press. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Gruzelier, J. H. (1999) Functional neuropsychophysiological asymmetry. Schizophrenia Bulletin 25:91–119. [IJK]Google Scholar
Guillery, R. W., Feig, S. L. & Lozsadi, D. A. (1998) Paying attention to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Trends in the Neurosciences 21:28–32. [DC]Google Scholar
Guterman, Y. & Josiassen, R. C. (1994) Sensory gating deviance in schizophrenia in the context of task related effects. International Journal of Psychophysiology 18:1–12. [ACM]Google Scholar
Habib, M. (2000) The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: An overview and working hypothesis. Brain 123:2373–99. [IJK]Google Scholar
Haddock, G., Slade, P. D. & Bentall, R. P. (1995) Auditory hallucinations and the verbal transformation effect: The role of suggestions. Personality and Individual Differences 19:301–306. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Haenschel, C., Baldeweg, T., Croft, R. J., Whittington, M. & Gruzelier, J. (2000) Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli: A comparison of human electroencephalogram (EEG) data with in vitro models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:7645–50. [GAL]Google Scholar
Hamilton, M., ed. (1974) Fish's clinical psychopathology. John Wright. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Hammeke, T. A., McQuillen, M. P. & Cohen, B. A. (1983) Musical hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 46:570–72. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Harris, K. D., Csicsvari, J., Hirase, H., Dragoi, G. & Buzsaki, G. (2003) Organization of cell assemblies in the hippocampus. Nature 424:552–56. [KDH]Google Scholar
Hars, B., Maho, C., Edeline, J. M. & Hennevin, E. (1993) Basal forebrain stimulation facilitates tone-evoked responses in the auditory cortex of awake rat. Neuroscience 56:61–74. [MS]Google Scholar
Harvey, P. D. (2000) Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: Characteristics and cognitive underpinnings. In: Cognition in schizophrenia, ed. Sharma, T. & Harvey, P. D.. Oxford University Press. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Hasselmo, M. E. & Bower, J. M. (1992) Cholinergic suppression specific to intrinsic not afferent fiber synapses in rat piriform (olfactory) cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 67(5):1222–29. [AAD, MS]Google Scholar
Hasselmo, M. E. & McGaughy, J. (2004) High acetylcholine levels set circuit dynamics for attention and encoding and low acetylcholine levels set dynamics for consolidation. Progress in Brain Research 145:201–31. [MS]Google Scholar
Hautus, M., Setchell, G. J., Waldie, K. E. & Kirk, I. J. (2003) Age-related amelioration of auditory temporal resolution deficits in dyslexic children. Dyslexia 9:37–45. [IJK]Google Scholar
Hayashida, Y., Mitani, Y., Hosomi, H., Amemiya, M., Mifune, K. & Tomita, S. (1986) Auditory brain stem responses in relation to the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 21:177–88. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley. [KDH]Google Scholar
Heckers, S., Geula, C. & Mesulam, M. M. (1992) Cholinergic innervation of the human thalamus: Dual origin and differential nuclear distribution. Journal of Comparative Neurology 325:68–82. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Heinrichs, R. W. (2001) In search of madness: Schizophrenia and neuroscience. Oxford University Press. [SMS]Google Scholar
Henderson, J. M. & Hollingworth, A. (2003) Eye movements, visual memory, and scene representation. In: Perception of faces, objects and scenes: Analytic and holistic processes, ed. Peterson, M. A. & Rhodes, G.. Oxford University Press. [DC]Google Scholar
Herculano-Houzel, S., Munk, M. H., Neuenschwander, S. & Singer, W. (1999) Precisely synchronized oscillatory firing patterns require electroencephalographic activation. Journal of Neuroscience 19:3992–4010. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Hirayasu, Y., Potts, G. F., O’Donnell, B. F., Kwon, J. S., Arakaki, H., Akdag, S. J., Levitt, J. J., Shenton, M. E. & McCarley, R. W. (1998) Auditory mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: Topographic evaluation with a high-density recording montage. American Journal of Psychiatry 155:1281–84. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W. & Wyzinski, P. W. (1975) Sleep cycle oscillation: Reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science 189:55–58. [CG]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2002) The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: Neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3:679–93. [MSt]Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F. & Stickgold, R. (2000) Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:793–842. [MSt]Google Scholar
Hoffman, R. E., Boutros, N. N., Hu, S., Berman, R. M., Krystal, J. H. & Charney, D. S. (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Lancet 355:1073–75. [REH]Google Scholar
Hoffman, R. E., Hawkins, K. A., Gueorguieva, R., Boutros, N. N., Rachid, F., Carroll, K. & Krystal, J. H. (2003) Transcranial magnetic stimulation of left temporoparietal cortex and medication-resistant auditory hallucinations. Archives of General Psychiatry 60:49–56. [REH]Google Scholar
Hoffman, R. E., Rapaport, J., Mazure, C. & Quinlan, D. (1999) Schizophrenic patients reporting hallucinated “voices” demonstrate selective speech perception alterations. American Journal of Psychiatry 56:393–99. [REH]Google Scholar
Holden, C. (2003a) Deconstructing schizophrenia. Science 299:333–35. [PAG]Google Scholar
Holden, C. (2003b) Excited by glutamate. Science 300:1866–68. [PAG]Google Scholar
Holley, L. A., Turchi, J., Apple, C. & Sarter, M. (1995) Dissociation between the attentional effects of infusions of a benzodiazepine receptor agonist and an inverse agonist into the basal forebrain. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 120:99–108. [MS]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Currie, L. & Wooten, G. F. (2001) Prospective study of hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 70:734–38. [aR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Rabins, P. V., Finkelstein, D., Nicholson, M. C., Chase, G. A. & Wisniewski, S. C. (1992) Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. American Journal of Psychiatry 149:1701–706. [aR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S. & Sheldon-Keller, A. (1995) A study of visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 3:198–205. [DC]Google Scholar
Holroyd, S., Shepherd, M. L. & Downs, J. H. IIIrd. (2000) Occipital atrophy is associated with visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 12:25–28. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Hotchkiss, A. P. & Harvey, P. D. (1990) Effect of distraction on communication failures in schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 147:513–15. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Houde, J. F., Nagarajan, S. S., Sekihara, K. & Merzenich, M. M. (2002) Modulation of the auditory cortex during speech: An MEG study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:1125–38. [REH]Google Scholar
Howard, R., Almeida, O. & Levy, R. (1994) Phenomenology, demography and diagnosis in late paraphrenia. Psychological Medicine 24:397–410. [aR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Hsieh, C. Y., Cruikshank, S. J. & Metherate, R. (2000) Differential modulation of auditory thalamocortical and intracortical synaptic transmission by cholinergic agonist. Brain Research 880(1–2):51–64. [AAD, MS]Google Scholar
Hu, B., Steriade, M. & Deschênes, M. (1989) The effects of peribrachial stimulation on reticular thalamic neurons: The blockage of spindle waves. Neuroscience 31:1–12. [MSt]Google Scholar
Hubl, D., Koenig, T., Strik, W. & Dierks, T. (2004) Differential structural alterations of white matter tracts in schizophrenic hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research 67:104. [AA]Google Scholar
Hyde, T. M. & Crook, J. M. (2001) Cholinergic systems and schizophrenia: Primary pathology or epiphenomena? Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 22:53–63. [MS]Google Scholar
Igata, M., Ohta, M., Hayashida, Y. & Abe, K. (1994) Missing peaks in auditory brainstem responses and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 48:571–78. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Ishii, R., Shinosaki, K., Ikejiri, Y., Ukai, S., Yamashita, K., Iwase, M., Mizuno- Matsumoto, Y., Inouye, T., Yoshimine, T., Hirabuki, N., Robinson, S. E. & Takeda, M. (2000) Theta rhythm increases in left superior temporal cortex during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: A case report. NeuroReport 11:3283–87. [IJK]Google Scholar
Itil, T. M., Marasa, J., Saletu, B., Davis, S. & Mucciardi, A. N. (1975) Computerized EEG: Predictor of outcome in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 160:118–203. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Jacobs, L., Karpik, A., Bozian, D. & Gothgen, S. (1981) Auditory-visual synesthesia: Sound-induced photisms. Archives of Neurology 38:211–16. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Dover. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1916/1963) General psychopathology, trans. Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W.. University of Chicago Press. [SMS]Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1946/1963) General psychopathology, 7th edition. Manchester University Press. (English edition, 1963). [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1962) General psychopathology, trans. Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W., 6th edition. Manchester University Press. [EB]Google Scholar
Javitt, D. C. (2000) Intracortical mechanisms of mismatch negativity dysfunction in schizophrenia. Audiology & Neuro-Otology 5:207–15. [GAL]Google Scholar
Javitt, D. C., Doneshka, P., Zylberman, I., Ritter, W. & Vaughan, H. G. Jr. (1993) Impairment of early cortical processing in schizophrenia: An event-related potential confirmation study. Biological Psychiatry 33:513–19. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Javitt, D. C., Shelley, A. & Ritter, W. (2000) Associated deficits in mismatch negativity generation and tone matching in schizophrenia. Clinical Neurophysiology 111:1733–37. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Javoy-Agid, F. (1994) Cholinergic and peptidergic systems in PSP. Journal of Neural Transmission 42:205–18. [DC]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (2001) Neural simulation of action: A unifying mechanism for motor cognition. NeuroImage 14:S103–S109. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (2003) The mechanism of self-recognition in humans. Behavior and Brain Research 142:1–15. [REH]Google Scholar
Jin, Y., Bunney, W. E. Jr., Sandman, C. A., Patterson, J. V., Fleming, K., Moenter, J. R., Kalali, A. H., Hetrick, W. P. & Potkin, S. G. (1998) Is P50 suppression a measure of sensory gating in schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry 43:873–78. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Jin, Y., Potkin, S. G., Patterson, J. V., Sandman, C. A., Hetrick, W. P. & Bunney, W. E. Jr. (1997) Effects of P50 temporal variability on sensory gating in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 70:71–81. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Johns, L. C., Nazroo, J. Y., Bebbington, P. & Kuipers, E. (2002) Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. British Journal of Psychiatry 180:174–78. [JG]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K. (1997) Source monitoring and memory distortion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 352:1733–45. [MS]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K. & Raye, C. L. (1981) Reality monitoring. Psychological Review 88:67–85. [AA]Google Scholar
Joliot, M., Ribary, U. & Llinas, R. (1994) Human oscillatory brain activity near 40 Hz coexists with cognitive temporal binding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91:11748–51. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Jones, H., Travis, M., Mulligan, R., Bressan, R., Visvikis, D., Gacinovic, S., Ell, P. & Pilowsky, L. (2001) In vivo 5-HT2A receptor blockade by quetiapine. An R 91150 single photon emission tomography study. Psychopharmacology 157:60–66. [AJG]Google Scholar
Jones, P. B., Murray, R. M. & Rodgers, B. (1995) Childhood risk factors for adult schizophrenia in a general population birth cohort at age 43 years. In: Neural development and schizophrenia, ed. Mednick, S. A. & Hollister, J. M.. Plenum. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. & Delorme, J. F. (1965) Locus coeruleus et sommeil paradoxal. Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie de Paris 159:895–99. [MSt]Google Scholar
Kaiser, J. & Lutzenberger, W. (2003) Induced gamma-band activity and human brain function. Neuroscientist 9(6):475–84. [MAW]Google Scholar
Kaprinis, G. S., Fountoulakis, K. N. & Kaprinis, S. G. (2002) Arguments against the cognitive dysmetria hypothesis of schizophrenia. Perceptual Motor Skills 94:975–84. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Karakas, S., Basar-Eroglu, C., Özesmi, C., Kafadar, H. & Erzengin, O. U. (2001) Gamma response of the brain: A multifunctional oscillation that represents bottom-up with top-down processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology 39:137–50. [MAW]Google Scholar
Karakas, S., Erzengin, O. U. & Basar, E. (2000) The genesis of human eventrelated responses explained through the theory of oscillatory neural assemblies. Neuroscience Letters 285:45–48. [GAL]Google Scholar
Karson, C. N., Casanova, M. F., Kleinman, J. E. & Griffin, W. S. (1993) Choline acetyltransferase in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 150:454–59. [DC]Google Scholar
Kay, D. W., Cooper, A. F., Garside, R. F. & Roth, M. (1976) The differentiation of paranoid from affective psychoses by patients’ premorbid characteristics. British Journal of Psychiatry 129:207–15. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Kay, J., Floreano, D. & Phillips, W. A. (1998) Contextually guided unsupervised learning using local multivariate binary processors. Neural Networks 11:117–40. [WAP]Google Scholar
Kayama, Y., Shimada, S., Hishikawa, Y. & Ogawa, T. (1989) Effects of stimulating the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat on neuronal activity in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Research 489:1–11. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Kemp, J. A., Roberts, H. C. & Sillito, A. M. (1982) Further studies on the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Brain Research 246:334–37. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. & Hays, P. (1982) Schizophrenia with premorbid inferiority feelings: A distinct subgroup? Archives of General Psychiatry 39:643–47. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Kenet, T., Bibitchkov, D., Tsodyks, M., Grinvald, A. & Arieli, A. (2003) Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes. Nature 425(6961):954–56. [AAD, WM]Google Scholar
Khan, Z. U., Gutierrez, A., Martin, R., Penafiel, A., Rivera, A. & De La Calle, A. (1998) Differential regional and cellular distribution of dopamine D2-like receptors: An immunocytochemical study of subtype-specific antibodies in rat and human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 402:353–71. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Kimura, F., Fukuda, M. & Tsumoto, T. (1999) Acetylcholine suppresses the spread of excitation in the visual cortex revealed by optical recording: possible differential effect depending on the source of input. European Journal of Neuroscience 11(10):3597–609. [AAD]Google Scholar
Kingdon, D. G. & Turkington, D. (1994) Cognitive-behavioral therapy of schizophrenia. Guilford Press. [SMS]Google Scholar
Kirk, I. J. & MacKay, J. C. (2003) The role of theta-range oscillations in synchronising and integrating activity in distributed mnemonic networks. Cortex 39:993–1008. [IJK]Google Scholar
Kish, S. J., Chang, L. J., Mirchandani, L., Shannak, K. & Hornykiewicz, O. (1985) Progressive supranuclear palsy: Relationship between extrapyramidal disturbances, dementia, and brain neurotransmitter markers. Annals of Neurology 18:530–36. [DC]Google Scholar
Kisley, M. A., Olincy, A., Robbins, E., Polk, S. D., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C. & Freedman, R. (2003) Sensory gating impairment associated with schizophrenia persists into REM sleep. Psychophysiology 40:29–38. [CG]Google Scholar
Kitsikis, A. & Steriade, M. (1981) Immediate behavioral effects of kainic acid injections into the midbrain reticular core. Behavioural Brain Research 3:361–80. [MS]Google Scholar
Klosterkotter, J. (1992) The meaning of basic symptoms for the genesis of the schizophrenic nuclear syndrome. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 46:609–30. [SMS]Google Scholar
Klosterkotter, J., Hellmich, M., Steinmeyer, E. M. & Schultze-Lutter, F. (2001) Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Archives of General Psychiatry 58:158–64. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Koehler, W. (1940) Dynamics in psychology. Liveright. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Koffka, K. (1935) Principles of Gestalt psychology. Harcourt, Brace & World. [JG]Google Scholar
Kolmel, H. W. (1985) Complex visual hallucinations in the hemianopic field. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 48:29–38. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Kolmel, H. W. (1993) Visual illusions and hallucinations. Bailliere's Clinical Neurology 2:243–64. [DC]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1994). Image and brain. MIT Press. [AA]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Sukel, K. E. & Bly, B. M. (1999) Squinting with the mind's eye: Effects of stimulus resolution on imaginal and perceptual comparisons. Memory and Cognition 27:276–87. [AA]Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1919/1971) Dementia praecox and paraphrenia, trans. Barclay, R. M.. R. E. Krieger [Reprinted 1971.] [WM]Google Scholar
Kropotov, J. D. & Etlinger, S. C. (1999) Selection of actions in the basal gangliathalamocortical circuits: Review and model. International Journal of Psychophysiology 31:197–217. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Krnjevic, K. & Phillis, J. W. (1963) Actions of certain amines on cerebral cortex neurons. British Journal of Pharmacology 20:471–90. [CG]Google Scholar
Kuc, R. (1994) Sensorimotor model of bat echolocation and prey capture. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96:1965–78. [WM]Google Scholar
Kuhl, D. E., Minoshima, S., Fessler, J. A., Frey, K. A., Foster, N. L., Ficaro, E. P., Wieland, D. M. & Koeppe, R. A. (1996) In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology. 40:399–410. [DC]Google Scholar
Kwon, J. S., O’Donnell, B. F., Wallenstein, G. V., Greene, R. W., Hirayasu, Y., Nestor, P. G., Hasselmo, M. E., Potts, G. F., Shenton, M. E. & McCarley, R. W. (1999) Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56:1001–1005. [aR-PB, REH, GAL]Google Scholar
Lalla, D. & Primeau, F. (1993) Complex visual hallucinations in macular degeneration. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38:584–86. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Lane, R. D. (2003) The neural substrates of affect impairment in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1723–25. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Laruelle, M. & Abi-Dargham, A. (1999) Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: New evidence from brain imaging studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology 13:358–71. [MS]Google Scholar
Launay, G. & Slade, P. (1981) The measurement of hallucinatory predisposition in male and female prisoners. Personality and Individual Differences 2:221–34. [JG]Google Scholar
Lavine, N., Reuben, M. & Clarke, P. B. (1997) A population of nicotinic receptors is associated with thalamocortical afferents in the adult rat: Laminal and areal analysis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 380(2):175–90. [AAD]Google Scholar
Lawrie, S. M., Buechel, C., Whalley, H. C., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J. & Johnstone, E. C. (2002) Reduced frontotemporal functional connectivity in schizophrenia associated with auditory hallucinations. Biological Psychiatry 51:1008–11. [AA]Google Scholar
Lee, K. H., Williams, L. M., Breakspear, M. & Gordon, E. (2003) Synchronous gamma activity: A review and contribution to an integrative neuroscience model of schizophrenia. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 41:57–78. [GAL, MS]Google Scholar
Lena, C. & Changeux, J. P. (1997) Role of Ca2_ ions in nicotinic facilitation of GABA release in mouse thalamus. Journal of Neuroscience 17(2):576–85. [aR-PB, AAD]Google Scholar
Léna, I., Muffat, S., Deschaux, O., Parrot, S., Sauvinet, V., Suaud-Chagny, M. F., Renaud, B. & Gottesmann, C. (2003) A new neurobiological model for schizophrenia. In: Symposium on New Research Trends in Higher Brain Functions and their Pharmacology: From Molecular to Cognitive Levels. Ajaccio. [CG]Google Scholar
Lennox, B. R., Park, S. B., Medley, I., Morris, P. G. & Jones, P. B. (2000) The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 100:13–20. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Lepore, F. E. (1990) Spontaneous visual phenomena with visual loss: 104 patients with lesions of retinal and neural afferent pathways. Neurology 40:444–47. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Lessell, S. & Cohen, M. M. (1979) Phosphenes induced by sound. Neurology 29:1524–26. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Levine, D. N. & Finklestein, S. (1982) Delayed psychosis after right temporoparietal stroke or trauma: Relation to epilepsy. Neurology 32:267–73. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Pearl, D. K., Morledge, D. E., Gleason, C. A., Hosobuchi, Y. & Barbaro, N. M. (1991) Control of the transition from sensory detection to sensory awareness in man by the duration of a thalamic stimulus. The cerebral “timeon” factor. Brain 114:1731–57. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. (1987) Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine 17:49–57. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Light, G. A. & Braff, D. L. (2000) Do self-reports of perceptual anomalies reflect gating deficits in schizophrenia patients? Biological Psychiatry 47:463–67. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Light, G. A. & Braff, D. L. (2005) Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Archives of General Psychiatry. 62(2):127–36. [GAL]Google Scholar
Light, G. A., Malaspina, D., Geyer, M. A., Luber, B. M., Coleman, E. A., Sackeim, H. A. & Braff, D. L. (1999) Amphetamine disrupts P50 suppression in normal subjects. Biological Psychiatry 46:990–96. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Lindstrom, L., Klockhoff, I., Svedberg, A. & Bergstrom, K. (1987) Abnormal auditory brain-stem responses in hallucinating schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 151:9–14. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Linn, E. L. (1977) Verbal auditory hallucinations: Mind, self, and society. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 164:8–17. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Linner, L. C., Wiker, M. L., Wadenberg, M., Schalling, T. H. & Svensson, R. (2002) Noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances the antipsychotic-like effect of raclopride and potentiates D2-blockade-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:691–98. [CG]Google Scholar
Lisman, J. E. & Idiart, M. A. P. (1995) Storage of 7_/_2 short term memories in oscillatory subcycles. Science 267:1512–15. [IJK]Google Scholar
Liu, X. B., Warren, R. A. & Jones, E. G. (1995) Synaptic distribution of afferents from reticular nucleus in ventroposterior nucleus of cat thalamus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 352:187–202. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Llinas, R. R. & Paré, D. (1991) Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience 44:521–35. [arR-PB]Google Scholar
Llinas, R. R. & Ribary, U. (1993) Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90(5):2078–81. [arR-PB, CG, MAW]Google Scholar
Llinas, R., Ribary, U., Joliot, M. & Wang, X.-J. (1994) Content and context in thalamocortical binding. In: Temporal coding in the brain, ed. Buzsaki, G., pp. 251–71. Springer-Verlag. [IJK]Google Scholar
Lovegrove, W. J., Garzia, R. P. & Nicholson, S. B. (1990) Experimental evidence for a transient system deficit in specific reading disability. Journal of the American Optometric Association 61:137–46. [IJK]Google Scholar
Lukhanina, E. P. (1989) The effect of the systemic administration of neuroleptics on the neuronal background activity of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus in the cat. Neirofiziologiia 21:675–85 (in Russian). [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Maclean, P. D. (1990) The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. Plenum Press. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Mahowald, M. W., Woods, S. R. & Schenck, C. H. (1998) Sleeping dreams, waking hallucinations, and the central nervous system. Dreaming 8:89–102. [JG]Google Scholar
Maloney, K. J., Cape, E. G., Gotman, J. & Jones, B. E. (1997) High-frequencyelectroencephalogram activity in association with sleep-wake states and spontaneous behaviors in the rat. Neuroscience 76:541–55. [CG]Google Scholar
Mancama, D., Arranz, M. J., Landau, S. & Kerwin, R. (2003) Reduced expression of the muscarinic 1 receptor cortical subtype in schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics 119B:2–6. [MS]Google Scholar
Manford, M. & Andermann, F. (1998) Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. Brain 121:1819–40. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Manunta, Y. & Edeline, J. M. (1999) Effects of noradrenaline on frequency tuning of auditory cortex neurons during wakefulness and slow wave sleep. European Journal of Neuroscience 11:2134–50. [CG]Google Scholar
Maquet, P., Peters, J. M., Aerts, J., Delfiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A. & Franck, G. (1996) Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature 383:163–66. [CG]Google Scholar
Margo, A., Hemsley, D. R. & Slade, P. D. (1981) The effects of varying auditory input on schizophrenic hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 139:122–27. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Marneros, A., Beyenburg, S. & Berghaus, A. (1997) Unilateral hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms due to otosclerosis. Psychopathology 30:89–92. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Marshall, L., Henze, D. A., Hirase, H., Leinekugel, X., Dragoi, G. & Buzsaki, G. (2002) Hippocampal pyramidal cell–interneuron spike transmission is frequency dependent and responsible for place modulation of interneuron discharge. Journal of Neuroscience 22:RC197. [KDH]Google Scholar
Martínez, G., Ropero, C., Funes, A., Flores, E., Blotta, C., Landa, A. I. & Gargiulo, P. A. (2002a) Effects of NMDA and non-NMDA blockade in the nucleus accumbens on the Plus Maze test. Physiology and Behavior 76(2):219–24. [PAG]Google Scholar
Martínez, G., Ropero, C., Funes, A., Flores, E., Landa, A. I. & Gargiulo, P. A. (2002b) AP-7 into the nucleus accumbens disrupts acquisition but does not affect consolidation in a passive avoidance task. Physiology and Behavior 76(2):205–12. [PAG]Google Scholar
Mason, P. R. & Winton, F. E. (1995) Ear disease and schizophrenia: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91:217–21. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Mast, F., Kosslyn, M. & Berthoz, A. (1999) Visual mental imagery interferes with allocentric orientation judgements. NeuroReport 10:3549–53. [JG]Google Scholar
Mathalon, D. H., Faustman, W. O. & Ford, J. M. (2002) N400 and automatic semantic processing abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(7):641–48. [ACM]Google Scholar
Mathew, V. M., Gruzelier, J. H. & Liddle, P. F. (1993) Lateral asymmetries in auditory acuity distinguish hallucinating from nonhallucinating schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research 46:127–38. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Matthysse, S. (1981) Nucleus accumbens and schizophrenia. In: The neurobiology of the nucleus accumbens, ed. Chronister, R. B. & De France, J. F., pp. 351–59. Haer Institute. [PAG]Google Scholar
Mazurek, M. E. & Shadlen, M. N. (2002) Limits to the temporal fidelity of cortical spike rate signals. Nature Neuroscience 5:463–71. [KDH]Google Scholar
McAlonan, K., Brown, V. J. & Bowman, E. M. (2000) Thalamic reticular nucleus activation reflects attentional gating during classical conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience 20:8897–901. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
McCormick, D. A. & Feeser, H. R. (1990) Functional implications of burst firing and single spike activity in lateral geniculate relay neurons. Neuroscience 39:103–13. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
McCormick, D. A. & Pape, H. C. (1988) Acetylcholine inhibits identified interneurons in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 334:246–48. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
McCormick, D. A. & von Krosigk, M. (1992) Corticothalamic activation modulates thalamic firing through glutamate “metabotropic” receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:2774–78. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
McDougall, W. (1924) An outline of psychology, 2nd edition. Methuen. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
McGaughy, J., Kaiser, T. & Sarter, M. (1996) Behavioral vigilance following infusions of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain: Selectivity of the behavioral impairment and relation to cortical AChE-positive fiber density. Behavioral Neuroscience 110:247–65. [MS]Google Scholar
McGhie, A. & Chapman, J. (1961) Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology 34:103–16. [WM]Google Scholar
McGinty, D. J. & Harper, R. M. (1976) Dorsal raphe neurons: Depression of firing during sleep in cats. Brain Research 101:569–75. [CG]Google Scholar
McGuire, P. K., Shah, G. M. & Murray, R. M. (1993) Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Lancet 8873:703–706. [WM]Google Scholar
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D. A., Wright, I., Murray, R. M., David, A. S., Frackowiak, R. S. & Frith, C. D. (1995) Abnormal monitoring of inner speech: A physiological basis for auditory hallucinations. Lancet 346:596–600. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
McKay, C. M., Headlam, D. M. & Copolov, D. L. (2000) Central auditory processing in patients with auditory hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry 157:759–66. [AA]Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. (1999) The role of serotonin in antipsychotic drug action. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:106S–115S. [AJG]Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. (2004) What's atypical about atypical antipsychotic drugs? Current Opinion in Pharmacology 4:53–57. [AJG]Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y. & Fatemi, H. (1995) Suicide in schizophrenia: The effect of clozapine. Clinical Neuropharmacology 18:18–24. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Menon, G. J., Rahman, I., Menon, S. J. & Dutton, G. N. (2003) Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: The Charles Bonnet syndrome. Survey of Opthalmology 48:58–72. [DC]Google Scholar
Mertz, S., Belkhenchir, S. & Lepecq, J.-C. (2000) Evidence of imagined passive self-motion through imagery-perception interaction. Acta Psychologica 105:57–78. [JG]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M. M. (1995) Structure and function of cholinergic pathways in the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, and thalamus of the human brain. In: Psychopharmacology; the fourth generation of progress, ed. Bloom, F. E. & Kupfer, D. J.. Raven Press. [DC]Google Scholar
Metherate, R. & Ashe, J. H. (1993) Nucleus basalis stimulation facilitates thalamocortical synaptic transmission in the rat auditory cortex. Synapse 14:132–43. [aR-PB, MS]Google Scholar
Metherate, R. & Weinberger, N. M. (1990) Cholinergic modulation of responses to single tones produces tone-specific receptive field alterations in cat auditory cortex. Synapse 6:133–45. [MS]Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Poline, J. B., Kohn, P. D., Holt, J. L., Egan, M. F., Weinberger, D. R. & Berman, K. F. (2001) Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158:1809–17. [CG]Google Scholar
Michie, P. T. (2001) What has MMN revealed about the auditory system in schizophrenia? International Journal of Psychophysiology 42:177–94. [GAL]Google Scholar
Miller, E. K. & Cohen, J. D. (2001) An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24:167–202. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Miller, J. D., Farber, J., Gatz, P., Roffwarg, H. & German, D. (1983) Activity of mesencephalic dopamine and non-dopamine neurons across stages of sleep and waking in the rat. Brain Research 273:133–41. [CG]Google Scholar
Millham, A. & Easton, S. (1998) Prevalence of auditory hallucinations in nurses in mental health. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 5:95–99. [SMS]Google Scholar
Miltner, W. H., Braun, C., Arnold, M., Witte, H. & Taub, E. (1999) Coherence of gamma-band EEG activity as a basis for associative learning. Nature 397:434–36. [GAL]Google Scholar
Mintz, S. & Alpert, M. (1972) Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 79:310–16. [AA]Google Scholar
Minzenberg, M. J., Poole, J. H., Benton, C. & Vinogradov, S. (2004) Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161:116–24. [DC]Google Scholar
Mlakar, J., Jensterle, J. & Frith, C. D. (1994) Central monitoring deficiency and schizophrenic symptoms. Psychological Medicine 24:557–64. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Mölle, M., Marshall, L., Gais, S. & Born, J. (2002) Grouping of spindle activity during slow oscillations in human non-REM sleep. Journal of Neuroscience 22:10941–47. [MSt]Google Scholar
Monroe, S. M. & Simons, A. D. (1991) Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin 110:406–25. [JG]Google Scholar
Montero, V. M. (1997) c-fos induction in sensory pathways of rats exploring a novel complex environment: Shifts of active thalamic reticular sectors by predominant sensory cues. Neuroscience 76:1069–81. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Montero, V. M. (2000) Attentional activation of the visual thalamic reticular nucleus depends on “top-down” inputs from the primary visual cortex via corticogeniculate pathways. Brain Research 864:95–104. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Moore, H., Fadel, J., Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (1999) Role of accumbens and cortical dopamine receptors in the regulation of cortical acetylcholine release. Neuroscience 88:811–22. [MS]Google Scholar
Morihisa, J. M., Duffy, F. H. & Wyatt, R. J. (1983) Brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) in schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 40:719–28. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Morrison, A. P., Frame, L. & Larkin, W. (2003) Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 42:331–53. [SMS]Google Scholar
Moskowitz, J., Davidson, M. & Harvey, P. D. (1991) Effect of concurrent distraction on communication failures in schizophrenic patients. II. Medication status correlations. Schizophrenia Research 5:153–59. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Mrzljak, L., Bergson, C., Pappy, M., Huff, R., Levenson, R. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1996) Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain. Nature 381:245–48. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Müller-Gass, A., Marcoux, A., Logan, J. & Campbell, K. B. (2001) The intensity of masking noise affects the mismatch negativity to speech sounds in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters 299:197–200. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Munk, M. H., Roelfsema, P. R., Konig, P., Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (1996) Role of reticular activation in the modulation of intracortical synchronization. Science 272:271–74. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Murata, S., Naritomi, H. & Sawada, T. (1994) Musical auditory hallucinations caused by a brainstem lesion. Neurology 44:156–58. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Murgatroyd, C. & Prettyman, R. (2001) An investigation of visual hallucinosis and visual sensory status in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 16:709–13. [DC]Google Scholar
Murphy, P. C. & Sillito, A. M. (1991) Cholinergic enhancement of direction selectivity in the visual cortex of the cat. Neuroscience 40:13–20. [MS]Google Scholar
Murphy, P. C., Uhlrich, D. J., Tamamaki, N. & Sherman, S. M. (1994) Brain-stem modulation of the response properties of cells in the cat's perigeniculate nucleus. Visual Neuroscience 11:781–91. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Myin, E. (2004) Quining kinds of content: The primacy of experience Journal of Consciousness Studies 11(1):72–77. [IM-G]Google Scholar
Myin, E. & O’Regan, J. K. (2002) Perceptual consciousness: Access to modality and skill theories. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9(1):27–45. [IM-G]Google Scholar
Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P. & van Os, J. (submitted) Behavioral sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis. [IM-G]Google Scholar
Myin-Germeys, I., Nicolson, N. A. & Delespaul, P. A. (2001a) The context of delusional experiences in the daily life of schizophrenia patients. Psychological Medicine 31(3):489–98. [IM-G]Google Scholar
Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., Schwartz, J. E., Stone, A. A. & Delespaul, P. A. (2001b) Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 58(12):1137–44. [IM-G]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R., Paavilainen, P., Alho, K., Reinikainen, K. & Sams, M. (1989) Do event-related potentials reveal the mechanism of the auditory sensory memory in the human brain? Neuroscience Letters 98:217–21. [GAL]Google Scholar
Nagamoto, H. T., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C. & Freedman, R. (1989) Sensory gating in schizophrenics and normal controls: Effect of changing stimulation interval. Biological Psychiatry 25(5):549–61. [ACM]Google Scholar
Nagarajan, S., Mahncke, H., Salz, T., Tallal, P., Roberts, T. & Merzenich, M. M. (1999) Cortical auditory signal processing in poor readers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96(11):6483–88. [IJK]Google Scholar
Nakagomi, T. (2004) Quantum monadology and consciousness. In: Brain and being, ed. Globus, G., Pribram, K., & Vitiello, G.. John Benjamins. [EB]Google Scholar
Nayani, T. H. & David, A. S. (1996) The auditory hallucination: A phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine 26:177–89. [arR-PB]Google Scholar
Ndetei, D. M. & Singhe, A. (1983) Hallucinations in Kenyan schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 67:144–47. [DC]Google Scholar
Neimark, D., Jackson, E., Rockwell, E. & Jeste, D. V. (1996) Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients with dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44:296–99. [DC]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality. W. H. Freeman. [EB, JG]Google Scholar
Nelson, C. L., Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (2000) Repeated pretreatment with amphetamine sensitizes increases in cortical acetylcholine release. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 151:406–15. [MS]Google Scholar
Nelson, C. L., Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (2000) (in press) Prefrontal modulation of posterior parietal acetylcholine release: Prefrontal glutamatergic and cholinergic mechanisms. Neuroscience. [MS]Google Scholar
Nichols, D. (2004) Hallucinogens. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 101:131–81. [AJG]Google Scholar
Ninomiya, H., Sato, E., Onitsuka, T., Hayashida, T. & Tashiro, N. (2000) Auditory P50 with a repetitive stimulus paradigm shows suppression to high-intensity tones. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 54(4):493–97. [ACM]Google Scholar
Niznikiewicz, M. A., Kubicki, M. & Shenton, M. E. (2003) Recent structural and functional imaging findings in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 16(2):123–47. [ACM]Google Scholar
Noda, S., Mizoguchi, M. & Yamamoto, A. (1993) Thalamic experiential hallucinosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 56:1224–26. [DC]Google Scholar
Nuechterlein, K. H. & Dawson, M. E. (1984) A heuristic vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 10:300–12. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Nuechterlein, K. H., Dawson, M. E., Gitlin, M., Ventura, J., Goldstein, M. J., Snyder, K. S., Yee, C. M. & Mintz, J. (1992) Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: Longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophrenia Bulletin 18:387–425. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Nunez, A., Amzica, F. & Steriade, M. (1992) Voltage-dependent fast (20–40 Hz) oscillations in long-axoned neocortical neurons. Neuroscience 51:7–10. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
O’Donnell, P. & Grace, A. A. (1999) Disruption of information flow within cortical-limbic circuits and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In: Schizophrenia in a molecular age, ed. Tamminga, C. A.. American Psychiatric Press. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Ohayon, M. M. (2000) Prevalence of hallucinations and their pathological associations in the general population. Psychiatry Research 97:153–64. [DC, JG]Google Scholar
Ohayon, M. M., Priest, R. G., Caulet, M. & Guilleminault, C. (1996) Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: Pathological phenomena? British Journal of Psychiatry 169:459–67. [DC]Google Scholar
O’Leary, D. S., Andreason, N. C., Hurtig, R. R., Hichwa, R. D., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L., Rogers, M. & Kirchner, P. T. (1996) A positron emission tomography study of binaurally and dichotically presented stimuli: Effects of level of language and directed attention. Brain and Language 53:20–39. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
O’Neal, P. & Robins, L. N. (1958) Childhood patterns predictive of adult schizophrenia: A 30-year follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry 115:385–91. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
O’Regan, J. K., Myin, E. & Noë, A. (in press) Towards an analytic phenomenology: The concepts of “bodiliness” and “grabbiness.” In: Seeing and thinking: Reflections on Kanizsa's studies in visual cognition, ed. Carsetti, A.. Kluwer. [IM-G]Google Scholar
O’Regan, J. K. & Noë, A. (2001) A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(5):939–1031. [IM-G, WAP]Google Scholar
Packard, M. G. & Cahill, L. (2001) Affective modulation of multiple memory systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:752–56. [REH]Google Scholar
Pallanti, S., Quercioli, L. & Hollander, E. (2004) Social anxiety in outpatients with schizophrenia: A relevant cause of disability. American Journal of Psychiatry 161:53–58. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Palmer, B. W., Heaton, R. K., Gladsjo, J. A., Evans, J. D., Patterson, T. L., Golshan, S. & Jeste, D. V. (2002) Heterogeneity in functional status among older outpatients with schizophrenia: Employment history, living situation, and driving. Schizophrenia Research 55(3):205–15. [GAL]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1998) Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotion. Oxford University Press. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Paradiso, S., Andreasen, N. C., Crespo-Facorro, B., O’Leary, D. S., Watkins, G. L., Laura, L., Boles Ponto, L. L. & Hichwa, R. D. (2003) Emotions in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia during evaluation with positron emission tomography. Journal of American Psychiatry 160:1775–83. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Paré, D., Smith, Y., Parent, A. & Steriade, M. (1988) Projections of upper brainstem cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons of cat to intralaminar and reticular thalamic nuclei. Neuroscience 25:69–88. [MSt]Google Scholar
Parkinson, D., Kratz, K. E., & Daw, N. W. (1988). Evidence for a nicotinic component to the actions of acetylcholine in cat visual cortex. Experimental Brain Research 73(3):553–68. [AAD]Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. A., Cardinal, R. N. & Everitt, B. J. (2000) Limbic cortical-ventral striatal systems underlying appetitive conditioning. Progress in Brain Research 126:263–85. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Pasquini, F. & Cole, M. G. (1997) Idiopathic musical hallucinations in the elderly. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 10:11–14. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Passetti, F., Dalley, J. W., O’Connell, M. T., Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. (2000) Increased acetylcholine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during performance of a visual attentional task. European Journal of Neuroscience 12:3051–58. [MS]Google Scholar
Patterson, J. V., Jin, Y., Gierczak, M., Hetrick, W. P., Potkin, S., Bunney, W. E. Jr. & Sandman, C. A. (2000) Effects of temporal variability on p50 and the gating ratio in schizophrenia: A frequency domain adaptive filter single-trial analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 57:57–64. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Pearlson, G. D., Kreger, L., Rabins, P. V., Chase, G. A., Cohen, B., Wirth, J. B., Schlaepfer, T. B. & Tune, L. E. (1989) A chart review study of late-onset and early-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 146:1568–74. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Perot, P. (1963) The brain's record of auditory and visual experience. Brain 86:595–696. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Perez-Garci, E., del Rio-Portilla, Y., Guevara, M. A., Arce, C. & Corsi-Cabrera, M. (2001) Paradoxical sleep is characterized by uncoupled gamma activity between frontal and perceptual cortical regions. Sleep 24:118–26. [CG]Google Scholar
Perky, C. W. (1910) An experimental study of imagination. American Journal of Psychology 21:422–52. [JG]Google Scholar
Peroutka, S. J., Sohmer, B. H., Kumar, A. J., Folstein, M. & Robinson, R. G. (1982) Hallucinations and delusions following a right temporoparietooccipital infarction. The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 151:181–85. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Perry, E., Court, J., Goodchild, R., Griffiths, M., Jaros, E., Johnson, M., Lloyd, S., Piggott, M., Spurden, D., Ballard, C., McKeith, I. & Perry, R. (1998) Clinical neurochemistry: Developments in dementia research based on brain bank material. Journal of Neural Transmission 105:915–33. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Perry, E. K. & Perry, R. H. (1995) Acetylcholine and hallucinations: Diseaserelated compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness. Brain and Cognition 28:240–58. [DC]Google Scholar
Perry, W. & Braff, D. L. (1994) Information-processing deficits and thought disorder in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:363–67. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Persinger, M. A., Tiller, S. G. & Koren, S. A. (2000) Experimental simulation of a haunt experience and elicitation of paroxysmal electroencephalographic activity by transcerebral complex magnetic fields: Induction of a synthetic “ghost”? Perceptual and Motor Skills 90:659–74. [JG]Google Scholar
Pfurtscheller, G., Flotzinger, D. & Neuper, C. (1994) Differentiation between finger, toe and tongue movement in man based on 40 Hz EEG. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 90:456–60. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L. & Lane, R. (2003) Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry 54:504–14. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. (1974) On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception and Psychophysics 16:283–90. [WAP]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. (1983) Short-term visual memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 302:295–309. [WAP]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. & Silverstein, S. M. (2003) Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26:65–138. [GAL, ACM, WAP]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. & Silverstein, S. M. (2003) Impaired cognitive coordination in schizophrenia: Convergence of neurobiological and psychological perspectives. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26:65–138. [SMS]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. & Singer, W. (1997) In search of common foundations for cortical computation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:657–722. [WAP]Google Scholar
Pliskin, N. H., Kiolbasa, T. A., Towle, V. L., Pankow, L., Ernest, J. T., Noronha, A. & Luchins, D. J. (1996) Charles Bonnet syndrome: An early marker for dementia? Journal of the American Geriatric Society 44:1055–61. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Popken, G. J., Bunney, W. E. Jr., Potkin, S. G. & Jones, E. G. (2000) Subnucleusspecific loss of neurons in medial thalamus of schizophrenics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97(16):9276–80. [MAW]Google Scholar
Powchik, P., Davidson, M., Haroutunian, V., Gabriel, S. M., Purohit, D. P., Perl, D. P., Harvey, P. D. & Davis, K. L. (1998) Postmortem studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24:325–41. [DC]Google Scholar
Prusky, G. T., Shaw, C., & Cynader, M. S. (1987). Nicotine receptors are located on lateral geniculate nucleus terminals in cat visual cortex. Brain Research 412(1):131–38. [AAD]Google Scholar
Quik, M., Polonskaya, Y., Gillespie, A., Jakowec, M., Lloyd, G. K. & Langston, J. W. (2000) Localization of nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in monkey brain by in situ hybridization. Journal of Comparative Neurology 425(1):58–69. [aR-PB, AAD]Google Scholar
Rabinowicz, E. F., Silipo, G., Goldman, R. & Javitt, D. C. (2000) Auditory sensory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Imprecision or distractibility? Archives of General Psychiatry 57:1149–55. [arR-PB]Google Scholar
Raedler, T. J., Knable, M. B., Jones, D. W., Urbina, R. A., Gorey, J. G., Lee, K. S., Egan, M. F., Coppola, R. & Weinberger, D. R. (2003) In vivo determination of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor availability in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 160:118–27. [DC, MS]Google Scholar
Rainville, P., Hofbauer, R. K., Bushnell, M. C., Duncan, G. H. & Price, D. D. (2002) Hypnosis modulates activity in brain structures involved in the regulation of consciousness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:887–901. [JG]Google Scholar
Read, J. & Argyle, N. (1999) Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder among adult psychiatric inpatients with a history of child abuse. Psychiatric Services 50:1467–72. [SMS]Google Scholar
Reader, T. A., Ferron, A., Descarries, L. & Jasper, H. H. (1979) Modulatory role for biogenic amines in the cerebral cortex. Microiontopheric studies. Brain Research 160:219–29. [CG]Google Scholar
Reese, N. B., Garcia-Rill, E. & Skinner, R. D. (1995) The pedunculopontine nucleus – auditory input, arousal and pathophysiology. Progress in Neurobiology 47:105–33. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Reeves, M., Lindholm, D. E., Myles, P. S., Fletcher, H. & Hunt, J. O. (2001) Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery: A double-blind, randomized trial. Anesthesia Analgesia 93:116–20. [CG]Google Scholar
Rensink, R. A. (2000) The dynamic representation of scenes. Visual Cognition 7:17–42. [DC]Google Scholar
Rensink, R. A. (2002) Change detection. Annual Review of Psychology 53:245–77. [WAP]Google Scholar
Ressler, N. (2004) Rewards and punishments, goal-directed behavior and consciousness. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28:27–39. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Ribary, U., Ioannides, A. A., Singh, K. D., Hasson, R., Bolton, J. P., Lado, F., Mogilner, A. & Llinas, R. (1991) Magnetic field tomography of coherent thalamocortical 40-Hz oscillations in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88:11037–41. [aR-PB, CG]Google Scholar
Ringach, D. L. (2003) Neuroscience: States of mind. Nature 425(6961):912–13. [AAD]Google Scholar
Risser, A. H. & Powell, F. C. (1993) Lhermitte's peduncular hallucinosis. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, New York. Available at: www.geocities.com/ahris2/lhermitte.html. [DC]Google Scholar
Robinson, T. E. & Becker, J. B. (1986) Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Research 396:157–98. [MS]Google Scholar
Roche, S. M. & McConkey, K. M. (1990) Absorption: Nature, assessment, and correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59:91–101. [JG]Google Scholar
Rodnitzky, R. L. (1998) Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuroscience 5:102–106. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J. P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B. & Varela, F. J. (1999) Perception's shadow: Long-distance synchronization of human brain activity. Nature 397(6718):430–33. [MAW]Google Scholar
Rogawski, M. A. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1980) Modulation of lateral geniculate neurone excitability by noradrenaline microiontophoresis or locus coeruleus stimulation. Nature 287:731–34. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Roman, R. & Landis, C. (1945) Hallucinations and mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 102:327–31. [AA]Google Scholar
Ross, C. A., Anderson, G. & Clark, P. (1994) Childhood abuse and the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:489–91. [SMS]Google Scholar
Sahin, M., Bowen, W. D., & Donoghue, J. P. (1992) Location of nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic and mu-opiate receptors in rat cerebral neocortex: Evidence from thalamic and cortical lesions. Brain Research 579(1):135–47. [AAD]Google Scholar
Sakai, K., Gao, X. M., Hashimoto, T. & Tamminga, C. A. (2001) Traditional and new antipsychotic drugs differentially alter neurotransmission markers in basal ganglia-thalamocortical neural pathways. Synapse 39:152–60. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Salisbury, D. F., Shenton, M. E., Griggs, C. B., Bonner-Jackson, A. & McCarley, R. W. (2002) Mismatch negativity in chronic schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 59:686–94. [GAL]Google Scholar
Sanfilipo, M., Lafargue, T., Rusinek, H., Arena, L., Loneragan, C., Lautin, A., Feiner, D., Rotrosen, J. & Wolkin, A. (2000) Volumetric measure of the frontal and temporal lobe regions in schizophrenia: Relationship to negative symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 57:471–80. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Santhouse, A. M., Howard, R. J. & ffytche, D. H. (2000) Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the anatomy of the visual brain. Brain 123:2055–64. [aR-PB, DC, WAP]Google Scholar
Saper, C. B. (2000) Brain stem modulation of sensation, movement and consciousness. In: Principles of neural science, 4th edition, ed. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessell, T. M.. McGraw-Hill. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Sarter, M. (1994) Neuronal mechanisms of the attentional dysfunctions in senile dementia and schizophrenia: Two sides of the same coin? Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 114:539–50. [MS]Google Scholar
Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (1997) Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: Toward a unifying hypothesis. Brain Research Reviews 23:28–46. [MS]Google Scholar
Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (2000) Cortical cholinergic inputs mediating arousal, attentional processing and dreaming: Differential afferent regulation of the basal forebrain by telencephalic and brainstem afferents. Neuroscience 95:933–52. [MS]Google Scholar
Sarter, M. & Bruno, J. P. (2002) The neglected constituent of the basal forebrain corticopetal projection system: GABAergic projections. European Journal of Neuroscience 15:1867–73. [MS]Google Scholar
Sarter, M., Bruno, J. P. & Turchi, J. (1999) Basal forebrain afferent projections modulating cortical acetylcholine, attention, and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 877:368–82. [MS]Google Scholar
Sarter, M., Givens, B. & Bruno, J. P. (2001) The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: Where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Research Reviews 35:146–60. [MS]Google Scholar
Sarter, M., Nelson, C. L. & Bruno, J. P. (2005) Cortical cholinergic transmission and cortical information processing following psychostimulant-sensitization: Implications for models of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 31:1–22. [MS]Google Scholar
Sass, L. (1992) Madness and modernism: Insanity in the light of modern art, literature and thought. Harvard University Press. [SMS]Google Scholar
Sato, H., Hata, Y., Hagihara, K. & Tsumoto, T. (1987a) Effects of cholinergic depletion on neuron activities in the cat visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 58(4):781–94. [AAD]Google Scholar
Sato, H., Hata, Y., Masui, H. & Tsumoto, T. (1987b) A functional role of cholinergic innervation to neurons in the cat visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 58(4):765–80. [AAD]Google Scholar
Savage, C. W. (1975) The continuity of perceptual and cognitive experiences. In: Hallucinations: Behavior, experience, and theory, ed. Siegel, R. K. & West, L. J., pp. 257–86. Wiley. [JG]Google Scholar
Schall, J. D. (2001) Neural basis of deciding, choosing and acting. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:33–42. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Schneider, K. (1957/1974) Primary and secondary symptoms in schizophrenia. In: Themes and variations in European psychiatry, ed. Hirsch, S. R. & Shepherd, M.. John Wright. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Schreiber, R., Brocco, M. & Millan, M. (1994) Blockade of the discriminative stimulus effects of DOI by MDL 100,907 and the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone. European Journal of Pharmacology 264:99–102. [AJG]Google Scholar
Schultz, G. & Melzack, R. (1991) The Charles Bonnet syndrome: ‘Phantom visual images.’ Perception 20:809–25. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Schultz, G. & Melzack, R. (1993) Visual hallucinations and mental state. A study of 14 Charles Bonnet syndrome hallucinators. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181:639–43. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Schultz, G., Needham, W., Taylor, R., Shindell, S. & Melzack, R. (1996) Properties of complex hallucinations associated with deficits in vision. Perception 25:715–26. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Schultz, S. K., Miller, D. D., Oliver, S. E., Arndt, S., Flaum, M. & Andreasen, N. C. (1997) The life course of schizophrenia: Age and symptom dimensions. Schizophrenia Research 23:15–23. [SMS]Google Scholar
Schutter, D. J. L. G. & van Honk, J. (2004a) Extending the global workspace theory to emotion: Phenomenality without access. Consciousness and Cognition 13(3):539–49. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Schutter, D. J. L. G. & van Honk, J. (2004b) Decoupling of midfrontal delta-beta oscillations after testosterone administration. International Journal of Psychophysiology 53:71–73. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Seal, M. L., Aleman, A. & McGuire, P. K. Compelling imagery, unanticipated speech and deceptive memory: Neurocognitive models of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 9:43–72. [AA]Google Scholar
Séglas, J. (1892) Des troubles du langage chez les aliénés. J. Rueff et Cie. [WM]Google Scholar
Serra Catafau, J., Rubio, F. & Peres Serra, J. (1992) Peduncular hallucinosis associated with posterior thalamic infarction. Journal of Neurology 239:89–90. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. (1994) Noise, neural codes and cortical organization. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 4:569–79. [KDH]Google Scholar
Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. (1998) The variable discharge of cortical neurons: Implications for connectivity, computation, and information coding. Journal of Neuroscience 18:3870–96. [KDH]Google Scholar
Sharma, R. P., Dowd, S. M. & Janicak, P. G. (1999) Hallucinations in the acute schizophrenic-type psychosis: Effects of gender and age of illness onset. Schizophrenia Research 37:91–95. [SMS]Google Scholar
Sharp, F. R., Tomitaka, M., Bernaudin, M. & Tomitaka, S. (2001) Psychosis: Pathological activation of limbic thalamocortical circuits by psychomimetics and schizophrenia? Trends in Neuroscience 24(6):330–34. [aR-PB, MAW]Google Scholar
Shelley, A. M., Ward, P. B., Catts, S. V., Michie, P. T., Andrews, S. & McConaghy, N. (1991) Mismatch negativity: An index of a preattentive processing deficit in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 30:1059–62. [GAL]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1984) Ecological constraints on internal representation: Resonant kinematics of perceiving, imagining, thinking, and dreaming. Psychological Review 91:417–47. [JG]Google Scholar
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Fukuda, R., Williams, S. C., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. (2003) Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in people with auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 182:525–31. [AA]Google Scholar
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. (2000) Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 57:1033–38. [AA]Google Scholar
Sherman, S. M. & Guillery, R. W. (1996) Functional organization of thalamocortical relays. Journal of Neurophysiology 76:1367–95. [REH]Google Scholar
Sherman, S. M. & Guillery, R. W. (2001) Exploring the thalamus. Academic Press. [AAD]Google Scholar
Sherman, S. M. & Koch, C. (1986) The control of retinogeniculate transmission in the mammalian lateral geniculate nucleus. Experimental Brain Research 63:1–20. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Shinotoh, H., Namba, H., Yamaguchi, M., Fukushi, K., Nagatsuka, S., Iyo, M., Asahina, M., Hattori, T., Tanada, S. & Irie, T (1999) Positron emission tomographic measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity reveals differential loss of ascending cholinergic systems in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Annals of Neurology 46:62–69. [DC]Google Scholar
Shulman, G. L., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Miezin, F. M. & Petersen, S. E. (1997) Top-down modulation of early sensory cortex. Cerebral Cortex 7:193–206. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Siegel, R. K. (1984) Hostage hallucinations. Visual imagery induced by isolation and life-threatening stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 172:264–72. [rR-PB, JG]Google Scholar
Silbersweig, D. & Stern, E. (1996) Functional neuroimaging of hallucinations in schizophrenia: Toward an integration of bottom-up and top-down approaches. Molecular Psychiatry 1:367–75. [AA]Google Scholar
Sillito, A. M. & Kemp, J. A. (1983) Cholinergic modulation of the functional organization of the cat visual cortex. Brain Research 289(1–2):143–55. [AAD]Google Scholar
Silver, H., Barash, I., Aharon, N., Kaplan, A. & Poyurovsky, M. (2000) Fluvoxamine augmentation of antipsychotics improves negative symptoms in psychotic chronic schizophrenic patients: A placebo-controlled study. International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 15:257–61. [CG]Google Scholar
Simons, D. J. & Levin, D. T. (1997) Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:261–67. [WAP]Google Scholar
Slade, P. D. (1976) Towards a theory of auditory hallucinations: Outline of a hypothetical four-factor model. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15:415–23. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Slade, P. D. & Bentall, R. P. (1988) Sensory deception: A scientific analysis of hallucination. The Johns Hopkins University Press. [JG, SMS]Google Scholar
Smyth, D., Phillips, W. A. & Kay, J. (1996) Measures for investigating the contextual modulation of information transmission. Network: Computation in Neural Systems 7:307–16. [WAP]Google Scholar
Smythies, J. (1997) The functional neuroanatomy of awareness: With a focus on the role of various anatomical systems in the control of intermodal attention. Consciousness and Cognition 6:455–81. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Softky, W. R. & Koch, C. (1993) The highly irregular firing of cortical cells is inconsistent with temporal integration of random EPSPs. Journal of Neuroscience 13:334–50. [KDH]Google Scholar
Spencer, K. M., Nestor, P. G., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Salisbury, D. F., Shenton, M. E. & McCarley, R. W. (2003) Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience 23:7407–11. [GAL, MAW]Google Scholar
Spitzer, M. (1997) A cognitive neuroscience view of schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 23(1):29–50. [ACM]Google Scholar
Spurden, D. P., Court, J. A., Lloyd, S., Oakley, A., Perry, R., Pearson, C., Pullen, R. G. & Perry, E. K. (1997) Nicotinic receptor distribution in the human thalamus: Autoradiographical localization of [3H]nicotine and [125I]alphabungarotoxin binding. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 13:105–13. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Starker, S. & Jolin, A. (1982) Imagery and hallucinations in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170:448–51. [AA]Google Scholar
Stein, J. F. (1994) Developmental dyslexia, neural timing and hemispheric lateralization, International Journal of Psychophysiology 18:241–49. [IJK]Google Scholar
Steriade, M. (1970) Ascending control of thalamic and cortical responsiveness. International Review of Neurobiology 12:87–144. [CG]Google Scholar
Steriade, M. (1997) Synchronized activities of coupled oscillators in the cerebral cortex and thalamus at different levels of vigilance. Cerebral Cortex 7:583–604. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Steriade, M. & Amzica, F. (1996) Intracortical and corticothalamic coherency of fast spontaneous oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93:2533–38. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Amzica, F. & Contreras, D. (1996) Synchronization of fast (30–40 Hz) spontaneous cortical rhythms during brain activation. Journal of Neuroscience 16:392–417. [aR-PB, MSt]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Curró Dossi, R. & Contreras, D. (1993) Electrophysiological properties of intralaminar thalamocortical cells discharging rhythmic (approximately 40 HZ) spike-bursts at approximately 1000 HZ during waking and rapid eye movement sleep. Neuroscience 56:1–9. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Curró Dossi, R., Paré, D. & Oakson, G. (1991) Fast oscillations (20– 40 Hz) in thalamocortical systems and their potentiation by mesopontine cholinergic nuclei in the cat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88:4396–400. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Datta, S., Paré, D., Oakson, G. & Curró Dossi, R. (1990a) Neuronal activities in brainstem cholinergic nuclei related to tonic activation processes in thalamocortical systems. Journal of Neuroscience 10:2541–59. [MSt]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Jones, E. G. & McCormick, D. A. (1997) Thalamus, vol. 1: Organisation and function. Elsevier. [MSt]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Paré, D., Datta, S., Oakson, G. & Curró Dossi, R. (1990b) Different cellular types in mesopontine cholinergic nuclei related to ponto-geniculooccipital waves. Journal of Neuroscience 10:2560–79. [MSt]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Paré, D., Parent, A. & Smith, Y. (1988) Projections of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons of the brainstem core to relay and associational thalamic nuclei in the cat and macaque monkey. Neuroscience 25:47–67. [MSt]Google Scholar
Steriade, M., Timofeev, I. & Grenier, F. (2001) Natural waking and sleep states: A view from inside neocortical neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 85:1969–85. [MSt]Google Scholar
Stevens, C. F. & Zador, A. M. (1998) Input synchrony and the irregular firing of cortical neurons. Nature Neuroscience 1:210–17. [KDH]Google Scholar
Stoyva, J. (1973) Biofeedback techniques and the conditions for hallucinatory activity. In: The psychophysiology of thinking: Studies of covert processes, ed. McGuigan, F. J. & Schoonover, R. A., pp. 387–406. Academic Press. [JG]Google Scholar
Straube, E. (1975) Experiments on perception in schizophrenia [in German]. Archiev der Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 220:139–58. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Suedfeld, P. (1980) Restricted environmental stimulation: Research and clinical applications. Wiley. [JG]Google Scholar
Suedfeld, P., Steel, G. D., Wallbaum, A. B. C., Bluck, S., Livesey, N. & Capozzi, L. (1994) Explaining the effects of stimulus restriction: Testing the dynamic hemispheric-asymmetry hypothesis. Journal of Environmental Psychology 14:87–100. [JG]Google Scholar
Sukhwinder, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. (2000) Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 57:1033–38. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Swerdlow, N. R. & Koob, G. F. (1987) Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania, and depression: Toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-stratio-pallido-thalamic function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:197–245. [GAL]Google Scholar
Szabadics, J., Lorincz, A. & Tamas, G. (2001) Beta and gamma frequency synchronization by dendritic gabaergic synapses and gap junctions in a network of cortical interneurons. Journal of Neuroscience 21:5824–31. [REH]Google Scholar
Tabernero, C., Polo, J. M., Sevillano, M. D., Munoz, R., Berciano, J., Cabello, A., Baez, B., Ricoy, J. R., Carpizo, R., Figols, J., Cuadrado, N. & Claveria, L. E. (2000) Fatal familial insomnia: Clinical, neuropathological and genetic description of a Spanish family. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 68:774–77. [DC]Google Scholar
Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S. S., Shreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M. & Merzenich, M. M. (1996) Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science 271:77–81. [IJK]Google Scholar
Tallon-Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Peronnet, F. & Pernier, J. (1998) Induced gammaband activity during the delay of a visual short-term memory task in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 18(11):4244–54. [MAW]Google Scholar
Tandon, R., Taylor, S. F., DeQuardo, J. R., Eiser, E., Jibson, M. D. & Goldman, M. (1999) The cholinergic system in schizophrenia reconsidered. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:S189–S202. [MS]Google Scholar
Taylor, R. E., Mancil, G. L. & Kramer, S. H. (1986) Visual hallucinations: Meaning and management. Journal of the American Optometric Association 57:889–892. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Taylor, S. F., Liberzon, I., Decker, L. R. & Koeppe, R. A. (2002) A functional anatomy study of emotion in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 58:159–72. [DJLGS]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Cruysberg, J. R., Hoefnagels, W. H., Verbeek, A. L. & Zitman, F. G. (1996) Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet's syndrome. Lancet 347:794–97. [aR-PB, DC]Google Scholar
Teunisse, R. J., Zitman, F. G. & Raes, D. C. (1994) Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations). Comprehensive Psychiatry 35:70–75. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Tien, A. Y. (1991) Distribution of hallucinations in the population. Social Psychiatry and PsychiatricEepidemiology 26:287–92. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Tiitinen, H., Sinkkonen, J., Reinikainen, K., Alho, K., Lavikainen, J. & Näätänen, R. (1993) Selective attention enhances the auditory 40-Hz transient response in humans. Nature 364:59–60. [MAW]Google Scholar
Timofeev, I., Grenier, F. & Steriade, M. (2001) Disfacilitation and active inhibition in the neocortex during the natural sleep-wake cycle: An intracellular study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98:1924–29. [MSt]Google Scholar
Tolhurst, D. J., Movshon, J. A. & Dean, A. F. (1983) The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex. Vision Research 23(8):775–85. [AAD]Google Scholar
Tomitaka, S., Tomitaka, M., Tolliver, B. K. & Sharp, F. R. (2000) Bilateral blockade of NMDA receptors in anterior thalamus by dizocilpine (MK-801) injures pyramidal neurons in rat retrosplenial cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 12:1420–30. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Tononi, G. & Edelman, G. M. (2000) Schizophrenia and the mechanism of conscious integration. Brain Research Reviews 31:391–400. [CG]Google Scholar
Traub, R. D., Cunningham, M. O., Gloveli, T., LeBeau, F. E., Bibbig, A., Buhl, E. H. & Whittington, M. A. (2003) GABA-enhanced collective behavior in neuronal axons underlies persistent gamma-frequency oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100:11047–52. [REH]Google Scholar
Traub, R. D., Whittington, M. A., Stanford, I. M. & Jefferys, J. G. (1996) A mechanism for generation of long-range synchronous fast oscillations in the cortex. Nature 383(6601):621–24. [GAL, MAW]Google Scholar
Travis, M., Busatto, G., Pilowsky, L., Mulligan, R., Acton, P., Gacinovic, S., Mertens, J., Terriere, D., Costa, D., Ell, P. & Kerwin, R. (1998) 5-HT2A receptor blockade in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone or clozapine. A SPET study using the novel 5-HT2A ligand 123I-5-I-R-91150. British Journal of Psychiatry 173:236–41. [AJG]Google Scholar
Trulson, M. E. & Preussler, D. W. (1984) Dopamine-containing ventral tegmental area neurons in freely moving cats: Activity during the sleep-waking cycle and effects of stress. Experimental Neurology 83:367–77. [CG]Google Scholar
Turchi, J. & Sarter, M. (1997) Cortical acetylcholine and processing capacity: Effects of cortical cholinergic deafferentation on crossmodal divided attention in rats. Cognitive Brain Research 6:147–58. [MS]Google Scholar
Turchi, J. & Sarter, M. (2000) Cortical cholinergic inputs mediate processing capacity: Effects of 192 IgG-saporin-induced lesions on olfactory span performance. European Journal of Neuroscience 12:4505–14. [MS]Google Scholar
Turchi, J. & Sarter, M. (2001) Bidirectional modulation of basal forebrain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function differentially affects visual attention but not visual discrimination performance. Neuroscience 104:407–17. [MS]Google Scholar
Turken, A. U., Vuilleumier, P., Mathalon, D., Swick, D. & Ford, J. M. (2003) Are impairments of action monitoring and executive control true dissociative functions in patients with schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1881–83. [SMS]Google Scholar
Umbricht, D., Koller, R., Schmid, L., Skrabo, A., Grubel, C., Huber, T., Stassen, H. (2003) How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry 53(12):1120–31. [GAL]Google Scholar
Underwood, B. J. (1975) Individual differences as a crucible in theory construction. American Psychologist 30:128–34. [JG]Google Scholar
Usrey, W. M. & Reid, R. C. (1999) Synchronous activity in the visual system. Annual Review of Physiology 61:435–56. [KDH]Google Scholar
Vanduffel, W., Tootell, R. B. & Orban, G. A. (2000) Attention-dependent suppression of metabolic activity in the early stages of the macaque visual system. Cerebral Cortex 10:109–26. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Varela, F., Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E. & Martinerie, J. (2001) The brainweb: Phase synchronisation and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:229–39. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Venables, P. H. (1964) Input dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Progress in experimental personality research, ed. Maher, B. A., pp. 1–47. Academic Press. [MS]Google Scholar
Villa, A. E. (1990) Physiological differentiation within the auditory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus of the cat. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 15:25–40. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Volk, D. W., Pierri, J. N., Fritschy, J. M., Auh, S., Sampson, A. R. & Lewis, D. A. (2002) Reciprocal alterations in pre- and postsynaptic inhibitory markers at chandelier cell inputs to pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 12(10):1063–70. [MAW]Google Scholar
Vollenweider, F., Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen, M., Babler, A., Vogel, H. & Hell, D. (1998) Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. NeuroReport 9:3897–902. [AJG]Google Scholar
Von Holst, E. & Mittelstaedt, H (1950) Das reafferenzprinzip. Naturwisshenschaften 37:464–76. [REH]Google Scholar
von Stein, A. & Sarthein, J. (2000) Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: From local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38:301–13. [IJK]Google Scholar
Waldo, M., Gerhardt, G., Baker, N., Drebing, C., Adler, L. & Freedman, R. (1992) Auditory sensory gating and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Psychiatry Research 44:21–32. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Waldo, M. C., Cawthra, E., Adler, L. E., Dubester, S., Staunton, M., Nagamoto, H., Baker, N., Madison, A., Simon, J., Scherzinger, A., Drebing, C., Gerhardt, G. & Freedman, R. (1994) Auditory sensory gating, hippocampal volume, and catecholamine metabolism in schizophrenics and their siblings. Schizophrenia Research 12:93–106. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Wang, X. J. & Buzsaki, G. (1996) Gamma oscillation by synaptic inhibition in a hippocampal interneuronal network model. Journal of Neuroscience 16:6402–13. [REH]Google Scholar
Webster, H. H., Rasmusson, D. D., Dykes, R. W., Schliebs, R., Schober, W., Bruckner, G. & Biesold, D. (1991) Long-term enhancement of evoked potentials in raccoon somatosensory cortex following co-activation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert complex and cutaneous receptors. Brain Research 545:292–96. [MS]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F. & Zec, R. F. (1986) Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. 1. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 43:114–24. [CG]Google Scholar
Weinberger, L. M. & Grant, F. C. (1940) Visual hallucinations and their neurooptical correlates. Archives of Ophthalmology 23:166–99. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Weinberger, N. M. (2003) The nucleus basalis and memory codes: Auditory cortical plasticity and the induction of specific, associative behavioral memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 80:268–84. [MS]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L., Barbur, J. L. & Sahraie, A. (1995) Parameters affecting conscious versus unconscious visual discrimination with damage to the visual cortex (V1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:6122–26. [WM]Google Scholar
Wengel, S. P., Burke, W. J. & Holemon, D. (1989) Musical hallucinations. The sounds of silence? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37:163–66. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Wenk, G. L. (1997) The nucleus basalis magnocellularis cholinergic system: One hundred years of progress. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 67:85–95. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
West, L. J. (1962) A general theory of hallucinations and dreams. In: Hallucinations, ed. West, L. J., pp. 275–91. Grune & Stratton. [JG]Google Scholar
White, P. M. & Yee, C. M. (1997) Effects of attentional and stressor manipulations on the P50 gating response. Psychophysiology 34:703–11. [rR-PB]Google Scholar
Whittington, M. A., Traub, R. D. & Jefferys, J. G. (1995) Synchronized oscillations in interneuron networks driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Nature 373(6515):612–15. [MAW]Google Scholar
Williams, J. A., Comisarow, J., Day, J., Fibiger, H. C. & Reiner, P. B. (1994) Statedependent release of acetylcholine in rat thalamus measured by in vivo microdialysis. Journal of Neuroscience 14:5236–42. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Winter, J., Fiorella, D., Timineri, D., Filipink, R., Helsley, S. & Rabin, R. (1999). Serotoninergic receptor subtypes and hallucinogen-induced stimulus control. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 64:283–94. [AJG]Google Scholar
Wolpert, D. M. & Kawato, M. (1998) Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control. Neural Network 11:1317–29. [REH]Google Scholar
Woodruff, P. W., Benson, R. R., Bandettini, P. A., Kwong, K. K., Howard, R. J., Talavage, T., Belliveau, J. & Rosen, B. R. (1996) Modulation of auditory and visual cortex by selective attention is modality-dependent. Neuroreport 7:1909–13. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Woodruff, P. W., Wright, I. C., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M., Howard, R. J., Williams, S. C., Shapleske, J., Rossell, S., David, A. S., McGuire, P. K. & Murray, R. M. (1997) Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 154:1676–82. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Wright, B. A., Lombardino, L. J., King, W. M., Puranik, C. S., Leonard, C. M. & Merzenich, M. M. (1997) Deficits in auditory temporal resolution in language impaired children. Nature 387:176–78. [IJK]Google Scholar
Wunderlich, G., Suchan, B., Volkmann, J., Herzog, H., Homberg, V. & Seitz, R. J. (2000) Visual hallucinations in recovery from cortical blindness: Imaging correlates. Archives of Neurology 57:561–65. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Yates, J. (1985) The content of awareness is a model of the world. Psychological Review 92:249–84. [JG]Google Scholar
Young, C. E., Beach, T. G., Falkai, P. & Honer, W. G. (1998) SNAP-25 deficit and hippocampal connectivity in schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 8:261–68. [CG]Google Scholar
Yu, A. J. & Dayan, P. (2002) Acetylcholine in cortical inference. Neural Networks 15(4–6):719–30. [AAD, MS]Google Scholar
Zarroug, E.-T. A. (1975) The frequency of visual hallucinations in schizophrenic patients in Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Psychiatry 127:553–55. [DC]Google Scholar
Zhang, Z. J. & Reynolds, G. P. (2002) A selective decrease in the relative density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 55(1–2):1–10. [MAW]Google Scholar
Zohary, E., Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. (1994) Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370:140–43. [KDH]Google Scholar
Zouridakis, G., Boutros, N. N. & Jansen, B. H. (1997) A fuzzy clustering approach to study the auditory P50 component in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 69:169–81. [aR-PB]Google Scholar
Zubek, J. P. (1969) Sensory deprivation: Fifteen years of research. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [MS]Google Scholar